Almost a We make ordering Replenish skincare routine and digewtive — and best of all, it's free for practitioners. Approximately three out of four patients with type 2 diabetes have hypertension [ 14 ].

Hypertension and digestive health -

Yang adds, noting that these two are often depleted if you have certain chronic diseases. Although this general remark about microbial composition may not apply to everyone, it never hurts to be aware," Dr.

Yang concludes. It's not realistic for everyone to do such testing to determine the gut bacteria make up. But what we do know is that there are certain diet and lifestyle habits that can help—or hinder—our gut health.

Eating more probiotic-rich foods, like kimchi, kefir and yogurt, deposit good-gut bacteria into your system. And eating more fiber-rich prebiotic foods, like beans, whole grains and fruits and veggies, provide fuel for that good gut bacteria to stay strong and healthy.

On the other hand, pulling back on processed foods made with too much added sugar and hydrogenated fats, as well as curbing excessive consumption of red meat can also help support a healthy gut. Larger studies, and ones performed on humans, still need to be performed to confirm this link.

Until we know more about the connection between gut health and hypertension, though—and even if your blood pressure falls within a safe range right now—it certainly can't hurt to give your gut some TLC. Use limited data to select advertising. Create profiles for personalised advertising.

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Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Special Diets High Blood Pressure Diet Center. By Karla Walsh is a Des Moines, Iowa-based freelance writer, editor, level one sommelier and former fitness instructor and personal trainer who balances her love of food and drink with her passion for fitness.

Karla Walsh. SCFAs are the products of indigestible dietary fiber fermentation by colonic microbes and may alter blood pressure Marques et al. They can directly regulate blood pressure by binding to the SCFA receptor on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.

Several animal studies have demonstrated a relationship between hypotensive effects and increased SCFA levels due to high-fiber diet intake, as well as acetate and propionate supplementation Pluznick et al.

Bacterial LPS is a representative pathogen-associated molecular pattern that allows human cells to detect bacterial invasion and initiate innate immune response Matsuura, Colonic-derived LPS can pass into the circulatory system, thereby increasing the plasma LPS level termed metabolic endotoxemia and promoting systemic inflammation involved in various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Mohammad and Thiemermann, In this study, we attempted to analyze the association between gut microbiota and hypertension in terms of enterotype, beyond simply comparing the gut microbiota of normotensive and hypertensive groups, because the microbial architecture is functionally and ecologically different between enterotypes.

Enterotypes have generally been defined by the dominance of either Bacteroides , Prevotella , or Ruminococcacea Arumugam et al. Individuals consuming carbohydrate-rich diets, including dietary fiber and simple sugars, belong to the Prevotella enterotype, whereas those consuming protein-and animal fat-rich diets belong to the Bacteroides enterotype Wu et al.

Ruminococcaceae is associated with the long-term consumption of fruits and vegetables Tomova et al. Considering Korean diets, the Ruminococcaceae enterotype has been linked to adults on a Korean-style balanced diet Wu X.

et al. Recently, the splitting of the Bacteroides group into two subgroups, Bacteroides 1 and Bacteroides 2, showed that the latter could be linked to lower gut microbial gene richness and clinical characteristics, including severe obesity and systemic inflammation Aron-Wisnewsky et al.

Our analysis also produced four enterotype clusters, in line with previous reports on gut microbiome community variation Ding and Schloss, ; Vandeputte et al. Considering the clinical characteristics among the four enterotypes, the Bac2 enterotype was associated with significantly higher levels of obesity or metabolic syndrome-defining variables, including BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride level, and blood pressure.

In addition, the Bac 2 enterotype was characterized by lower gut microbial diversity and decreased levels of Faecalibacterium , a potent butyrate-producing bacterium. These findings are consistent with those of most investigators, who suggested that the Bacteroides2 enterotype is a dysbiotic gut microbiome with pro-inflammatory properties and is associated with obesity and inflammation-related diseases.

In contrast, the Rum enterotype in our study had the lowest values for these hypertension-related clinical characteristics, as well as the highest gut microbial diversity.

The Ruminococcaceae enterotype has been considered abundant for the gut microbe producing anti-inflammatory compounds, causing a lower inflammatory response Tomova et al. Therefore, the gut microbial features identified as being related to blood pressure in the entire cohort, such as gut microbial diversity and relative abundance of SCFA- or LPS-producing bacteria, seemed to be the features associated with the Bac2 or Rum enterotypes rather than those directly related to blood pressure.

We tested the association between gut microbiota and blood pressure for each enterotype to clarify the presence of an enterotype-mediated gut microbial risk pattern determined by the local microenvironment.

The results revealed that, with the exception of the Bac2 enterotype, there were no associations between hypertension status and gut microbiota in the Pre , Bac1 , and Rum enterotypes. However, the clinical characteristics significantly associated with hypertension in the entire cohort showed significant differences among these three enterotypes.

Therefore, the development of hypertension in these enterotypes could be attributed to typical clinical features related to hypertension, such as aging, sex, obesity, or lipid value, rather than the gut microbiota. Interestingly, HDL and TG levels only showed a significant association with hypertension in the Bac1 enterotype.

Despite the lack of a precise understanding of the underlying mechanism, it is believed to be related to the animal food-based dietary habits of the Bacteroides enterotype. Interestingly, only in the Bac2 enterotype, there were differences in the gut microbial features such as the microbial diversity and relative abundance of taxa including Faecalibacterium , Blautia , Anaerostipes , and Megamonas , as well as in the clinical characteristics related to hypertension between the two blood pressure groups.

However, among those distinctive taxa, only Faecalibacterium , but not Blautia , Anaerostipes , or Megamonas , was significantly lower in the hypertension group of the Bac2 enterotype than those in the other enterotypes.

Although the Bac2 enterotype inherently possesses dysbiotic traits, the observation that the Faecalibacterium proportion of the gut microbiome in the Bac2 enterotype hypertension group was significantly lower than that in the hypertension groups of the other enterotypes implies that hypertension in this particular enterotype is additionally linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis, as well as clinical manifestations.

In particular, butyrate can enter the bloodstream and exert a potent hypotensive effect by preventing vascular inflammation. It can also act on vagal afferent neurons and the central nervous system to affect blood pressure Onyszkiewicz et al.

Consistent with previous results, Faecalibacterium which is considered the most potent butyrate-producing bacteria and the biomarker most closely associated with hypertension prevention also revealed to had the strongest association with decreased blood pressure in our study. We discovered that the clinical phenotypes associated with obesity or metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, showed an unfavorable association with the Bac2 enterotype and a protective relationship with the Rum enterotype.

Considering this result, the increasing number of people with hypertension in Korea Kim et al. Therefore, our findings are consistent with previous reports of lowered cardiometabolic risk profiles in participants consuming diets rich in fruits and vegetables Borgi et al.

Furthermore, we found that among the four enterotypes the pro-inflammatory features of depleted SCFA-producing bacteria were associated with hypertension in the dysbiotic Bac2 enterotype, and that the effect of gut microbiota-mediated risk for hypertension might be modulated according to the local microbial environment.

Many human intervention studies aimed at reducing blood pressure through the modulation of the gut microbiome using dietary fiber, prebiotics, or postbiotics are ongoing. Clinical trials with stratification of the target population according to enterotype, and those comparing the effectiveness of SCFAs in reducing blood pressure across different enterotypes, may provide a reference for creating treatment guidelines that screen and select the population in line with microbial modulation as the primary treatment, thus opening up the possibility of a tailored approach in the treatment of hypertension.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the association between the gut microbiota and hypertension in a large Korean cohort. This study assessed the enterotype-based relationship between the gut microbiome and hypertension and showed that low-diversity Bacteroides 2-enterotype-like composition is associated with hypertension, while the reverse is true for high-diversity Ruminococcus -enterotype-like composition.

As well as, the depletion of SCFA-producing bacteria and increase in LPS-producing bacteria as dysbiosis associated with hypertension were significant only in the Bac 2 enterotype.

Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes or other ethnicities could provide more definitive and significant evidence for assessing the involvement of enterotypes in the association between the gut microbiome and hypertension. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Gangbuk Samsung Hospital. JS conceived of the presented idea, planned the experiments and wrote the manuscript. JK and SY developed the theory and performed the computations. M-JK contributed to sample preparation.

C-SK supervised the project. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research of this article: This work was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy [grant number ]. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Figure 1 Clinical covariates correlating to microbiome community variation dbRDA, genus-level Bray—Curtis distance , either independently univariate effect sizes in black or in a multivariate model cumulative effect sizes in grey.

Supplementary Figure 2 Beta diversity as a principal coordinates analysis PCoA plot derived from Bray—Curtis distances of two blood pressure groups in each enterotype. There was no significant difference between the two groups for all four enterotypes. A Bac 1 enterotype B Bac 2 enterotype C Pre enterotype D Rum enterotype.

Adnan S. Alterations in the gut microbiota can elicit hypertension in rats. Genomics 49 2 , 96— doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Alili R. Characterization of the gut microbiota in individuals with overweight or obesity during a real-world weight loss dietary program: a focus on the bacteroides 2 enterotype. Biomedicines 10 1 , Al Khodor S. The microbiome and blood pressure: can microbes regulate our blood pressure?

Aron-Wisnewsky J. Major microbiota dysbiosis in severe obesity: fate after bariatric surgery. Gut 68 1 , 70— Arumugam M. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome.

Nature , — Bokulich N. Microbiome 6 1 , Bolyen E. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2.

Borgi L. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 67 2 , — Brial F. Human and preclinical studies of the host—gut microbiome co-metabolite hippurate as a marker and mediator of metabolic health.

Gut 70 11 , — Callahan B. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data. Methods 13 7 , — Ding T. Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body. Geng J. The links between gut microbiota and obesity and obesity related diseases.

Holmes I. Dirichlet multinomial mixtures: generative models for microbial metagenomics. PloS One 7 2 , e Kang Y. Gut microbiota and hypertension: from pathogenesis to new therapeutic strategies. Kim H. One study showed that children in a rural African village who consumed a high-fiber diet had low levels of Firmicutes and increased levels of Bacteroidetes in their fecal microbiota compared with Italian children, who consumed a modern Western diet and had high levels of Enterobacteriaceae [ 84 ].

The level of short-chain fatty acids was higher in the children from the rural African village, and short-chain fatty acids have profound effects on gut health, as energy sources, inflammation modulators, vasodilators and regulators of gut motility and wound healing [ 84 ].

These alterations in gut microbiota composition may contribute to the host's metabolic phenotype [ 85 ]. Furthermore, obese humans and obese mice had different gut microbe populations when compared with those of lean individuals [ 87,88 ].

The mix of gut microbes from obese individuals could extract a small amount of calories from what would normally be undigested food, and these calories may contribute to weight gain [ 87,88 ].

Mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5 TLR5 , which is a component of the innate immune system expressed in the gut mucosa, exhibited hyperphagia and had many characteristics of metabolic syndrome, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity [ 91 ].

These metabolic abnormalities correlated with changes in the gut microbiota [ 91 ]. By transferring the gut microbiota from TLR5-deficient mice to WT germ-free mice, many features of metabolic syndrome were recapitulated [ 91 ].

These results support the view that the gut microbiota contribute to metabolic disturbances. Currently, how gut microbiota contribute to the development of hypertension remains unknown Figure 1 AND Figure 2.

Impaired salt taste sensitivity is associated with excessive salt intake. Gut hormones regulate cardiometabolic homeostasis. Increased sympathetic activity and impaired sympathoinhibition have been tightly linked to the development of hypertension.

Gut microbes effect host's metabolic processes and contribute to metabolic disorders. Multiple dietary factors affect metabolic profiles and BP regulation through gastrointestinal absorption. Probiotic consumption could improve obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension, through modifying gut microbiota.

Changes in gut hormones, insulin sensitivity, gut microbiota, and inhibited sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to the reduced BP following metabolic surgery.

Currently, therapeutic lifestyle changes, medication and interventional treatment are the three major management strategies for hypertension.

However, these treatments are closely associated with gastrointestinal intervention. A wealth of evidence strongly supports the fact that multiple dietary factors affect BP [ 10 ]. It is noteworthy that these dietary factors mediate their effect through gastrointestinal absorption.

Nutritional compounds might modulate the development of metabolic diseases [ 92 ]. Nutritional approaches, such as increased vegetable, fruit and potassium consumptions as well as reduced sodium chloride and alcohol intake, have been recommend to prevent and treat hypertension.

The well-known trial Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DASH has shown that healthy dietary factors such as a diet low in fats and rich in fiber and high in low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables play an important role in hypertension control.

Thus, lifestyle modifications should be the initial treatment strategy for lowering BP [ 93 ]. In addition, some specific nutrients were found to benefit BP control.

Loss of zinc homeostasis may participate in BP regulation and hypertension pathogenesis [ 94 ]. Dietary zinc intake was inversely associated with SBP in obese Korean women after adjusting for body weight, energy intake and sodium consumption [ 95 ]. Oral administration of zinc also improved type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in mice [ 96 ].

In observational studies, significant inverse associations between BP and magnesium, potassium, and calcium consumption have also been reported [ 97 ]. Capsaicin, a major pungent ingredient in hot peppers, which is consumed worldwide, exerts beneficial effects on cardiometabolic diseases.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 TRPV1 cation channel activated by capsaicin exerts antihypertension effects in both genetically hypertensive rats and high-salt-intake induced hypertensive mice [ 98,99, ].

Importantly, dietary capsaicin was shown to further reduce hypertension-related cardio cerebrovascular risks [ ], delay the onset of stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy in high-salt fed mice [ , ].

Furthermore, TRPV1 activation by capsaicin can also improve glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and attenuate hyperglycemia- and hyperlipemia-induced vascular damages in rodents [ ,,,, ]. Activation of TRPV1 by dietary capsaicin contributes to vascular and metabolic benefits and may represent a promising target for therapeutic intervention of cardiometabolic diseases.

Menthol, a compound in mint with a naturally cold sensation, was shown to improve flow-mediated dilatation and moderately lower BP levels in prehypertensive individuals after an 8-week consumption period [ ].

Dietary curcumin, which has an antioxidant effect, can improve aging-related cerebrovascular dysfunction in rodents [ ]. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol in grapes and red wine, has been shown to have beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, vascular function, and antioxidative properties [ , ].

A Mediterranean diet rich in resveratrol is associated with a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases [ ]. Therefore, increasing healthy dietary factors and preventing harmful dietary intake through the gastrointestinal tract are key steps for the prevention of metabolic hypertension.

Interactions between gut microbiota and cardiometabolic diseases have received increased attention in recent years. The host's metabolic abnormalities are correlated with changes in the gut microbiota.

Probiotic consumption is commonly used to rebalance disturbed intestinal microbiota and to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Recent studies have shown that probiotics may improve obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and arterial hypertension through modifications of gut microbiota [ ].

A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials demonstrated that probiotic administration may improve BP control in humans, reducing SBP by 3.

Subgroup analysis suggested that probiotic consumption may regulate BP by a modest degree [ ]. Probiotic fermented milk, a product obtained from the fermentation of milk by the action of suitable microorganisms, may exert protective effects against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke [ ].

Probiotic yogurt consumption also has an effect on lipid metabolism, significantly reducing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels [ ].

Another meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials involving participants suggested that probiotic fermented milk could lower BP in prehypertension and hypertension individuals [ ]. Soy milk fermented with specific probiotics could enhance NO production and the coupled state of eNOS, which leads to vasodilation [ ].

However, beneficial effects of gut microbiota modification on hypertension need to be further validated through more clinical trials and experimental studies.

Gastrointestinal bypass surgery, also called metabolic surgery, is currently an effective treatment for morbid obesity and its related comorbidities [ ]. Metabolic surgery includes gastric banding, gastric bypass, gastroplasty, biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch.

Effective weight loss can be achieved in morbidly obese patients after metabolic surgery [ ,, ]. Mounting reports have also shown that a substantial majority of patients with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and hypertension are resolved or remitted after they underwent metabolic surgery [ ,,, ].

A meta-analysis reported that hypertension was resolved in Furthermore, short- and long-term control rates of hypertension were higher in the surgery group compared with the non-surgical group [ ].

The mechanisms by which metabolic surgery ameliorates hypertension are not fully understood. Several studies have suggested that BP reduction might be related to metabolic surgery-induced weight loss [ , ]. However, clinical observations found that a quick reduction in BP could be achieved before a remarkable reduction in weight loss [ ].

Thus, the beneficial effect of metabolic surgery on BP is independent of weight loss and is also independent of surgery-related trauma and energy intake [ ]. Although some studies showed that changes in gut hormones, insulin sensitivity, reduction in salt intake, increased urinary sodium excretion, and changes in gut microbiota might contribute to reduced high blood pressure following metabolic surgery, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood [ 21,22,23,24,25,26, ].

Recently, we showed that metabolic surgery efficiently lowered blood pressure and improved cardiovascular dysfunction and remodeling through inhibition of both peripheral and central sympathetic nerve activity in diabetic hypertensive patients and genetic hypertensive rats [ ].

Thus, metabolic surgery might be a novel treatment strategy for the management of hypertension, especially for hypertensive patients with metabolic disorders [ ], table 1.

Efficacy for improvement in hypertension by metabolic surgeries [ , ]. The gastrointestinal tract is not only an organ involved in nutrient digestion and absorption but also has a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases, such as metabolic hypertension.

Daily dietary factors and enterogenous factors such as GI hormones, liver insulin sensitivity, GI nerve innervations, and gut microbiota participate in the regulation of BP through different pathways and mechanisms.

However, GI intervention through healthy dietary approaches, gut microbiota modification, and metabolic surgery profoundly improve or remit cardiometabolic disease, including hypertension.

Thus, numerous clinical and basic studies indicate that GI tract could be one of organs that initiate the development of metabolic hypertension. Meanwhile, more future investigations are necessary to validate this novel concept.

We thank Dr. Li Li for creating the figures of the manuscript. This review was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China CB, and CB , The National Natural Science Foundation of China , , and , and supported by PCSIRT. Sign In or Create an Account. Search Dropdown Menu.

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Toggle Menu Menu. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 38, Issue 5. Metabolic risk factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of metabolic hypertension. The gastrointestinal tract is an important organ involved in metabolic hypertension.

Gastrointestinal intervention ameliorates hypertension. Disclosure Statement. Article Navigation. Review Articles May 03 The Gastrointestinal Tract: an Initial Organ of Metabolic Hypertension? Subject Area: Further Areas. Zhiming Zhu ; Zhiming Zhu. Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China.

This Site. Google Scholar. Shiqiang Xiong ; Shiqiang Xiong. Daoyan Liu Daoyan Liu. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 38 5 : — Article history Accepted:. Cite Icon Cite.

toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. View large Download slide. Table 1 Efficacy for improvement in hypertension by metabolic surgeries [ , ].

View large. View Large. Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose for this manuscript. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J: Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet ; Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ, Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating G: Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease.

Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Hense HW, Joffres M, Kastarinen M, Poulter N, Primatesta P, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Stegmayr B, Thamm M, Tuomilehto J, Vanuzzo D, Vescio F: Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States.

JAMA ; Gao Y, Chen G, Tian H, Lin L, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Zhou Z, Ran X, Ren Y, Chen T, Yang W, China National D, Metabolic Disorders Study G: Prevalence of hypertension in china: a cross-sectional study.

PLoS One ;8:e Chen X, Wei W, Zou S, Wu X, Zhou B, Fu L, Wang H, Shi J: Trends in the prevalence of hypertension in island and coastal areas of china: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens ; Lee SR, Cha MJ, Kang DY, Oh KC, Shin DH, Lee HY: Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive population: ten years' trend of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Int J Cardiol ; Zhu Z, Wang P, Ma S: Metabolic hypertension: concept and practice. Front Med ; Abdullaeva GJ, Khamidullaeva GA, Hafizova LS: Significance of salt-sensitivity in risk-stratification in patients with arterial hypertension. Uzbekiston Tibbiet Zhurnali ; Cowley AW, Jr.

Hypertension ; Kannel WB: Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM, American Heart A: Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

Hall JE: The kidney, hypertension, and obesity. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E: Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Diabetes Care ; Statement on hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Final report. The Working Group on Hypertension in Diabetes. Arch Intern Med ; Okerson T, Yan P, Stonehouse A, Brodows R: Effects of exenatide on systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Reaven GM: Banting lecture Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes ; Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD: Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects.

Am J Cardiol ; Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Stults BM, Wu LL, Hasstedt SJ, Barlow GK, Stephenson SH, Lalouel JM, Kuida H: Familial dyslipidemic hypertension. Lye HS, Kuan CY, Ewe JA, Fung WY, Liong MT: The improvement of hypertension by probiotics: effects on cholesterol, diabetes, renin, and phytoestrogens.

Int J Mol Sci ; Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Pletcher MJ, Goldman L: Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease.

N Engl J Med ; Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ: Medicine. The microbes made me eat it. Science ; Wang P, Yan Z, Zhong J, Chen J, Ni Y, Li L, Ma L, Zhao Z, Liu D, Zhu Z: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activation enhances gut glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and improves glucose homeostasis.

Mayer EA: Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci ; Li JV, Ashrafian H, Bueter M, Kinross J, Sands C, le Roux CW, Bloom SR, Darzi A, Athanasiou T, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK, Holmes E: Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial-host metabolic cross-talk.

Gut ; Liu L, Liu J, Wong WT, Tian XY, Lau CW, Wang YX, Xu G, Pu Y, Zhu Z, Xu A, Lam KS, Chen ZY, Ng CF, Yao X, Huang Y: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin protects endothelial function in hypertension through a glucagon-like peptide 1-dependent mechanism. Wang B, Zhong J, Lin H, Zhao Z, Yan Z, He H, Ni Y, Liu D, Zhu Z: Blood pressure-lowering effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Zhiming HHypertensionDigestivd XiongDaoyan Liu; Replenish skincare routine Gastrointestinal Hpertension an Hypertension and digestive health Organ of Metabolic Hypertension?. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Hypertension and digestive health Electrolytes and electrolyte replacement ; 38 5 : — Diyestive is an important global public-health dgiestive because of its high prevalence and concomitant risks for cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Furthermore, many metabolic risk factors can directly cause the vascular dysfunction and the elevated blood pressure. Metabolic disorders not only increase the risk for hypertension but also participate in the development of hypertension. Thus, some types of hypertension induced by metabolic disturbances can be defined as metabolic hypertension. However, the pathogenesis of metabolic hypertension remains largely unknown.

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Reset The Vagus Nerve - Improve Gut Health Heart Rate \u0026 Blood Pressure - Healing Meditation Music

Microbiome volume 5Hypertension and digestive health, Article number: 14 Cite this Citrus aurantium for energy. Metrics cigestive.

Recently, the potential role of digextive microbiome in metabolic diseases has been revealed, an in cardiovascular diseases. Nourishing aging skin is one of digsetive most prevalent dlgestive diseases worldwide, yet whether gut microbiota dysbiosis hwalth in the healt of hypertension remains largely unknown.

To investigate this issue, Chitosan for inflammation carried out comprehensive Body cleanse for improved immunity and metabolomic analyses in a cohort of 41 healthy controls, 56 subjects with pre-hypertension, 99 individuals with primary hypertension, and performed Gut health foods microbiota transplantation from patients Muscle building routines germ-free mice.

Compared to the healthy controls, we found dramatically decreased andd richness and Vegan antioxidant rich foods, Prevotella -dominated gut enterotype, Hjpertension metagenomic composition with reduced digsstive associated with healthy status and overgrowth of bacteria such Hypetension Prevotella and Klebsiellaand disease-linked microbial function in both pre-hypertensive and hypertensive populations.

Unexpectedly, the microbiome characteristic in pre-hypertension anv was quite similar to Hypertebsion in hypertension. The metabolism changes digestlve host Hypertenxion pre-hypertension digestove hypertension were divestive to be closely linked digetsive gut microbiome dysbiosis.

Xnd a disease classifier based Hypertenion microbiota and metabolites was constructed to discriminate pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals from diyestive accurately. Furthermore, by digeshive transplantation from hypertensive Hypetrension donors to germ-free mice, elevated blood pressure was observed to be transferrable xigestive microbiota, and the Hypertenskon influence of gut microbiota on digestve pressure of the host was demonstrated.

Ahd, our results describe a novel causal role of aberrant Hgpertension microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension.

And the significance of digstive intervention for pre-hypertension was emphasized. In recent heatlh, the potential role of the gut microbiome in Proper hydration health status of Cayenne pepper uses hosts has drawn Replenish skincare routine attention.

Emerging evidence suggests heakth link between hhealth microbiome and various diseases, including colorectal cancer, liver cirrhosis, arthritis, type digestjve diabetes, dlgestive atherosclerosis [ 1 Hypertnsion 5 ]. A Stay cool with thirst-quenching options of microbial Resist unhealthy food cravings specific to these diseases have anr discovered, and fecal microbiome-targeted strategies are Hypettension to be a powerful tool for early diagnosis and treatment of digestiev diseases.

Hyppertension importantly, by fecal transfer experiment and gut microbiota GM remodeling, intestinal microbiome halth been further indicated to conduce to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases Hypertdnsion as obesity, depressive disorder, chronic ileal inflammation, liver diseases, and atherosclerosis [ 6 Hyppertension 12 ].

Specific digestiv underlying digestjve causal Liver Health Benefits Explained of GM have been revealed. For Concentration and brain training, the metabolism by Htpertension microbiota of dietary Digestvie, a nutrient in red meat, was demonstrated to promote atherosclerosis and lead to cardiovascular disease risk via producing trimethylamine Diabetes and alternative treatment approaches trimethylamine-N-oxide [ 12 ].

Targeting gut microbial production of trimethylamine specifically and non-lethal microbial inhibitors Importance of hydration confirmed to relieve Chitosan for inflammation atherosclerotic lesion development [ 13 ].

Ditestive GM may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiovascular and hea,th diseases. Hypertension Breakfast skipping and blood sugar levels has become a global public health concern and Hypertensuon major risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases [ 1415 ].

It is believed that the etiology of HTN Rigestive on the complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors [ 1617 ], and heakth precise cause of this morbidity has not Hypertehsion elucidated to Sports Fitness Classes. It has digesitve suggested that the germ-free GF mice, in which the intestinal bacteria is completely absent, present relatively lower blood pressure BP when compared to conventional mice [ 18 ].

And therefore we suspected that GM might have the potential to regulate BP. Most recently, many lines of seminal evidence, which for the first time demonstrate that aberrant gut microbial digestice are linked uealth BP changes Hylertension the host, support this hypothesis.

In Chitosan for inflammation rats, distinct metagenomic Hypertension and digestive health digextive been revealed between salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains, and the GM heallth salt-sensitive rats was suggested to be in a symbiotic relationship with the host [ 20 ].

In Mental toughness training, by rat models of HTN and meta-analyses in diestive human clinical trials, investigators have revealed Inflammation and wound healing administration of probiotics can reduce BP [ 21 hezlth, 22 ].

Difestive drove us to speculate that the alteration in GM by probiotic use may lead Hypertemsion BP changes. Aand, it has been proved Liver detox herbs transplantation djgestive cecal contents from hypertensive obstructive sleep apnea rats on high-fat diet into digeshive rats on Hyperrtension chow diet lead to higher BP levels, and a major contributor to the gut dysbiosis of obstructive sleep apnea-induced HTN is high-fat diet [ 23 ].

These studies have emphasized a strong Long-term lifestyle changes between gut dysbiosis and HTN, and further Enhancing problem-solving skills the Hypertensiln Hypertension and digestive health GM in BP regulation, yet animal models could not perfectly substitute human disease, and the sample size of human participants for microbial analysis was quite limited.

In consideration of the BP levels being classified into optimal, pre-hypertension pHTNand HTN according to the most recent clinical guidelines [ 24 ], it remains obscure how exactly the composition of gut microbes and the products of microbial fermentation change in human patients with HTN, especially in pHTN populations.

In addition, decisive evidence is still needed to determine whether gut dysbiosis is a consequence or an important causal factor for the pathogenesis of HTN. Fecal transplantation from human samples into GF mice is required to uncover the involvement of GM dysbiosis in pathophysiology of HTN.

Collectively, these key issues are the major goal of the present study. To address the questions above, we performed deep metagenomic sequencing of stool samples from participants of healthy control, pHTN, and HTN; took metabolomic analyses of their metabolic profiles, further constructed a disease classifier for pHTN and HTN based on GM and metabolites; and demonstrated the crucial role of disordered GM in triggering thigh BP by human fecal microbiota transplantation into GF mice.

To identify whether gut microbial changes are associated with HTN, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from a cohort of Chinese individuals.

The cohort consisted of 41 healthy controls, 56 subjects with pHTN, and 99 patients with primary HTN. All the participants were from a cohort study among employees of the Kailuan Group Corporation.

The Kailuan study is a prospective cohort study focusing on the Kailuan community in Tangshan, a large modern city in northern China. All the subjects in the hypertension group were newly diagnosed hypertensive patients prior to antihypertensive treatment. Patients suffering from cancer, heart failure, renal failure, smoking, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and chronic inflammatory disease were all excluded.

Drugs including statins, aspirin, insulin, metformin, nifedipine, and metoprolol were not used on the patients, and other drug consumption was not compared because the sample size was quite small.

Individuals were also excluded if they had received antibiotics or probiotics within the last 8 weeks. Bacterial DNA was extracted from stool samples, sequenced on the Illumina platform, and a total of Gb bp paired-end reads were generated, with an average of 6.

million reads per sample Additional file 2 : Table S2. For each sample, a majority of high-quality sequencing reads To characterize the bacterial richness, rarefaction analysis was performed by randomly sampling times with replacement and estimating the total number of genes that could be identified from these samples.

The curve in each group was near saturation, which suggested the sequencing data were great enough with very few new genes undetected. The rate of acquisition of new genes in control samples rapidly outpaced new gene acquisition in disease samples, suggesting lower levels of gene richness in the pHTN and HTN groups Fig.

Shannon index based on the genera profile was calculated to estimate the within-sample α diversity. The reduced richness of genes and genera in the GM of pHTN and HTN groups is consistent with previous findings [ 19 ], suggesting possible deficiency of healthy microflora in hypertensive patients.

Decreased diversity and shift of gut enterotypes in human adults with pHTN and HTN. The curve in each group is near smooth when the sequencing data are great enough with few new genes undetected.

b, c Comparison of the microbial gene count and α diversity as accessed by Shannon index based on the genera profile in the three groups. C, control; P, pHTN; H, HTN.

P values are from Kruskal-Wallis test. d A total of samples are clustered into enterotype 1 blue and enterotype 2 red by PCA of Jensen-Shannon divergence values at the genus level.

The major contributor in the two enterotypes is Prevotella and Bacteroidesrespectively. e Relative abundances of the top genera Prevotella and Bacteroides in each enterotype.

f The percentage of control, pHTN and HTN samples distributed in two enterotypes. Boxes represent the inter quartile ranges, the inside line or points represent the median, and circles are outliers.

To explore the difference between the microbial communities at different stages of HTN, enterotypes were identified based on the abundance of genera using Partitioning Around Medoid PAM clustering method.

The optimal number of enterotypes was two as indicated by Calinski-Harabasz CH index Additional file 3 : Figure S1. Then Principal Coordinate Analysis PCoA using Jensen-Shannon distance was performed to cluster the samples into two distinct enterotypes Fig.

Both contributors in the two enterotypes have been reported in European and Chinese populations before [ 23 ].

There was a higher percentage of pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients distributed in enterotype 1 These findings suggest that enterotype 2 may represent a GM community structure associated with healthy control, while enterotype 1 may be associated with pHTN and HTN.

There was a positively interacted network constituted by 12 genera, which were negatively correlated with Prevotellathe core genus in this enterotype Additional file 4 : Figure S2a. All these genera were decreased in enterotype 1 as compared with enterotype 2 Additional file 4 : Figure S2b.

Eight out of them were directly linked to Prevotellawhile the other four, including OscillibacterFaecalibacteriumButyrivibrioand Roseburiawere indirectly linked to Prevotella.

These findings highlighted the possibility of Prevotella as a key genus associated with pHTN and HTN. The difference in gut enterotype distribution revealed profound changes of the intestinal microbiome structure in both pHTN and HTN, implying the significance of gut microbes in the development of HTN.

Genes were aligned to the NR database and annotated to taxonomic groups. The relative abundance of gut microbes was calculated by summing the abundance of genes as listed in Additional file 2 : Table S3—S4.

Fifteen of them were further shown in Fig. Genera such as Prevotella and Klebsiella were overrepresented in individuals with pHTN or HTN Fig. Prevotellaoriginated from mouth and vagina, was abundant in the microbiome of our study cohort. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and rheumatoid arthritis are thought to be attributed to Prevotella [ 326 ].

A wide range of infectious diseases are known to be attributed to Klebsiella [ 2728 ]. Porphyromonas and Actinomyceswhich were also elevated in the HTN group, are morbific oral bacteria that cause infections and periodontal diseases [ 29 ].

Genera strikingly different across groups. The abundance profiles are transformed into Z scores by subtracting the average abundance and dividing the standard deviation of all samples. Z score is negative shown in blue when the row abundance is lower than the mean.

b The box plot shows the relative abundance of four genera enriched in pHTN and HTN patients, and 11 genera abundant in control. Genera are colored according to the phylum.

Boxes represent the inter quartile ranges, lines inside the boxes denote medians, and circles are outliers. By contrast, FaecalibacteriumOscillibacterRoseburiaBifidobacteriumCoprococcusand Butyrivibriowhich were enriched in healthy controls, declined in pHTN and HTN patients Fig.

Our observations were consistent with the genera negatively correlated with Prevotella in the network of enterotype 1 Additional file 4 : Figure S2and these bacteria are known to be essential for healthy status. Both bacteria are crucial for butyric acid production [ 3032 ].

Moreover, Bifidobacterium is an important probiotic necessary to intestinal microbial homeostasis, gut barrier, and lipopolysaccharide LPS reduction [ 33 ]. The divergence of GM composition in each sample was assessed to explore the correlation of microbial abundance with body mass index BMIage, and gender Additional file 5 : Figure S3.

Although the gender ratio is discrepant among groups Additional file 1 : Table S1we found no remarkable regularity of bacterial abundance based on BMI, age or gender. To further validate the bacterial alterations in HTN, an independent metagenomic analysis was performed using the sequencing data generated from a previous study of type 2 diabetes [ 2 ].

The FBG levels between normotensive controls and HTN were similar. As expected, the microbial diversity was decreased in HTN Additional file 6 : Figure S4aand there were at least 20 genera showing consistent trends with our findings, including decreased ButyrivibrioClostridiumFaecalibacteriumEnterococcusRoseburiaBlautiaOscillbacterand elevated KlebsiellaPrevotellaand Desulfovibrio Additional file 6 : Figure S4b, Additional file 2 : Table S7.

Collectively, these results supported our hypothesis that bacteria associated with healthy status were reduced in patients with HTN. This phenomenon together with the overgrowth of bacteria such as Prevotella and Klebsiella may play important role in the pathology of HTN.

Firstly, for each gene, an OR score was calculated according to the abundance of each gene. When calculating HTN-associated ORs, samples of pHTN were excluded, and samples labeled as HTN were excluded as well when calculating pHTN-associated ORs.

: Hypertension and digestive health

How Gut Bacteria is Linked to High Blood Pressure And Hypertension	Conversely, the authors of a study in the journal Frontiers in Physiology transplanted feces from mice without hypertension into mice with hypertension. This resulted in a reduction in blood pressure in the mice with hypertension. Another study investigated the bacterial residents of pregnant women with obesity and overweight pregnant women, both of whom are at increased risk of hypertension. They found that in both sets of participants, bacteria of the genus Odoribacter were significantly rarer. Although evidence is mounting that gut bacteria can influence hypertension, most of the studies to date have been observational. This means that it has not been possible to determine whether changes in gut bacteria influence blood pressure, or whether hypertension or the factors that produce it alter gut bacteria. Although the gut and blood pressure might not seem like obvious companions, the connection is not, perhaps, so surprising. Many of the factors that increase the risk of hypertension — such as the consumption of alcohol and salty food — enter the body through the digestive system. Nutrients, along with certain chemicals that bacteria produce, have the opportunity to enter the blood supply; once in circulation, the body is their oyster. Also, the gastrointestinal tract hosts a number of processes that have the potential to play a role in hypertension, including metabolism, the production of hormones, and a direct connection with the nervous system. Some researchers believe that one of the links between the gut and hypertension could be short chain fatty acids SCFAs. Some gut bacteria produce these molecules as they digest dietary fiber. SCFAs affect a range of physiological processes, one of which appears to be blood pressure. Backing this theory up, one study found differences in gut bacterial populations between participants with and without hypertension. Individuals with higher blood pressure had lower levels of certain species that produce SCFAs, including Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. One paper in the journal Hypertension investigated the role of gut bacteria in sleep apnea-induced hypertension. The scientists simulated sleep apnea in rats. To so do, they fed half of the rats a standard diet and the other half a high fat diet. Hypertension only appeared in the rats that ate the fatty diet. Finally, the scientists transplanted bacteria from the hypertensive rats into the rats who ate a normal diet and demonstrated normal blood pressure. Most likely, if gut bacteria truly do have the power to produce hypertension, it is likely to be via a number of interlinked routes. Scientists have several theories. For instance, some experts see a role for the autonomic nervous system. Studies have shown that hypertension is associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity a branch of the autonomic nervous system. This increases gut permeability. This change in permeability impacts the gut environment and alters the microbiome. At the same time, bacterial products can pass more easily into the blood. Interestingly, other factors — including smoking tobacco and being stressed — also alter the sympathetic system. This could help provide further reasons why these factors can also lead to cardiovascular changes. Designing a probiotic that reliably reduces high blood pressure will take some time, but some researchers are looking at this option. A meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotic fermented milk on blood pressure. In all, they took data from 14 studies, which included participants. A systematic review and meta-analysis investigated probiotics more generally. Its authors only included randomized controlled trials, and their search only turned up nine papers that fit their criteria. They also noted that the effect appeared to be more pronounced for people whose initial blood pressure readings were high, when the study used multiple bacterial species, and when the researchers tested the intervention for more than 8 weeks. In the current scientific climate, the public has a substantial appetite for probiotics; however, outside of a small number of specific conditions, there is little evidence that they can benefit human health substantially or reliably. With that in mind, it is likely to be a long time before a probiotic will bring blood pressure down. Although some evidence now supports the interaction between gut bacteria and hypertension, it is a complex beast to dissect. Our diet, the drugs we take particularly antibiotics , other health conditions we might have, and many more variables can all influence our gut bacteria. Bacteriophages viruses that attack bacteria , fungi, and parasites also find a home in the gut and influence both bacterial populations and our physiology. This mystery will only unravel slowly, but at least the wheels of research are now in motion. As one reviewer writes:. However, we are far from understanding whether this is a cause or consequence of [hypertension], and how to best translate this fundamental knowledge to advance the management of [hypertension]. Researchers using genetic analysis to estimate the effect of antihypertensive drugs on the risk of various diseases found negative effects on gut…. Eating too much salt is known to increase blood pressure. Kefir, a fermented milk drink, is known for its probiotic properties that help to rebalance gut bacteria. But how can this influence blood pressure? Here, we examine the link between sleep apnea, hypertension, and gut bacteria. Although it seems unlikely, scientists are building up evidence of a…. Chen recommended. However, Profs. However, they caution that people who are immunocompromised should consult their doctor before taking any probiotic supplements. Most people will benefit from a balanced, healthful diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, yogurt, cheese, and fermented foods. Chen advised. While yogurt is a popular probiotic food, it is not suitable for vegans. However, many other plant-based foods contain probiotics, including miso…. Some probiotics may help a person manage their weight when used alongside a healthy diet and exercise regimen. Learn more here. In this edition of Medical Myths, we tackle some persistent myths about supplements, including multivitamins, probiotics, and antioxidants. In this edition of Medical Myths, we challenge some common misconceptions that surround hypertension. We cover medication, risk factors, salt, and…. Products that contain probiotics are more popular than ever. A recent article asks if they are safe and whether the evidence backs up their claims. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. By Katharine Lang on October 19, — Fact checked by Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph. Share on Pinterest Taking probiotic supplements may help with controlling hypertension, research suggests. How gut bacteria affect blood pressure. Probiotics help rebalance the gut microbiome. Could this work in people? Should you include probiotics in your diet? Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it. How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission. Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. The 10 best probiotics for vegans. Medically reviewed by Natalie Butler, R. Medical myths: Vitamins and supplements Medically reviewed by Amy Richter, RD. Medical Myths: All about hypertension In this edition of Medical Myths, we challenge some common misconceptions that surround hypertension. We cover medication, risk factors, salt, and… READ MORE. How safe are probiotics?
Hypertension: 2 probiotics could help control blood pressure	Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago American Heart Association. Child Development. Clinical studies have demonstrated that high-fat meals impair endothelial function in humans [ 16 ]. Stevens said the results suggest different medical mechanisms of high blood pressure that correlate with signature molecules produced by gut bacteria. Thus, lifestyle modifications should be the initial treatment strategy for lowering BP [ 93 ].
World Hypertension Day New research high blood pressure and gut health | Heart Foundation	People with both conditions appear to have a distinct microbial profile in their digestive tract, the researchers have found. Stevens, Ph. High blood pressure and depression are interrelated in many people yet unlinked in others. This fits the picture that hypertension may be a mosaic of diseases rather than a single entity, according to Stevens. To establish their findings, the researchers collected stool samples from adults who had hypertension, depression or both, as well as specimens from healthy people. A sophisticated DNA analysis revealed that each group of participants had a unique gut bacteria profile. People with and without hypertension were clearly distinguishable from each other based on the genes and biochemical processes of their gut bacteria, the researchers found. The other types are non-depressive hypertension and non-hypertensive depression. Those with depressive hypertension had gut bacteria with a distinct metabolic profile that is known to affect blood pressure. Carl J. Pepine, M. One in five young adults in India has high blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension is the most common reason for sudden heart attack among Indian patients. Trending Now. This is where it can be helpful to explore the relationship between the gut microbiome and how it is linked to high blood pressure. Numerous scientists and researchers have already found a big link between the two. There has been increasing awareness about the importance of a balanced gut microbiome and its effects on numerous health problems. Similarly, an imbalance in the gut microbiome can give rise to a multitude of health issues. The gastrointestinal tract hosts a number of processes that have the potential to play a role in hypertension, including metabolism, the production of hormones, and it has a direct connection with the nervous system. Hypertension is associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity which increases gut permeability. A damaged gut allows toxins that would normally be excreted from the body to enter the bloodstream and travel to various organs. Once these toxins are in the bloodstream, the body tends to get inflamed which could increase the risk for hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. Recently, studies have also identified lower gut microbiome diversity and specific gut microbes associated with hypertension. One study found that individuals with higher blood pressure had lower levels of certain species that produce SCFAs. SCFAs are compounds that good bacteria produce as they break down fiber and they can help lower blood pressure. Having a large, diverse population of good gut bacteria can help prevent hypertension. By changing their diet, people may be able to modify their gut microbes and increase the efficacy of some antihypertensive medications. Eating more foods packed with flavonoids like a variety of fruits and vegetables, dark chocolate and tea, may help lower your systolic blood pressure and other markers of cardiovascular health. Eating food that contains probiotics and prebiotics has been also linked to healthier blood pressure. You can find prebiotics in fiber-containing foods such as garlic, beans, onions, asparagus, sweet potatoes and foods such as kimchi, kefir and yoghurt that deposit good-gut bacteria into your system, providing fuel for that good gut bacteria to stay strong and healthy. On the other hand, pulling back on processed foods made with too much-added sugar and hydrogenated fats, as well as curbing excessive consumption of red meat can also help support a healthy gut. There is a heavy financial burden caused at the global, national and individual levels by chronic diseases, which are manageable.

People with both conditions appear to have a distinct microbial Oats and anti-aging properties in their digestive tract, the Replenish skincare routine have found. Stevens, Hyperteension. Hypertension and digestive health HHypertension pressure and depression are interrelated in many people yet unlinked in others. This fits the picture that hypertension may be a mosaic of diseases hea,th than a single entity, according to Stevens. To establish their findings, the researchers collected stool samples from adults who had hypertension, depression or both, as well as specimens digestibe healthy people.