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featured article. Home » News » Bitter Orange Extract Increases Energy and Speeds Weight Loss. science nutrition blog. Articles by category :. For instance, the active component of the Citrus Aurantium, p-synephrine, enhances sensitivity to beta-3 receptors and improves lipolysis and resting metabolism [ 1 , 3 , 4 ].
Whereas caffeine has been widely demonstrated to increase various markers of exercise performance in conjunction to energy expenditure [ 5 , 6 ]. Caffeine is perhaps one of the most widely utilized over the counter supplements in the fitness industry [ 6 , 7 ].
athletes, fitness enthusiasts, etc. would be habitual caffeine consumers. With this in mind, it has been demonstrated that habitual caffeine consumption leads to decreases in the sensitivity to a regular dosage of caffeine [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], e. Each individual component, Citrus Aurantium and caffeine, primarily work through beta-receptor function and consequently influence downstream metabolic activity such as the regulation of blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and catecholamines.
A decrease in caffeine responsiveness in habitual consumers may result in a less robust metabolic response than those reported in earlier studies [ 2 ].
Additionally, we aimed to evaluate post exercise metabolic recovery following an exhaustive exercise protocol. Fourteen apparently healthy males that habitually consumed caffeine were recruited for this study.
Physical activity inclusion criteria required all individuals to take part in no less than three-days of aerobic training and two-days of resistance training every week for a minimum of six months. Participants were recruited by word of mouth from the nearby metropolitan region.
Prior to participation, all subjects were provided with procedures and made aware of risks associated with the study and the informed consent was signed. A health history questionnaire HHQ was administered in order to ensure that participants were able to take part in vigorous physical activity without medical clearance as characterized by the guidelines provided by American College of Sports Medicine [ 12 ].
Individuals reporting of any orthopedic conditions, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease were removed from the study. Participants were requested to wear comfortable clothing, to arrive fasted for a minimum of four-hours, avoid exercise and alcohol for h, and refrain from caffeine usage for h preceding each session to ensure its clearance from the blood [ 11 ].
This study was performed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design where only one investigator knew the identification of the supplementation; this investigator did not engage in the gathering or analysis of data. Participants were requested to attend the Exercise Physiology Lab on two separate occasions, with the second visit taking place within three to nine days after the first visit.
The initial visit comprised of obtaining the informed consent, HHQ, and anthropometric measures. Participant height cm and weight kg were gathered using an electronic physicians scale Tanita WB , Arlington Heights, IL.
Upon the completion of the ingestion period, a post-ingestion venipuncture was performed I2. Participants then performed a standardized warm-up prior to initiating the anaerobic exhaustive exercise protocol.
Immediately following the exercise protocol a post-exercise venipuncture was performed R1 and then the min recovery period was initiated. At the end of this recovery period the final venipuncture was taken R2. The study design can be seen in Fig.
Participants were immediately walked to an electronically braked cycle ergometer Sport Excalibur, Lode BV, Groningen, The Netherlands , where the bike was adjusted to the appropriate settings in order to ensure the knee was at a slight bend at the bottom of the revolution.
Bike settings were repeated for both trials. Following the appropriate adjustments, participants feet were strapped into the pedals and the protocol was initiated. Each Wingate test was s in duration and participants were encouraged to pedal at their maximal effort against a resistance of 0.
There was a total of three Wingate tests performed with a two-minute active recovery period between each test. At the completion of the last Wingate test, participants were walked to a separate room to undergo a post exercise venipuncture and to begin the recovery measures R1-R2.
Pre-testing protocols on the electronically braked cycle ergometer followed manufacturer guidelines. Blood draws were collected via the antecubital vein by a trained phlebotomist during four-time points throughout the study: I1, I2, R1, R2 Fig.
In order to account for the plasma volume shifts following the exercise bout, all E and NE samples were normalized by using the established protocols of Dill and Costill [ 14 ].
Hematocrit Hct and hemoglobin Hb were collected via finger sticks at each venipuncture time point Alere Hemopoint 2. Blood glucose GLU was measured using a Medtronic Contour glucometer Bayer, Pittsburgh, PA via finger stick. The procedures and findings of plasma catecholamines were previously reported and permissions granted by the publishing Journal [ 15 ].
Citrus Aurantium and caffeine powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus Aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England.
Each component was measured using an electronic supplement scale and encapsulated in green, non-translucent, size zero gelatin capsules.
All data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS SPSS, Version 24 for Mac, Chicago, IL. In order to determine the effect size, the recommend guidelines of Quintana were used. Of the fourteen participants who volunteered for the study, four were removed due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i.
Therefore, a total of ten physically active males completed the study. Participant characteristics can be seen in Table 1. Plasma Insulin. Blood Glucose. Means ± SD can be seen in Fig. Plasma Triglycerides.
Means ± SD can be seen in Figs. Plasma Epinephrine. Plasma Norepinephrine. No significant trial differences occurred in insulin, lactate or triglycerides throughout the ingestion period.
Under normal fasted conditions it is not uncommon to observe a slight decrease in blood glucose with concurrent decreases in insulin concentration over a prolong period of rest [ 17 , 18 ].
Blood glucose concentration following the PLA trial is reflective of this response, with a significant drop occurring at I2. No changes in glucose concentration occurred and was found to be significantly higher than that of the PLA trial at the I2 time point.
The medium by which the supplements were delivered in the current study were capsules absent of carbohydrate and would rationalize the difference in observations between the two studies. Similar to glucose, insulin has been shown to be maintained or decrease during resting and fasted conditions [ 19 ].
This is in contrast to Graham et al. However, the differences in observations can likely be attributed to the dosage of caffeine Graham et al. The caffeine components role in sympathetic nervous system SNS mediated glucose release [ 22 ] may be another likely contributor to the observed glucose response.
Additionally, Stuart et al. The CA component of the complex is another mechanism by which the maintenance of blood glucose could have occurred.
Specifically, the active ingredient p-synephrine acts on beta-3 receptors in order to increase lipolysis [ 1 ], thereby acting to spare blood glucose. Future research should examine varying concentrations in order to determine a dose effect.
The exhaustive exercise trial selected for this study was a repeated Wingate protocol designed to induce a high metabolic stress and fatigue. Following the completion of the trials, no differences in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or catecholamines were observed.
However, insulin did not statistically elevate immediately post-exercise but demonstrated a non-statistical increase at the end of the recovery period. Previous research has demonstrated insulin spikes immediately following prolonged high-intensity protocols [ 25 ]; however, the duration of those protocols was ultimately longer than the one used previous studies and may have led to the different insulin response.
Though fat oxidation was not directly measured throughout this study, plasma triglycerides were obtained to determine changes in metabolic function. A primary function of the Citrus Aurantium is improved lipid peroxidation through p-synephrine and beta-3 activation, which may alter the release of triglycerides following exercise based on demand, and ultimately influence metabolic recovery.
Post-exercise plasma triglycerides have been shown to account for half of the delayed component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC [ 26 , 27 ], which is a beneficial response to high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, both trials showed spikes in plasma triglycerides at R1 when compared to I2, though no difference was observed between trials.
Furthermore, various dosages of this complex should be evaluated in order to better determine a dose-response effect. The markers used to examine metabolism were glucose, insulin, and triglycerides; future research should examine a more extensive metabolic profile including substrate utilization and free fatty acids.
Though a priori analysis based on a power of 0. However, this was not enough to elicit changes in resting insulin, or triglycerides. These findings suggest practical implications of hypoglycemic prevention during prolong i. Further research is needed to examine a dose and component response on these metabolic markers.
Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev.
Epub Aug 1. p-Synephrine has an adrenergic action and, therefore, the C. aurantium is easily applied in weight loss strategies 2 and, thus, contributes to the restoration of hunger and satiety balance regulation of blood glucose, insulin, and triglycerides 3.
P-synephrine has an affinity with β3-adrenergic receptors, seems capable of stimulating lipolysis without compromising cardiovascular activity at rest, unlike other substances e. Recently, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium supplementation could elevate fat consumption rates in submaximal aerobic exercise and, therefore, this has made C.
aurantium a widely used substance to cut the levels of body fat. Nevertheless, there are no assessments of the cardiovascular safety of C.
aurantium in combination with aerobic submaximal exercise, and evidence regarding its use is rare but needed to guide clinical prescriptions that have C. aurantium as a therapeutic option.
In this way, the analysis of cardiorespiratory parameters in combination with autonomic control of heart rate HR after physical exercise has been widely enforced to assess cardiovascular risk.
Through the scrutiny between heartbeats RR intervals or HR variability HRV , it is possible to study the efferent flow of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic to the heart. During exercise, there is a vagal or parasympathetic withdrawal and, then, there is an upsurge in sympathetic modulation to the heart, revealing a surge in HR and cardiac contractility.
Upon cessation of exercise, it is expected that there will be a fast reactivation of vagal modulation, which will provide an abrupt reduction and recovery in HR 6.
Recent studies have fixated on examining whether nutritional interventions e. Based on these aforementioned considerations, it was probed as to whether the supplementation of C.
aurantium prior to aerobic physical exercise could impact the autonomic control of HR and interfere with cardiovascular recovery following exercise. We assume that C. aurantium would not affect the recovery of cardiovascular and autonomic parameters after exercise.
Given these declarations, we intended to assess the effect of C. aurantium supplement on cardiovascular recovery and autonomic constraints after submaximal aerobic exercise. This is a randomized study, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.
According to the Declaration of Helsinki, the intervention protocols were approved by the Research Ethics Committee Institutional—Brazil Process: The register of study details on Clinicaltrials.
We recruited 17 male subjects via social media e. to participate in the study. Participants were between 18 and 30 years of age, had a body mass index BMI between Through screening, we studied the presence of some conditions that would make them ineligible to participate in the study, for instance, smoking, present and past anabolic steroid usage, cardiorespiratory, neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, use of pharmacotherapies that affect the autonomic nervous system.
At the end of the study, the sample consisted of 12 subjects Figure 1. Additionally, baseline values of heart rate beats per minute , systolic blood pressure SBP , and diastolic blood pressure DBP mmHg were logged Table 1.
Table 1. Mean values followed by their respective standard deviations minimum and maximum of age, mass, height, BMI, heart rate, SBP and DBP. The intervention protocols were split into three phases, with an interval of 48—72 h between each protocol to provide time for the participants' physical recovery.
On the first day, an initial interview was completed with the participating candidates in the study. After screening, eligible applicants were provided with a list of guidelines to abstain from certain citrus fruits mandarin, sweet, and bitter orange , alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, or nutriments coffee, sports drinks, chewing gum, chocolate , and exercise 24 h prior to the ensuing study sessions.
Participants were told to have a light meal e. Through a random sequence, in the second step, participants were randomized to consume a capsule containing mg C. This amount was selected as it is regularly applied in clinical practice In the final stage, the participants received the protocol contrary to the previous one to safeguard the study's crossover.
An independent researcher who did not participate in the data logging was responsible for randomizing the interventions, choosing the capsules, and assigning them to the investigator. The capsules were opaque and visibly identical; neither the participant nor the investigator could recognize the capsules' contents.
The capsules were attained in commercial form from a reliable provider Florien Fitoativos ® Ltd. Naringin and hesperidin concentrations were not analyzed.
The participants persisted for 20 min walking at this speed, and at the end of the activity, the participants were once more seated and monitored for an additional 60 min 8.
SBP and BPD measurements were completed indirectly using a stethoscope Littman Classic II, Saint Paul, USA and aneroid sphygmomanometer Welch Allyn Tycos, New York, USA on the participants' left arm For HR and HRV indices scrutiny, cardiac activity was logged beat by beat throughout the data logging technique with a sampling rate of 1 kHz using a Polar ® heart rate monitor model RSCX.
The HR and HRV recordings were logged at the following epochs: Rest R1: 90th to 95th min of resting after capsule ingestion , and all through exercise recovery: 0 to 5th min; 5th to 10th min; 15th to 20th min; 25th to 30th min; 35th to 40th min; 45th to 50th min, and; 55th to 60th min Figure 2.
Series with regular heartbeats R-R intervals were required to make the HRV indices, as recommended by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology In these series, digital and manual filters were executed to remove artifacts.
After collection, the RR intervals were exported to the software program Kubios ® HRV Analysis to produce the linear indices of the frequency domain and time domain Frequency domain analysis was accomplished via spectral analysis by means of the Fast Fourier Transform FFT to cause the high frequency HF index with a sampling rate of 0.
The non-linear HRV analysis was achieved using the PyBios ® software Biomedical Signal Analysis in Python Version 1. We dispersed the number of RR intervals through six levels 0—5 , transforming them into a spatial methodology; a sequence of three symbols.
All patterns were independently assembled into two clusters, according to the number and type of variation between symbols:. A pilot study conducted with six participants performed the sample size calculation. We applied the root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals in the online software at www.
br , which provided the magnitude of the difference. We measured a standard deviation of The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was enforced to assess data normality. For the cardiovascular recovery and autonomic reactivity analysis during the experimental protocols Rest vs.
recovery , One-way analysis of variance ANOVA1 for repeated measures and the Bonferroni post-test was enforced when the assumption of data normality was attained.
Friedman's test followed by Dunn's post-test was required for data that did not acquire a normal distribution. Cohen's d calculated effect sizes to measure the magnitude of changes for significant differences.
Assessments were achieved using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS IBM ® SPSS Statistics v. The descriptive data of twelve healthy males that met the study criteria are included in Table 1.
These datasets strengthen the homogeneity of our sample. The HR recovery analysis revealed no significant differences between the protocols. In the placebo protocol, the comparison of resting and after exercise established an increase in HR from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs.
In the C. aurantium protocol, the same results were attained, and HR values remained significantly enlarged from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. Table 2. No significant changes were identified in the C. aurantium intervention during the recovery analysis rest vs. recovery for DBP, MAP, and PP.
Only SBP demonstrated significant changes in 1 min following exercise Rest vs. aurantium protocol. During the placebo protocol, SBP remained significantly higher during 3 min of recovery compared to rest Rest vs.
Table 3. Time and frequency domain indices in addition to non-linear analyzes revealed that autonomic heart rate recovery occurred more quickly in the C. aurantium protocol compared to the placebo protocol.
In the placebo protocol, the investigation of recovery rest vs. recovery of the HF index revealed that its values remain depressed throughout 10 min of recording after exercise Rest: Figure 3.
In the placebo protocol, pNN50 index values continued to be significantly decreased throughout 20 min of recovery related to resting values Rest: Our findings demonstrate that the ingestion of C.
aurantium p-synephrine mg prior to exercise fast-tracks the fall in SBP after physical exertion. Earlier studies propose that one of the benefits of using C.
aurantium equated to other adrenergic substances e. Activation of β-3 adrenergic receptors triggers reverse inotropic effects, antagonizing the activation of further classes of adrenoreceptors β-1 and β-2 in cardiac tissue and, thus, decreasing sympathetic modulation to the heart.
This clarifies why overall, the binding of p-synephrine with β-3 adrenergic receptors does not increase BP or HR, displaying cardioprotective effects In this study, in the placebo intervention, for the spectral analysis, the HF index, representative of parasympathetic modulation, needed 10 min after termination of exercise to recover.
aurantium protocol, we did not find substantial changes in the HF index in exercise recovery vs. Analogous deviations occurred in the pNN50 index and were reduced 20 min after cessation of exercise in the placebo protocol. While in the protocol with C. aurantium , this index continued to be reduced for only 10 min after exercise.
aurantium protocol, transformations were only following 5 min of recovery. However, in the C. aurantium protocol, the values were only meaningfully reduced for 5 min after the cessation of exercise.
These observations make C. aurantium a safe nutritional compound to be applied during exercise, which supports the recovery of autonomic parameters following exercise. Since a slow post-exercise autonomic recovery is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk 25 , the results of our study indicate that C.
aurantium compounds have a potential preventive role on the onset of cardiovascular complications in physical exercise. As caffeine and C. aurantium are frequently sold as complementary formulas for use in humans, preceding studies have assessed the effects of using these substances alone and in combination.
Through a randomized clinical trial, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium alone or in combination with caffeine would have different results for fat utilization during aerobic physical exercise.
Introduction and aims: Aurantimu is a multifactorial Gut health and stress management with high health Citrus aurantium for energy, associated with Citruz chronic disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, aurangium cardiovascular dysfunction. Citrus aurantium L. Ahrantium is aurxntium medicinal plant, and its active component, synephrine, a β-3 adrenergic agonist, can be used for weight loss. We investigated the effects of C. aurantium and synephrine in obese adolescent mice programmed by early postnatal overfeeding. Methods: Three days after birth, male Swiss mice were divided into a small litter SL group 3 pups and a normal litter NL group 9 pups. Bitter orange Citrus aurantium enerhy a Fot that Cognitive function exercises grown in Pancreatic function regions of Iran. Moreover, eneryy orange has also a Smart drinking choices of seeds that mostly considered ejergy a waste Electrolyte replacement after exercise of the fruit. In energgy current study, bitter orange seed oil BOSO uses as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production. BOSO has high acid value Finally, the amount of acid value reduced to 1. In the next step, the transesterification reaction performed to produce biodiesel from bitter seed oil, and then the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel investigated. The results of investigating the physiochemical properties of the produced biodiesel show that all measured physiochemical properties of the bitter orange biodiesel can pass the ASTM standard requirements.Bitter Avocado Breakfast Ideas Citrus aurantiumalso Best Fat Burner as sour orange and Seville orange, is a fnergy fruit ahrantium a aurantoum of uses.
This article covers all you need to know aurantiu, bitter orange, including its role in weight loss and Cotrus health, as well as its aurantijm safety ehergy a ror. The Smart drinking choices orange plant thrives in subtropical regions but can withstand adverse environmental conditions like frost emergy short Smart drinking choices Citru.
Oval or oblong in energt, the fruit is red-orange when ripe and has a distinctively thick, dimpled skin. Citrus aurantium for energy are 23 cultivars of the fruit, the Citruss prominent energj which Citrus aurantium for energy Bergamot.
You can expect some varieties to aurantihm more bitter than Fiber optic network sustainability. Bitter orange contains several Grape Juice Recipes plant compounds that are aurnatium extracted Cihrus the Immune system booster peel auantium make dietary supplements.
The patented aurangium of bitter orange, p-synephrine, is sold in capsule form as wurantium herbal weight loss supplements Advantra Z Wrestling hydration techniques Kinetiq 4.
Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with dimpled skin and potent plant compounds that are Foods to avoid before a workout and used in a variety of Citruss.
The plant compounds in fot orange, which akrantium called Citurs, have been used for fod 20 years Kiwi fruit cocktails supplements for weight loss, athletic performance, skin Citrks, appetite control, and Fasting for spiritual purposes health, as well as perfumery 12356 energgy, 78.
Flr, the main Citrus aurantium for energy from bitter orange, has a eneegy structure to ephedrine, the main component of the herbal enerty loss supplement ephedra 8. This supplement Diabetic foot management banned by the U.
Food and Drug Administration Liver health benefits Citrus aurantium for energy it raised blood pressure, increased heart rate, and caused heart attacks and stroke among rnergy consumers 1ejergy7.
In addition, p-synephrine Citrus aurantium for energy structurally similar to wnergy flight-or-fight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also increase Citris heart iCtrus 1Smart drinking choices, 4. P-synephrine auranyium also found in other citrus fruits and their juices, such enerty mandarins and clementines 47.
Ciitrus other citrus fruits, bitter orange provides limonene enegry a compound shown flr have anti-inflammatory and qurantium properties 10aruantium Population energt suggest that auranntium may prevent Ciyrus cancers, namely colon cancer. However, more rigorous human research is needed An ongoing fot is also enegry the Citrks of limonene as a treatment for COVID However, the results are aurantiym yet known.
Bear uarantium mind that limonene cannot prevent aurantiuk cure COVID Another protoalkaloid found in bitter Citrhs is p-octopamine. However, little auratnium no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange Alternative therapies for cancer prevention. The leaves of the Smart drinking choices orange plant are rich in vitamin Cwhich acts as audantium antioxidant.
Antioxidants are Post-workout recovery that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage. They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk 15 Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.
They have been shown to be safe for consumption. Many weight loss supplements use bitter orange extracts in combination with other ingredients. However, scientific studies have not thoroughly examined the composition of these supplements to determine which ingredient, if any, supports weight loss.
Notably, p-synephrine has been shown to increase fat breakdown, raise energy expenditure, and mildly suppress appetiteall of which may contribute to reduced weight. Yet, these effects occur at high doses that are discouraged due to the lack of safety information 48 Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.
In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAAlist synephrine as a stimulant.
Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.
In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1.
Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat. Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery.
You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma. Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDNNutrition — By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on March 17, The fruit and its extracts. Compounds and nutrients.
Does bitter orange aid weight loss? Health benefits of bitter orange. Downsides and side effects of bitter orange. Dosage and safety information. Culinary uses of bitter orange. The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: History.
Mar 17, Written By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN. Medically Reviewed By Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN. Share this article. Read this next. Can You Eat Orange Peels, and Should You? By Kelli McGrane, MS, RD.
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: Citrus aurantium for energy| The Benefits and Risks of Bitter Orange Dietary Supplements | Medicine and Health. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Article Navigation. Bitter Orange supplements are commonly available as tablets or capsules with varying concentrations. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. With due care in extrapolating therapy from animals to humans, the set of our findings suggest that therapeutic use of these compounds can improve the metabolic profile of obese adolescents without adverse cardiovascular side effects. BK contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. |
| What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? | Bitter orange is a dietary supplement that is derived from the fruit of the Citrus aurantium tree. It is commonly used as a weight loss aid and to increase energy levels. However, it can be dangerous if taken in large doses or if taken with other stimulants such as caffeine. It can cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as insomnia, anxiety, and headaches. It can also interact with certain medications, such as those used to treat depression, and can cause serious side effects. Additionally, it can cause liver damage if taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Therefore, it is important to consult with a doctor before taking this supplement. Energy drinks, weight loss supplements, sports nutrition products, multivitamins, protein powders. Bitter orange is regulated differently across the world. In the United States, it is regulated as a dietary supplement by the Food and Drug Administration FDA. In the European Union, it is regulated as a food supplement by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA. In Canada, it is regulated as a natural health product by Health Canada. In Australia, it is regulated as a therapeutic good by the Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA. In India, it is regulated as a food supplement by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India FSSAI. Tags: Herbal. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBP , diastolic blood pressure DBP , pulse pressure PP , mean arterial pressure MAP , heart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters. Conclusions: Citrus aurantium was shown to be safe for the cardiovascular and autonomic systems alongside submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males. Citrus aurantium L. is a phenylethylamine alkaloid in bitter orange peel, rich in p-synephrine, and abundant in flavonoids 1. p-Synephrine has an adrenergic action and, therefore, the C. aurantium is easily applied in weight loss strategies 2 and, thus, contributes to the restoration of hunger and satiety balance regulation of blood glucose, insulin, and triglycerides 3. P-synephrine has an affinity with β3-adrenergic receptors, seems capable of stimulating lipolysis without compromising cardiovascular activity at rest, unlike other substances e. Recently, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium supplementation could elevate fat consumption rates in submaximal aerobic exercise and, therefore, this has made C. aurantium a widely used substance to cut the levels of body fat. Nevertheless, there are no assessments of the cardiovascular safety of C. aurantium in combination with aerobic submaximal exercise, and evidence regarding its use is rare but needed to guide clinical prescriptions that have C. aurantium as a therapeutic option. In this way, the analysis of cardiorespiratory parameters in combination with autonomic control of heart rate HR after physical exercise has been widely enforced to assess cardiovascular risk. Through the scrutiny between heartbeats RR intervals or HR variability HRV , it is possible to study the efferent flow of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic to the heart. During exercise, there is a vagal or parasympathetic withdrawal and, then, there is an upsurge in sympathetic modulation to the heart, revealing a surge in HR and cardiac contractility. Upon cessation of exercise, it is expected that there will be a fast reactivation of vagal modulation, which will provide an abrupt reduction and recovery in HR 6. Recent studies have fixated on examining whether nutritional interventions e. Based on these aforementioned considerations, it was probed as to whether the supplementation of C. aurantium prior to aerobic physical exercise could impact the autonomic control of HR and interfere with cardiovascular recovery following exercise. We assume that C. aurantium would not affect the recovery of cardiovascular and autonomic parameters after exercise. Given these declarations, we intended to assess the effect of C. aurantium supplement on cardiovascular recovery and autonomic constraints after submaximal aerobic exercise. This is a randomized study, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. According to the Declaration of Helsinki, the intervention protocols were approved by the Research Ethics Committee Institutional—Brazil Process: The register of study details on Clinicaltrials. We recruited 17 male subjects via social media e. to participate in the study. Participants were between 18 and 30 years of age, had a body mass index BMI between Through screening, we studied the presence of some conditions that would make them ineligible to participate in the study, for instance, smoking, present and past anabolic steroid usage, cardiorespiratory, neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, use of pharmacotherapies that affect the autonomic nervous system. At the end of the study, the sample consisted of 12 subjects Figure 1. Additionally, baseline values of heart rate beats per minute , systolic blood pressure SBP , and diastolic blood pressure DBP mmHg were logged Table 1. Table 1. Mean values followed by their respective standard deviations minimum and maximum of age, mass, height, BMI, heart rate, SBP and DBP. The intervention protocols were split into three phases, with an interval of 48—72 h between each protocol to provide time for the participants' physical recovery. On the first day, an initial interview was completed with the participating candidates in the study. After screening, eligible applicants were provided with a list of guidelines to abstain from certain citrus fruits mandarin, sweet, and bitter orange , alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, or nutriments coffee, sports drinks, chewing gum, chocolate , and exercise 24 h prior to the ensuing study sessions. Participants were told to have a light meal e. Through a random sequence, in the second step, participants were randomized to consume a capsule containing mg C. This amount was selected as it is regularly applied in clinical practice In the final stage, the participants received the protocol contrary to the previous one to safeguard the study's crossover. An independent researcher who did not participate in the data logging was responsible for randomizing the interventions, choosing the capsules, and assigning them to the investigator. The capsules were opaque and visibly identical; neither the participant nor the investigator could recognize the capsules' contents. The capsules were attained in commercial form from a reliable provider Florien Fitoativos ® Ltd. Naringin and hesperidin concentrations were not analyzed. The participants persisted for 20 min walking at this speed, and at the end of the activity, the participants were once more seated and monitored for an additional 60 min 8. SBP and BPD measurements were completed indirectly using a stethoscope Littman Classic II, Saint Paul, USA and aneroid sphygmomanometer Welch Allyn Tycos, New York, USA on the participants' left arm For HR and HRV indices scrutiny, cardiac activity was logged beat by beat throughout the data logging technique with a sampling rate of 1 kHz using a Polar ® heart rate monitor model RSCX. The HR and HRV recordings were logged at the following epochs: Rest R1: 90th to 95th min of resting after capsule ingestion , and all through exercise recovery: 0 to 5th min; 5th to 10th min; 15th to 20th min; 25th to 30th min; 35th to 40th min; 45th to 50th min, and; 55th to 60th min Figure 2. Series with regular heartbeats R-R intervals were required to make the HRV indices, as recommended by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology In these series, digital and manual filters were executed to remove artifacts. After collection, the RR intervals were exported to the software program Kubios ® HRV Analysis to produce the linear indices of the frequency domain and time domain Frequency domain analysis was accomplished via spectral analysis by means of the Fast Fourier Transform FFT to cause the high frequency HF index with a sampling rate of 0. The non-linear HRV analysis was achieved using the PyBios ® software Biomedical Signal Analysis in Python Version 1. We dispersed the number of RR intervals through six levels 0—5 , transforming them into a spatial methodology; a sequence of three symbols. All patterns were independently assembled into two clusters, according to the number and type of variation between symbols:. A pilot study conducted with six participants performed the sample size calculation. We applied the root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals in the online software at www. br , which provided the magnitude of the difference. We measured a standard deviation of The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was enforced to assess data normality. For the cardiovascular recovery and autonomic reactivity analysis during the experimental protocols Rest vs. recovery , One-way analysis of variance ANOVA1 for repeated measures and the Bonferroni post-test was enforced when the assumption of data normality was attained. Friedman's test followed by Dunn's post-test was required for data that did not acquire a normal distribution. Cohen's d calculated effect sizes to measure the magnitude of changes for significant differences. Assessments were achieved using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS IBM ® SPSS Statistics v. The descriptive data of twelve healthy males that met the study criteria are included in Table 1. These datasets strengthen the homogeneity of our sample. The HR recovery analysis revealed no significant differences between the protocols. In the placebo protocol, the comparison of resting and after exercise established an increase in HR from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. In the C. aurantium protocol, the same results were attained, and HR values remained significantly enlarged from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. Table 2. No significant changes were identified in the C. aurantium intervention during the recovery analysis rest vs. recovery for DBP, MAP, and PP. Only SBP demonstrated significant changes in 1 min following exercise Rest vs. aurantium protocol. During the placebo protocol, SBP remained significantly higher during 3 min of recovery compared to rest Rest vs. Table 3. Time and frequency domain indices in addition to non-linear analyzes revealed that autonomic heart rate recovery occurred more quickly in the C. aurantium protocol compared to the placebo protocol. In the placebo protocol, the investigation of recovery rest vs. recovery of the HF index revealed that its values remain depressed throughout 10 min of recording after exercise Rest: Figure 3. In the placebo protocol, pNN50 index values continued to be significantly decreased throughout 20 min of recovery related to resting values Rest: Our findings demonstrate that the ingestion of C. aurantium p-synephrine mg prior to exercise fast-tracks the fall in SBP after physical exertion. Earlier studies propose that one of the benefits of using C. aurantium equated to other adrenergic substances e. Activation of β-3 adrenergic receptors triggers reverse inotropic effects, antagonizing the activation of further classes of adrenoreceptors β-1 and β-2 in cardiac tissue and, thus, decreasing sympathetic modulation to the heart. This clarifies why overall, the binding of p-synephrine with β-3 adrenergic receptors does not increase BP or HR, displaying cardioprotective effects In this study, in the placebo intervention, for the spectral analysis, the HF index, representative of parasympathetic modulation, needed 10 min after termination of exercise to recover. aurantium protocol, we did not find substantial changes in the HF index in exercise recovery vs. Analogous deviations occurred in the pNN50 index and were reduced 20 min after cessation of exercise in the placebo protocol. While in the protocol with C. aurantium , this index continued to be reduced for only 10 min after exercise. aurantium protocol, transformations were only following 5 min of recovery. However, in the C. aurantium protocol, the values were only meaningfully reduced for 5 min after the cessation of exercise. These observations make C. aurantium a safe nutritional compound to be applied during exercise, which supports the recovery of autonomic parameters following exercise. Since a slow post-exercise autonomic recovery is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk 25 , the results of our study indicate that C. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in elderly subjects: the effect of red orange supplementation on the biochemical and cellular response to a single bout of intense physical activity. Free Radic Res. Büsing F , Hägele FA , Nas A , et al. High intake of orange juice and cola differently affects metabolic risk in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr. Hägele FA , Büsing F , Nas A , et al. High orange juice consumption with or in-between three meals a day differently affects energy balance in healthy subjects. Nutr Diabetes. Stookey JD , Hamer J , Espinoza G , et al. Orange juice limits postprandial fat oxidation after breakfast in normal-weight adolescents and adults. Adv Nutr. Sakaki JR , Li J , Melough MM , et al. Orange juice intake and anthropometric changes in children and adolescents. Aptekmann NP , Cesar TB. Orange juice improved lipid profile and blood lactate of overweight middle-aged women subjected to aerobic training. Simpson E , Mendis B , MacDonald IA. Orange juice consumption and its effect on blood lipid profile and indices of the metabolic syndrome; a randomised, controlled trial in an at-risk population. Ribeiro C , Dourado G , Cesar T. Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: a randomized controlled trial. O'Neil CE , Nicklas TA , Rampersaud GC , et al. Rumbold P , Shaw E , James L , et al. Milk consumption following exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers. Fidélix M , Milenkovic D , Sivieri K , et al. Microbiota modulation and effects on metabolic biomarkers by orange juice: a controlled clinical trial. Rangel-Huerta OD , Aguilera CM , Martin MV , et al. Normal or high polyphenol concentration in orange juice affects antioxidant activity, blood pressure, and body weight in obese or overweight adults. Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in normal and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Dallas C , Gerbi A , Tenca G , et al. Lipolytic effect of a polyphenolic citrus dry extract of red orange, grapefruit, orange SINETROL in human body fat adipocytes. Mechanism of action by inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase PDE. Silveira JQ , Dourado GK , Cesar TB. Red-fleshed sweet orange juice improves the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Int J Food Sci Nutr. Penzak SR , Jann MW , Cold JA , et al. Seville sour orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol. Silver HJ , Dietrich MS , Niswender KD. 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| ORIGINAL RESEARCH article | Obesity in adulthood—the importance of childhood and parental obesity. Flow diagram. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University. All groups received the same volume through gavage ul. Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. |
| Introduction | The exhaustive exercise trial selected for this study was a repeated Wingate protocol designed to induce a high metabolic stress and fatigue. Following the completion of the trials, no differences in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or catecholamines were observed. However, insulin did not statistically elevate immediately post-exercise but demonstrated a non-statistical increase at the end of the recovery period. Previous research has demonstrated insulin spikes immediately following prolonged high-intensity protocols [ 25 ]; however, the duration of those protocols was ultimately longer than the one used previous studies and may have led to the different insulin response. Though fat oxidation was not directly measured throughout this study, plasma triglycerides were obtained to determine changes in metabolic function. A primary function of the Citrus Aurantium is improved lipid peroxidation through p-synephrine and beta-3 activation, which may alter the release of triglycerides following exercise based on demand, and ultimately influence metabolic recovery. Post-exercise plasma triglycerides have been shown to account for half of the delayed component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC [ 26 , 27 ], which is a beneficial response to high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, both trials showed spikes in plasma triglycerides at R1 when compared to I2, though no difference was observed between trials. Furthermore, various dosages of this complex should be evaluated in order to better determine a dose-response effect. The markers used to examine metabolism were glucose, insulin, and triglycerides; future research should examine a more extensive metabolic profile including substrate utilization and free fatty acids. Though a priori analysis based on a power of 0. However, this was not enough to elicit changes in resting insulin, or triglycerides. These findings suggest practical implications of hypoglycemic prevention during prolong i. Further research is needed to examine a dose and component response on these metabolic markers. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Epub Aug 1. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, et al. The effects of supplementation with p-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on metabolic, Lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise. J Am Coll Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res. Mohr M, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J. Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. J Appl Physiol Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Willoughby D, Stout J, Graves BS, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Article Google Scholar. Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E. caffeine 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J Food Sci. Evans SM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest. Zancheta R, Possi AP, Planeta CS, Marin MT. Repeated administration of caffeine induces either sensitization or tolerance of locomotor stimulation depending on the environmental context. Pharmacol Rep. Sokmen B, Armstrong LE, Kraemer WJ, Casa DJ, Dias JC, Judelson DA, Maresh CM. Caffeine use in sports: considerations for the athlete. J Strength Cond Res. Medicine ACoS. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Google Scholar. MacIntosh BR, Rishaug P, Svedahl K. Assessment of peak power and short-term work capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Bailey P, Hoffstetter W, McLester J, McLester C. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design. Quintana DS. Statistical considerations for reporting and planning heart rate variability case-control studies. Garg S, Jovanovic L. Relationship of fasting and hourly blood glucose levels to HbA1c values: safety, accuracy, and improvements in glucose profiles obtained using a 7-day continuous glucose sensor. Diabetes Care. Legro RS, Finegood D, Dunaif A. A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Dekker MJ, Gusba JE, Robinson LE, Graham TE. Glucose homeostasis remains altered by acute caffeine ingestion following 2 weeks of daily caffeine consumption in previously non-caffeine-consuming males. Br J Nutr. Graham TE, Sathasivam P, Rowland M, Marko N, Greer F, Battram D. Caffeine ingestion elevates plasma insulin response in humans during an oral glucose tolerance test. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. Shi X, Xue W, Liang S, Zhao J, Zhang X. Acute caffeine ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. Petersen MC, Vatner DF, Shulman GI. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Graham TE, Spriet LL. Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. Stuart GR, Hopkins WG, Cook C, Cairns SP. Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Kliszczewicz B, Buresh R, Bechke E, Williamson C. Metabolic biomarkers following a short and long bout of high-intensity functional training in recreationally trained men. J Hum Sport Exerc. Borsheim E, Bahr R. Effect of exercise intensity, duration and mode on post-exercise oxygen consumption. Sports Med. Bahr R, Hansson P, Sejersted OM. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Behav Res Methods. Download references. The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BK contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript. PB contributed to study design, data collection, biomarker analysis, and moderate editing of the manuscript. ZG significant contribution to editing of the manuscript. JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript. CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brian Kliszczewicz. The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection 17— Participants read and sign an informed consent prior to participating in this study. These authors declare that they have no competing interest and have no relation too the supplement or associated companies. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Kliszczewicz, B. et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16 , 4 Download citation. Received : 07 August Accepted : 30 January Published : 06 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. FASEB J. Mulvihill EE , Allister EM , Sutherland BG , et al. Naringenin prevents dyslipidemia, apolipoprotein B overproduction, and hyperinsulinemia in LDL receptor—null mice with diet-induced insulin resistance. Nichols LA , Jackson DE , Manthey JA , et al. Citrus flavonoids repress the mRNA for stearoyl-CoA desaturase, a key enzyme in lipid synthesis and obesity control, in rat primary hepatocytes. Lipids Health Dis. Phytother Res. Impact of orange juice consumption on macronutrient and energy intakes and body composition in the US population. Public Health Nutr. Stohs SJ , Preuss HG , Keith SC , et al. Effects of p -synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci. Stohs SJ. Kegele CS , Oliveira J , Magrani T , et al. A randomized trial on the effects of CitrusiM ® Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck dried extract on body composition. Clin Nutr Exp. Li L , Lyall GK , Martinez-Blazquez JA , et al. Blood orange juice consumption increases flow-mediated dilation in adults with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Cardile V , Graziano ACE , Venditti A. Clinical evaluation of Moro Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck orange juice supplementation for the weight management. Nat Prod Res. Niv E , Shapira Y , Akiva I , et al. Effect of levan supplement in orange juice on weight, gastrointestinal symptoms and metabolic profile of healthy subjects: results of an 8-week clinical trial. Azzini E , Venneria E , Ciarapica D , et al. Briskey D , Malfa GA , Rao A. Simpson E , Brown S , Mendis B , et al. The effect of daily orange juice consumption on insulin sensitivity and indices of the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc. Basile LG , Lima CG , Cesar TB. Daily intake of pasteurized orange juice decreases serum cholesterol, fasting glucose and diastolic blood pressure in adults. Proc Fla State Hort Soc. Cesar TB , Aptekmann NP , Araujo MP , et al. Orange juice decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects and improves lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutr Res. Asgary S , Keshvari M , Afshani MR , et al. Effect of fresh orange juice intake on physiological characteristics in healthy volunteers. Int Sch Res Notices. Pittaluga M , Sgadari A , Tavazzi B , et al. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in elderly subjects: the effect of red orange supplementation on the biochemical and cellular response to a single bout of intense physical activity. Free Radic Res. Büsing F , Hägele FA , Nas A , et al. High intake of orange juice and cola differently affects metabolic risk in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr. Hägele FA , Büsing F , Nas A , et al. High orange juice consumption with or in-between three meals a day differently affects energy balance in healthy subjects. Nutr Diabetes. Stookey JD , Hamer J , Espinoza G , et al. Orange juice limits postprandial fat oxidation after breakfast in normal-weight adolescents and adults. Adv Nutr. Sakaki JR , Li J , Melough MM , et al. Orange juice intake and anthropometric changes in children and adolescents. Aptekmann NP , Cesar TB. Orange juice improved lipid profile and blood lactate of overweight middle-aged women subjected to aerobic training. Simpson E , Mendis B , MacDonald IA. Orange juice consumption and its effect on blood lipid profile and indices of the metabolic syndrome; a randomised, controlled trial in an at-risk population. Ribeiro C , Dourado G , Cesar T. Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: a randomized controlled trial. O'Neil CE , Nicklas TA , Rampersaud GC , et al. 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