Metabolic syndrome physical activity -
All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences A total of 24, participants completed this study had metabolic syndrome. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1.
Overall, more physically active participants showed lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome Table 2. Participants who had at least one per week or more per week of physical activity showed significantly lower levels for their components of metabolic syndrome in the categories of fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference, compared with participants who did not participant in any physical activity.
The risk components of metabolic syndrome were lower for the subjects participating in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, than for the subjects who did not participated in physical activity.
The association between the frequency of physical activity for the five different types of physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is presented in Table 3. The proportion of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower among participants who participated in moderate physical activity, walking, and flexibility compared with subjects who did not participate in those three physical activity.
The frequency of physical activity was found to be associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome for vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility.
The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0. The beneficial effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome varied widely based on type and frequency of physical activity.
We found that the association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar between the sexes, except for triglycerides.
The average triglyceride level for men The average triglyceride level in men who did not participate in vigorous exercise was The results showed no significant differences after adjusting hormonal status.
It is well known that physical activity has favorable effects toward preventing metabolic syndrome. This study investigated not only the association between risk components of metabolic syndrome and physical activity type and frequency, but also examined the association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and physical activity according to type and frequency of physical activity.
The main finding of this study is that physical activity reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was investigated in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0.
Several studies have previously determined the association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, by examining the amount of physical activity during a physical activity Laaksonen et al. The added value of this study is that it provides detailed support for that relationship, and also provides a more specific examination of the frequency and type of physical activity.
Laaksonen et al. Similar to this study, participants who participated in vigorous physical activity, and were in the upper third of the VO 2max range, had an even stronger inverse association with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.
Ekelund et al. Whereas, in this study the finding was a dose—response association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and provided detailed supporting analyses covering main five-physical activity types. Another main finding was that the measured levels of risk components of metabolic syndrome improved as subjects participated in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, when compared with subjects who did not participant in physical activity.
As the frequency of physical activity increased, the level of risk components of metabolic syndrome decreased in walking with fasting blood glucose, moderate physical activity with HDL cholesterol, and vigorous physical activity, strength, and flexibility with waist circumferences.
In general, physical activity can be considered an effective prevention and treatment for metabolic syndrome, noting that each component of metabolic syndrome is impacted uniquely depending on the specific type and frequency of physical activity.
As a guideline, vigorous physical activity at least once per week and regular physical activity of moderate, walking, strength, and flexibility for more than three times a week might be recommended for reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. All of the five types of physical activity had favorable effects toward increasing HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides.
Varying the type and frequency of physical activity gives rise to different results as indicated in previous studies Andersen et al.
Generally, moderate to vigorous exercise was effective towards reducing triglyceride and body mass Andersen et al. Jonson et al. Similarly, Houmard et al. Gennuso et al. Also, this study found favorable effects on fasting blood glucose from even walking once per week, in addition to everyday walking and vigorous physical activity.
Aerobic capacity, musculoskeletal, and hemodynamic improvements were achieved by greater duration and intensity or physical activity, and even a relative low frequency of physical activity 10 min walking three times per week improved fasting plasma glucose Yates et al.
An interesting finding from this study was that waist circumferences decreased for all types of physical activity, however waist circumferences were not decreased with walking for once per week to four times per week. The indication is that walking may be too low in intensity to reduce the waist circumference.
In a similar study, Chang et al. Additionally, a finding of this study was that participants who did flexibility physical activity three times a week, had a decreased occurrence of metabolic syndrome OR 0.
We would suggest that flexibility should be an indicator of evaluation for metabolic syndrome and found that increased physical fitness levels caused other metabolic risk factors to decrease. Physical activity helps that these metabolic factors were systolic blood pressure, when participating in walking and strength at least two times per week; and diastolic blood pressure during vigorous physical activity, when participated in only once per week or three times per week.
For other types and frequency of physical activity, this study could not find significant changes. Although blood pressure in this study did not find similar significant correlations in examining other components of metabolic syndrome, other previous study did hold that physical activity was strongly recommended for patients who had atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in order to better manage blood pressure due to resultant improved lipoprotein profiles, including LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol Smith et al.
Additional analysis was conducted to find differences in the relationship between exercise and metabolic syndrome based on sex. The result showed that there was a similar association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
However, a major difference was found in the triglyceride levels. On the other hand, the men who participated in vigorous exercise, moderate exercise and strength exercise over 4 times per week and walking for over 6 times per week were found to be under the triglyceride borderline level.
Similarly, Wood et al. Also, Brownell et al. We confirmed that Korean men might receive a higher benefit from participation in physical activity towards amending the triglyceride level than women, among the metabolic syndrome components. The mechanism behind the effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome might be related to a resultant reduction in the level of inflammation grade.
Although intense physical activity invokes pro-inflammatory cytokines, a possible explanatory mechanism is that physical activity improves body composition, dyslipidemia and endothelial function, increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreases body fat, and decreases the expression of adhesion molecules Powers and Hamilton ; Green et al.
The strength of this study is that it identifies the healthier frequencies of physical activity and distinguishes which type of physical activity should be conducted to better reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
The study findings serve to provide key guidance for reversing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome based on type and frequency of physical activity, by employing a large representative sample. In this way the study was able to disentangle the effects of physical activity in five different types of physical activity, while looking across various frequencies of physical activity.
The strength of the sampling methodology is supported by the use of KHANES data that is a valid and reliable countrywide database. The data analysis approach used statistical analyses that employed a stratified multistage sampling design.
There are several study limitations that need to be addressed. First, the type and frequency of physical activity in this study were measured by using a self-reporting style IPAQ survey instrument, and it is noted that self-reported data could lead to misclassification and measurement error.
To address that weakness, a trained investigator conducted the survey, and this approach has been validated in previous studies. Second, this study does not infer causality between type and frequency of physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, because this study used a cross-sectional design.
Third, the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey did not provide detailed data related to the use of specific medications. As such, this study was unable to identify the relationships associated with those factors.
Fourth, An important idea to grasp is that if a study is very large, its result may be statistically significant, however, that level of deviation from the null hypothesis may be too small to be of any clinical interest. That is, the statistical difference is too small to warrant a change or modification to current clinical practices or to the current standardized treatment programs.
Lastly, physical activity intensity, frequency, and type should be more detailed in order to explain the exact mechanisms and associations between physical activity and metabolic syndrome.
In conclusion, physical activity was found to be associated with the components of metabolic syndrome and with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. It was found that the effects of physical activity varied significantly depending on the type and frequency of the physical activity participation.
Regular physical activity and the avoidance of physical inactivity are key principles for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. When patients are diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, it is important to check the underlying risk components related to metabolic syndrome.
From that information, better recommendations can be made that address specific physical activity types and frequencies that could benefit the patient in their efforts to reverse the condition of metabolic syndrome.
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Foulds HJ, Bredin SS, Charlesworth SA, Ivey AC, Warburton DE Exercise volume and intensity: a dose-response relationship with health benefits. Eur J Appl Physiol 8 — Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK et al Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
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Am J Cardiol 12 — Kasapis C, Thompson PD The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 10 — Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes Care 25 9 — PubMed PMID: LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS Physical activity and diabetes prevention. J Appl Physiol 99 3 — Lee S, Choi S, Kim HJ, Chung YS, Lee KW, Lee HC et al Cutoff values of surrogate measures of insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean non-diabetic adults.
J Korean Med Sci 21 4 — Lim S, Shin H, Song JH, Kwak SH, Kang SM, Won Yoon J et al Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for — Diabetes Care 34 6 — In order to distinguish true zeros from the zeros recorded when the monitor had been taken off, the field data were cleaned; all CSA files were screened for periods of zero activity.
Data are expressed as total counts per registered time to yield a measure of average physical activity intensity. The CSA exhibits good intrainstrument reliability in mechanical setups, but interinstrument differences have been reported All analyses are therefore adjusted for CSA unit.
Sixty-four CSA units were used in this study. Physical fitness was determined by a maximum cycle-ergometer test, as previously described Briefly, the workload was preprogrammed to increase on a computerized cycle-ergometer Monark Ergomedic every third minute until exhaustion.
Initial workload and increments were 20 or 25 W, depending on whether the body mass of the child was below or above 30 kg. Heart rate was registered continuously Polar Vantage NV; Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland.
All children were tested by the same person. The maximal power output W max was calculated as the power in the last fully completed workload plus the power increment of the last step multiplied by the time proportion completed of the last step. The socioeconomic group of the children was assessed with a parental questionnaire.
Both the education and income level of each of the parents were coded according to the Danish National Statistical Registry and then recoded into five-level scores, ranging from 1 to 5. A higher number indicates a higher level of education and income.
These two scores were then averaged into the socioeconomic group score, which therefore has nine levels. All variables were checked for normality and normalized if necessary. The optimal transformation was determined by highest probability of failing the test for skewness and kurtosis.
We calculated mean values for the entire sample as well as for the subsample with complete data in exposures and outcomes. Dropout analyses were performed on differences between the subsample and the entire sample to estimate generalizability of subsequent findings.
Multiple linear regression analysis was used for assessing the relationship between physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. The relationships were adjusted for age, sex, sexual maturation, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental smoking, and CSA unit.
Additional adjustment was made for fitness. The regression analyses were clustered on primary sampling unit i. Analyses of the nonobesity metabolic risk score were additionally adjusted for the sum of skinfolds as a covariate. To investigate the possibility of effect modification, analyses were repeated, with inclusion of an interaction between physical activity and fitness.
The software STATA version 8. Several variables required numeric transformation to normalize their distributions.
These were insulin, diastolic BP, and physical activity, which were normalized by square root; weight, glucose, triglyceride, skinfold thickness, and systolic BP, which were normalized by the reciprocal square root; and age and HDL, which were logarithmically transformed.
Sampling procedures ensured that the sex distribution reflected the distribution of the Odense region. By comparison with the National Statistic Registry, the distributions of both educational level and income of the parents were representative of Denmark.
Likewise, the BMI of both sexes did not differ from the age-specific BMI from school survey data Due to a limited number of accelerometers available to the study, only children had their activity recorded.
Of these children, boys and girls had valid physical activity data, as determined by the criteria described in research design and methods. The number of children meeting the criteria of exhaustion in the fitness test was boys and girls.
Biochemistry data were complete in children, of whom boys and girls had BP, body composition, and sexual maturation data. A complete dataset of sexual maturation, ethnicity, socioeconomic grouping, parental smoking, physical activity, and the components of the metabolic syndrome was available in children, of whom physical fitness was available in children boys and girls.
There were significantly more Caucasians in subgroups of greater data completeness, whereas there was no evidence of differential dropout for the remaining variables. Table 1 displays the descriptive data of all measured variables. None of the children had reached Tanner stage 4 or 5. Median fasting glucose was 5.
The physical activity regression coefficients for adjusted models of the metabolic syndrome are displayed in Table 2. Physical activity was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome after adjustment for potential confounders, but this relationship was attenuated and nonsignificant when also adjusting for fitness.
Adjusting for BMI instead of skinfold did not alter the results and neither did excluding glucose from the calculation of the metabolic syndrome score data not shown.
Modification by fitness of the relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome was investigated by including an interaction term physical activity × fitness in the regression models. This is illustrated for quartiles of activity in strata below and above median fitness in Fig.
The relationship between physical activity and clustering of metabolic risk factors was investigated in a population sample of Danish pre- or early pubertal children. Physical activity was significantly related to metabolic risk, after adjustment for potential confounding factors.
Furthermore, we observed a significant interaction between physical activity and fitness, suggesting a stronger relationship between activity and metabolic risk, in children with low cardiorespiratory fitness. None of the children in this study was diagnosed with metabolic pathology.
The metabolic syndrome Z score, which we used to define metabolic risk clustering on a continuous scale, is statistically more sensitive and less error prone by comparison to dichotomous approaches The Z score should correlate well with the true level of metabolic risk because its subcomponents are measured relatively precisely.
In contrast to metabolic syndrome, the primary exposure, habitual physical activity, is highly variable not only between but also within individuals, especially in the pediatric population, which makes it more difficult to measure accurately.
Nevertheless, physical activity in this study is probably measured with substantially greater precision than subjective methods 8 — 11 , 23 and has been shown to be reliable in this age-group The limitations of the CSA pertain mainly to its inability to adequately capture cycling and swimming activity and the inverse relationship that exists between CSA output and movement frequency 20 , 25 , As body size is the most significant determinant of movement frequency 27 , 28 and because body size is not only closely related to one component of the metabolic syndrome, adiposity, but also sexual maturation, which again is related to most features of the metabolic syndrome, this type of bias would dilute the relationship between physical activity and metabolic risk negative confounding.
It was reassuring, therefore, to observe that the inverse relationships in the bivariate analysis between activity and metabolic syndrome persisted after adjustment for potential confounders, not including fitness. Because uni-axial accelerometers underestimate higher running intensities 25 , 26 , it is likely that this error is most evident in fit individuals who may spend more time running.
This type of bias may be one explanation for the weaker relationships in the fitness-adjusted models and may also explain why we observed interactions between activity and fitness. This, however, is complicated by the fact that physical activity and fitness are measured with different degrees of precision, mainly because fitness is much less variable within individuals than habitual physical activity Thus, it is difficult to judge the true relative importance of habitual physical activity over fitness.
In a recent study 7 of U. Caucasian adults, a similar interaction between activity and fitness on metabolic risk clustering was observed even after correction for differential measurement error in the exposures of activity and fitness. The nature of this interaction was very similar to that observed in the present study of Danish children.
Since physical activity in the U. study was measured by 4 days of heart-rate monitoring, the argument that the interaction between activity and fitness could be generated by measurement error specific to the CSA is substantially weakened and adds credibility to the interpretation of the present data that physical activity is related to metabolic risk in children and that this relationship may be modulated by fitness level.
Using doubly labeled water data 23 , we were able to ascertain that an increase of 1 activity unit transformed square root of counts per minute scale corresponds to an increase of 6.
For an average year-old child weighing 32 kg, this would correspond to about 1 extra megajoule of energy expenditure per day. One megajoule more per day is a substantial increase in energy expenditure in exchange for a relatively small decrease in the metabolic syndrome score.
However, we observed this dose-response relationship in a population-based sample of healthy children. As metabolic risk factors are known to track over time, these relatively small effects may translate into significant reductions in the occurrence of disease later in life 5 , 30 , Moreover, these effects may be greater in high-risk individuals, e.
The relationships we report here in Danish children are supported by observations in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 32 , which demonstrate significant inverse relationships between physical activity with subscapular skinfold thickness and triglycerides.
In males only, there were additional beneficial effects of activity on insulin and HDL cholesterol, whereas BP was unrelated to activity in either sex. This was also observed in longitudinal analyses, when considering persistent activity tracking as the exposure The role of activity in clustering of metabolic risk factors is also supported by the observation of a stronger relationship between activity and insulin sensitivity in high-BP individuals In a North Irish longitudinal study, fitness at ages 12 and 15 years was a predictor of total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio and sum of four skinfolds but not BP at age This corresponds well with our observation that the relationships between activity and these three risk factors were not significant.
Most of the variation in the metabolic risk score that can be explained by physical activity is attributable to reductions in fasting insulin and triglycerides, but these risk factors were not measured in the North Irish study, and the interaction with fitness was not explored Similar observations were reported in an American study 36 in which fitness was inversely related to LDL—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, BMI, and BP, whereas activity was associated only with lower BMI.
Only a single study 37 has reported a positive relationship between doubly labeled water—measured energy expenditure and insulin levels, although this could be explained by extreme values in two outliers.
Moreover, since this analysis was not adjusted for body size, sexual maturation, or adiposity, the positive association may be attributable to confounding.
Intervention studies in children have demonstrated the utility of increased physical activity to improve metabolic regulation after 3 weeks of daily exercise and low calorie diet 38 and to reduce BP after 8 months following three additional physical education lessons per week Moreover, the improvements in metabolic profile that corresponded with exercise training had regressed back to baseline values after 4 months of no exercise facilitation, thus supporting the etiological role of physical activity.
A week intervention study 41 , in which obese girls were assigned to either lifestyle education or facilitated physical training, showed decreases in triglycerides, HbA 1c , and total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio but not in fasting insulin, glucose, or HDL cholesterol.
However, only vigorous activity increased in the two intervention groups, whereas overall activity remained at the same level. This kind of compensation was also observed in another training study in adolescents 42 , which demonstrated favorable changes in triglyceride level, total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, and diastolic BP but no changes in insulin, glucose, adiposity, or systolic BP.
When training attendance was considered, significant decreases in triglyceride, total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, and adiposity were observed, along with a trend for decreased insulin. Furthermore, there was a more pronounced effect of the physical training program on lipid profile if baseline values were high in both the intent-to-treat and attendance-rate adjusted analyses, indicating greater effect in high-risk individuals Although the cross-sectional nature of our study limits inference about the direction of causality, it is biologically plausible that physical activity improves the metabolic risk profile.
Firstly, insulin action and glucose transport may be enhanced 43 , Secondly, increased capillarization results in increased blood flow and oxygen supply to the muscle tissue, which results in improved fat metabolism, higher HDL cholesterol levels, and decreased BP 43 , 45 — Thirdly, overall sympathetic tone and thus BP may decrease through a more efficient recruitment of the motor units in the muscle 60 — In conclusion, clustering of metabolic risk factors is inversely related to physical activity in pre- or early pubertal children.
These observations are unlikely to be explained by chance, bias, or confounding; are consistent with other studies; and are biologically plausible. This suggests that children, particularly those who are less fit, should be encouraged to engage in physical activity to improve their metabolic health and to establish healthy habits.
Means are adjusted for all covariates. Average CSA cpm was normalized by square root. Ninety-five percent CIs were obtained with robust SEs by clustering on school.
All models of nonadiposity metabolic syndrome are additionally adjusted for adiposity as an exposure. PA, physical activity. The study received financial support from the Danish Medical Research Council and the Danish Heart Foundation.
The authors acknowledge the statistical assistance of Dr. A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International SI units and conversion factors for many substances.
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User Tools Dropdown. Sign In. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 27, Issue 9. Previous Article Next Article. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Article Information. Article Navigation. Features of the Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated With Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Fitness in Danish Children : The European Youth Heart Study EYHS Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL ; Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL.
This Site. Google Scholar. Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD ; Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD. Ulf Ekelund, PHD ; Ulf Ekelund, PHD. Paul W. Franks, PHD ; Paul W. Franks, PHD. Nicholas J. Wareham, MB, PHD ; Nicholas J.
Wareham, MB, PHD. Lars Bo Andersen, PHD ; Lars Bo Andersen, PHD. Karsten Froberg, PHD Karsten Froberg, PHD. E-mail: sb medschl. Diabetes Care ;27 9 — Article history Received:. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu.
toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Figure 1—. View large Download slide. Table 1— Baseline characteristics of Danish 9- to year-old children in the European Youth Heart Study.
n Age years 9. View Large. Table 2— Prediction of the metabolic syndrome score by physical activity and fitness. Metabolic syndrome Z score including adiposity. PA coefficient standardized. Moran A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Hong CP, Prineas R, Luepker R, Sinaiko AR: Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in children.
Sinaiko AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Moran A, Luepker R, Rocchini AP, Prineas RJ: Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: associations of the euglycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors.
J Pediatr. Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Prineas RJ, Jacobs DR Jr: Relation of insulin resistance to blood pressure in childhood. J Hypertens. Steinberger J: Insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in the pediatric patient. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS: Persistence of multiple cardiovascular risk clustering related to syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
Arch Intern Med. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA: Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. Franks PW, Ekelund U, Brage S, Wong MY, Wareham NJ: Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness?
Kohl HW III, Fulton JE, Caspersen CJ: Assessment of physical activity among children and adolescents: a review and synthesis.
Prev Med. Baranowski T, Dworkin R, Cieslik C, Hooks P, Clearman D, Ray L: Reliability and validity of self report of aerobic activity: Family Health Project. Res Q.
Acai berry blood pressure Cross-sectional relationships between Metabolic syndrome physical activity and vigorous physical activity and phyeical metabolic syndrome MS were examined in the Syndgome II Metaboloc of civil servants age 45—68 years. We assessed cardiovascular fitness and body mass index BMI as possible mediators of the observed association. Methods Measures of 2-hour glucose, systolic blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, waist-hip ratio, and high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol were obtained in white European participants. Participants in the most adverse sex-specific quintile for three or more of these risk factors were classified as having MS. Self-reported leisure-time physical activity was categorized into separate moderate and vigorous activity classes. For more information about ;hysical Subject Areas, click here. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome Physiccal risk factors Metabolic syndrome physical activity the Syjdrome population requires effective health Mdtabolic and examination of the Energy enhancing tips of preventative behaviors. Thus, the objective of this Anti-aging skincare tips is to evaluate the relationships between the clustering of MetS and MVPA in a large sample of 36, Koreans ranging from 20 to 80 years of age. This study recruited a total of 36, adults 23, males and 13, females. All participants were assessed for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity MVPA using the Korean version short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ. The International Diabetes Federation and the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for blood pressure, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-Cand high triglycerides TG defined MetS.SpringerPlus volume 5Article number: Cite Sunflower seed snacks article. Metrics details. The purpose of this Carbohydrate-based energy sources was Metabolic syndrome physical activity syndrone favorable syndorme activities, by intensity, type, syndrlme frequency that Metavolic serve to minimize the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
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This study Metabolic syndrome physical activity a Megabolic activity questionnaire that was a version physica the International Metabopic Activity Questionnaire-Short Form IPAQ-Short and added two more Metabolic syndrome physical activity about activities of strength sydrome flexibility.
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Synerome physical activity questionnaire is presented in Additional file 1 : Table S1. This study used five answers from IPAQ, which for that week of the survey identified the number of days the participants did vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, for at least 10 min at a time.
The options for participation level were: 1 I did not do any physical activity, 2 1 day per week, 3 2 days per week, 4 3 days per week, 5 4 days per week, 6 5 days per week, 7 6 days per week, and 8 every day. Also, for the categories of strengthening and stretching, participants had to select one option that best described their level of participation during the week.
The options were: 1 I did not do any physical activity, 2 1 day per week, 3 2 days per week, 4 3 days per week, 5 5 days per week, and 6 more than 5 days per week. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences A total of 24, participants completed this study had metabolic syndrome.
The characteristics of the study Metabolkc are presented in Table 1. Overall, more physically physicak participants showed lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome Table 2.
Participants who had at least one per week or more per week of physical activity showed significantly lower levels for their components of metabolic syndrome in the categories of fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference, compared with participants who did not participant in any physical activity.
The risk components of metabolic syndrome were lower for the subjects participating in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, than for the subjects who did not participated in physical activity.
The association between the frequency of physical activity for the five different types of physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is presented in Table 3. The proportion of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower among participants who participated in moderate physical activity, walking, and flexibility compared with subjects who did not participate in those three physical activity.
The frequency of physical activity was found to be associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome for vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility.
The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0. The beneficial effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome varied widely based on type and frequency of physical activity.
We found that the association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar between the sexes, except for triglycerides. Metwbolic average triglyceride level for men The average triglyceride level in men who did not participate in vigorous exercise was The results showed no significant differences after adjusting hormonal status.
It is well known that physical activity has favorable effects toward preventing metabolic syndrome. This study investigated not only the association between risk components of metabolic syndrome and physical activity type and frequency, but also examined the association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and physical activity according to type and frequency of physical activity.
The main finding of this study is that physical activity reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was investigated in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0. Several studies have previously determined the association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, by examining the amount of physical activity during a physical activity Laaksonen et al.
The added value of this study is that it provides detailed support for that relationship, and also provides a more specific examination of the frequency and type of physical activity.
Laaksonen et al. Similar to this study, participants who participated in vigorous physical activity, and were in the upper third of the VO 2max range, had an even stronger inverse association with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.
Ekelund et al. Whereas, in this study the finding was a dose—response association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and provided detailed supporting analyses covering main five-physical activity types. Another main finding was that the measured levels of risk components of metabolic syndrome improved as subjects participated in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, when compared with subjects who did not participant in physical activity.
As the frequency of physical activity increased, the level of risk components of metabolic syndrome decreased in walking with fasting blood glucose, moderate physical activity with HDL cholesterol, and vigorous physical activity, strength, and flexibility with waist circumferences.
In general, physical activity can be considered an effective prevention and treatment for metabolic syndrome, noting that each component of metabolic syndrome is impacted uniquely depending on the specific type and frequency of physical activity.
As a guideline, vigorous physical activity at least once per week and regular physical activity of moderate, walking, strength, and flexibility for more than three times a week might be recommended for reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. All of the five types of physical activity had favorable effects toward phsical HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides.
Varying the type and frequency of physical activity gives rise to different results as indicated in previous studies Andersen et al. Generally, moderate to vigorous exercise was effective towards reducing triglyceride and body mass Andersen et al.
Jonson et al. Similarly, Houmard et al. Gennuso avtivity al. Also, this study found favorable effects on fasting blood glucose from even walking once per week, in addition to everyday walking and vigorous physical activity.
Aerobic capacity, musculoskeletal, and hemodynamic improvements were achieved by greater duration and intensity or physical activity, and even a relative low frequency of physical activity 10 min walking three times per week improved fasting plasma glucose Yates et al.
An interesting finding from this study was that waist circumferences decreased for all types of physical activity, however waist circumferences were not decreased with walking for once per week to four times per week.
The indication is that walking may be too low in intensity to reduce the waist circumference. In a similar study, Chang et al. Additionally, a finding of this study was that participants who did flexibility physical activity three times a week, had a decreased occurrence of metabolic syndrome OR 0.
We would suggest that flexibility should be an indicator of evaluation for metabolic syndrome and found that increased physical fitness levels caused other metabolic risk factors to decrease.
Physical activity helps that these metabolic factors were systolic blood pressure, when participating in walking and strength at least two times per week; and diastolic blood pressure during vigorous physical activity, when participated in only Metzbolic per week or three times per week.
For other types and frequency of physical activity, this study could not find significant changes. Although blood pressure in this study did not find similar significant correlations in examining other components of metabolic Mftabolic, other previous study did hold that physical activity was strongly recommended for patients who had atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in order to better manage blood pressure due to resultant improved lipoprotein profiles, including LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol Smith et al.
Additional analysis was conducted to find differences in the relationship between exercise and metabolic syndrome based on sex. The result showed that there was a similar association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
However, a major difference was found in the triglyceride levels. On the other hand, the men who participated in vigorous exercise, moderate exercise and strength exercise over 4 times per week and walking for over 6 times per week were found to be under the triglyceride borderline level.
Similarly, Wood et al. Also, Brownell physsical al. We confirmed that Korean men might receive a higher benefit from participation in physical activity towards amending the triglyceride level than women, among the metabolic syndrome components.
The mechanism behind the effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome might be related to a resultant reduction in the level of inflammation grade. Although intense physical activity invokes pro-inflammatory cytokines, a possible explanatory mechanism is that physical activity improves body composition, dyslipidemia and endothelial function, increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreases body fat, and decreases the expression of adhesion molecules Powers and Hamilton ; Green et al.
The strength of this study is that it identifies the healthier frequencies of physical activity and distinguishes which type of physical activity should be conducted to better reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
The study findings serve to provide key guidance for reversing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome based on type and frequency of physical activity, by employing a large representative sample.
In this way the study was able to disentangle the effects of physical activity in five different types of physical activity, while looking across various frequencies of physical activity.
The strength of the sampling methodology is supported by the use of KHANES data that is a valid and reliable countrywide database. The data analysis approach used statistical analyses that employed a stratified multistage sampling design. There are several study limitations that need to be addressed.
First, the type and frequency of physical activity in this study were measured by using a self-reporting style IPAQ survey instrument, and it is noted that self-reported data could lead to misclassification and measurement error.
: Metabolic syndrome physical activity| Author information Author notes Jui-Hua Huang and Ren-Hau Li contributed equally to this work. Google Scholar Tanimoto M. Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Czernichow S, Kengne AP, Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Batty GD. Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Kraus WE Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. Diabet Med. | |
| Introduction | Amount of time spent in sybdrome behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults. J Intern Med. Google Scholar. Fasting was maintained for 8 h. Diabetes Care. |
Self-reported leisure-time physical activity was categorized into separate moderate and vigorous activity classes. BMI and resting heart rate HR were used to estimate body fatness and cardiovascular fitness respectively. Adjustment for BMI and resting HR substantially attenuated both of the above associations. Conclusions Moderate and vigorous physical leisure-time activity are each associated with reduced risk of being classified with MS independently of age, smoking, and high alcohol intake. Both vigorous and moderate activities may be beneficial to the MS cluster of risk factors among middle-aged populations. Reduced BMI and increased cardiovascular fitness may be important mediators of this association for both intensities of activity. The association between physical inactivity and increased risk of coronary heart disease CHD has been clearly demonstrated 1, 2 and is of growing importance as physical inactivity becomes more prevalent. The metabolic syndrome MS is distinguished by the biological markers of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance that tend to cluster together in some individuals. However, it is not known at what intensity activity may be of benefit in reducing the risk of MS and, more precisely, whether both moderate and vigorous activity are beneficial. Within the Whitehall II cohort the components of MS were measured at 5- and year follow-up. An inverse social gradient in the prevalence of MS at 5-year follow-up was not well explained by the social distribution of health behaviours including vigorous activity. This paper examines the association between both moderate and vigorous activity and MS. It also evaluates cardiovascular fitness and BMI as possible mediators of the association. All non-industrial civil servants aged 35—55 years working in the London offices of 20 departments were invited to participate in this study. Data presented are from screening at the fifth phase — Of the 10 participants from Phase 1, returned the physical activity questionnaire and attended the screening clinic at Phase 5. The clustering of components of MS 20— 22 and the most suitable cut points for them 23 vary across ethnic groups. Our analysis is restricted to white European participants with complete data on metabolic variables. At the screening examination, height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Waist circumference was taken as the smallest circumference at or below the costal margin and hip circumference at the level of the greater trochanter using a fibreglass tape measure at g tension. Blood pressure was measured twice after 5 minutes rest with the Hawksley random-zero sphygmomanometer and the mean value taken mmHg. High density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol concentration was determined from fasting blood samples. The oral glucose tolerance test was administered following an overnight fast or in the afternoon after no more than a light fat-free breakfast eaten before A second blood sample was taken 2 hours later and analysed using the electrochemical glucose oxidase method. A lead electrocardiogram was recorded after participants had rested for at least 5 minutes, supine in a quiet room to give a measure of resting heart rate HR. In all, participants undertook HR measurements due to staff availability. Participants who did undergo a resting electrocardiogram did not differ from those who did not with respect to age, sex, employment grade, or physical characteristics. Participants completed a questionnaire that included questions on smoking and alcohol consumption units per week. Grade 1 represents the highest status jobs and Grade 6 the lowest. Individuals were classified as having MS if they fell into the most adverse sex-specific quintile for three or more of the risk factors; 2-hour glucose, systolic blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, waist-hip ratio highest quintiles , and HDL cholesterol lowest quintile. The questionnaire included 20 items on the amounts of time spent walking, cycling, in sports, gardening activities, housework, and house maintenance and was a modified version of the previously validated Minnesota leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. Participants were asked about their activity in the last 4 weeks in order to give an indication of usual activity. Total hours per week were calculated for each activity and a MET value assigned to each using a compendium of activity energy costs. The MET value reflects the intensity of the activity relative to lying quietly and is a multiple of one MET. Therefore a 70 kg person walking at a moderate pace MET value of 3. Time spent per week in each item was multiplied by the MET value of the activity to give MET hours per week. The associations between physical activity levels and age, gender, smoking, and high alcohol consumption were evaluated using χ 2 tests and tests for linear trend. Age-adjusted means of risk factors were also assessed using tests for linear trend between vigorous activity categories and t-tests for moderate activity categories. Participants who reported vigorous activity were excluded from the analyses of moderate activity and cardiovascular risk factors to minimize the potential confounding effect of vigorous activity. However, since all participants reported some moderate activity, the analyses of vigorous activity were adjusted for moderate activity. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of having MS in each activity category. Effects were similar in men and women so analyses were combined. To test for a linear trend across the categories of physical activity, the four categories of vigorous activity were treated as a single ordinal variable. Sex, age, current smoking, and high alcohol consumption were entered in a stepwise manner. The analyses were further adjusted for grade, as an indicator of socioeconomic status. As in the above analyses, only those participants who reported no vigorous activity were included in the moderate activity analyses and the vigorous activity analyses were adjusted for reported moderate activity. Participants were aged 45—68 years mean Men reported vigorous activity more than women Women reporting vigorous activity were younger than those reporting none mean SD : No difference was found in men. A higher proportion of people who reported no vigorous activity were current smokers than those reporting some vigorous activity men The proportion of men or women who smoked did not vary with moderate activity category. High alcohol intake was not associated with physical activity category in men or women. Associations between work grade and reported participation in moderate and vigorous activity were observed. In men, Conversely, in women Of men, Associations between moderate activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease are shown in Table 1. Lower waist-hip ratios were observed with the higher category of moderate activity in men and women. Significantly lower BMI, fasting triglycerides and HR values, and higher HDL cholesterol levels with the higher activity category were observed in men, but not in women. No associations were seen with 2-hour glucose or systolic blood pressure. For vigorous activity, linear trends of lower BMI, fasting triglycerides, HR, and higher HDL cholesterol were observed with increasing activity categories in men and women Table 2. Statistically significant linear trends of lower waist-to-hip ratio, 2-hour glucose, and systolic blood pressure with increasing vigorous activity categories were observed only in men. In all, men Increasing moderate and vigorous physical activity levels were each associated with reduced odds of MS in analyses adjusted for age and sex Table 3. These trends remained significant after adjustment for other health behaviours and work grade, where the odds ratios of MS in the top compared with the bottom categories of vigorous and moderate activity were 0. BMI and HR attenuated the effect of activity on the odds of having MS Table 4. The correlation between BMI and HR was 0. The residual trend of the odds between activity categories remained significant for vigorous activity but not for moderate. The frequency of MS is lower among those reporting moderate or vigorous physical activity. This association persists after adjustment for age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and socioeconomic status. This is the first study, that we are aware of, to examine the association between both moderate and vigorous activity separately with MS in a large cohort. The age range of the cohort studied 45—68 years represents that of a population in which disability and premature mortality from CHD are important concerns. Attenuation of the observed association by both BMI and HR suggests that body fatness and cardiovascular fitness are important mediators of the benefit conferred by both moderate and vigorous activity. The questionnaire was designed to measure not only vigorous activities such as sports but also moderate activity undertaken in leisure pursuits, housework and maintenance, gardening, and walking to and from places of work. Moderate activities are generally less planned and structured than vigorous activities. Poorer precision in questionnaire-based measures of moderate activities is likely to result in underestimation of any association between moderate activity and the disease outcome. The association observed was robust to adjustment for other risk factors. However, we did not include a measure of diet. Any confounding effects of diet on the relationship between physical activity and MS need to be investigated. In addition, the cross-sectional form of the analysis limits causal inference and it is possible that those participants who reported low levels of moderate and vigorous activity may have reduced their activity as a result of having MS. Longitudinal data is required to assess whether low levels of moderate and vigorous activity do increase the risk of MS. Comparison between studies is difficult, as studies in this area have used different risk factors to define MS and different thresholds for each risk factor. Similar to other studies, we have used cut-off points for risk factors based on the population distribution, 19, 29 which gives consistency to the approach longitudinally. However, our definition does differ from those of other researchers, including the Adult Treatment Program III ATPIII and WHO proposed criteria. A comparison of the definition of MS used in Whitehall II and the ATPIII definition was made in a nested case-control study within this cohort. Very similar effects were observed with both definitions of MS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical measures. Physical activity was expressed in MET hours per week rather than energy expenditure kcal. Kilocalories depend on body weight which prevents direct comparison between participants with different body sizes and would confound the analyses between physical activity and MS. Low levels of physical activity are associated with increased CHD risk with a well-established dose—response relationship. A study using heart rate monitoring to measure physical activity concluded that total energy expenditure and fitness were independently associated with the probability of having MS; total energy expenditure having a greater effect than fitness. We used HR as a measure of fitness. Both of these factors were used to investigate probable pathways for the effects of physical activity. HR has been shown to correlate with cardiovascular fitness in a variety of populations. Both BMI and HR attenuated the association between both moderate and vigorous exercise and MS. This suggests that both body fatness and fitness are mediators of the benefits of both activity intensities in this middle-aged population. Others have observed that moderate physical activity may act on CHD risk almost completely through increased energy expenditure and reduction of body fat, 46 and that additional reduction in disease risk is mediated by cardiovascular fitness due to vigorous activity. This may not generalize to other, for example younger, populations. However, middle-aged individuals in sedentary occupations form a large and important group in terms of CHD risk and understanding the effects of different intensities of activity in this group is especially important. Longitudinal studies with accurate measures of moderate and vigorous activity, body fatness, and cardiovascular fitness are needed to extend this understanding. Occupational grade, a precise indicator of socioeconomic status in the Whitehall II cohort, 47 slightly attenuated the association between physical activity and MS. This suggests that other factors associated with socioeconomic status only weakly confounded the association. High occupational grade was associated with higher levels of vigorous activity in men and women and with higher levels of moderate activity in men. Women in lower grades reported higher levels of moderate activity. Moderate activities most frequently reported in women, such as walking and housework, may be more related to low socioeconomic status than activities reported by men, such as home improvements and mowing the grass. It is important for public health recommendations to be able to quantify benefit from moderate as well as vigorous activity. Recommendations from the US Surgeon General were changed to include moderate activity, in part to give a more attainable goal, especially to those at highest risk, overweight adults. These results support the recommendations and suggest that moderate levels of activity may have a protective effect against the risk of CHD in populations similar to this cohort for individuals not participating in vigorous activity. In conclusion, acknowledging study limitations and the cross-sectional nature of this analysis, this study suggests that both vigorous and moderate leisure-time activities may be beneficial to the metabolic syndrome cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, and in middle-aged populations with sedentary occupations both body fatness and cardiovascular fitness are involved in mediating the benefits of both moderate and vigorous activity. Even modest increases in activity are therefore worthwhile public health targets. Both moderate and vigorous activity may reduce the risk of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged people. Body fatness and cardiovascular fitness are important mediators of the benefits of both moderate and vigorous activity. The Whitehall II study is supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute HL , US, NIH: National Institute on Aging AG , US, NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research HS ; and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health. Professor Marmot is supported by an MRC Research Professorship. Dr Brunner is supported by the BHF. We also thank all participating civil service departments and their welfare, personnel, and establishment officers; the Occupational Health and Safety Agency; the Council of Civil Service Unions; and all members of the Whitehall II study team. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol ; : — Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Public Health ; 8 : — Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Although several studies have identified the association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome Huang and Liu ; Rennie et al. More detailed research as to the appropriate type and frequency of physical activity is necessary, in order to properly encourage physical activity and to determine the correct level of physical activity participation that will help to prevent and reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the association between the risk components of metabolic syndrome and the type and frequency of various physical activities. This research further investigated the association between the frequency of physical activity per week and the type of physical activity compared to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The original data source was the Korean National Health and Health and Nutrition Examination Survey KNHANES , which is a national representative statistical study on health and nutrition using a stratified, multistage probability sampling design for the selection of household units, and was conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare in , , , and A total of 24, individuals, from 19 to 60 years of age, participated in health interviews and examinations by trained data collectors. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. Based on the weight and height, the body mass index BMI was calculated as the weight kilograms divided by the height in meters squared. Waist circumference was measured at the most narrow point midway between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest, without placing pressure on the skin WHO Using a measuring tape, the waist measurements were taken immediately following normal expiration. An average of the first and second blood pressure measurements was used. Blood samples were drawn from participants after fasting for 8 h or more, to measure triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and serum glucose concentrations. The determination of metabolic syndrome followed the metabolic syndrome criteria as used by the American Heart Association, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute for Asians Grundy et al. This study used a physical activity questionnaire that was a version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form IPAQ-Short and added two more questions about activities of strength and flexibility. This questionnaire allowed for the collection of data covering vigorous, moderate, and walking physical activities, to include activities related to strength and flexibility. This physical activity questionnaire is presented in Additional file 1 : Table S1. This study used five answers from IPAQ, which for that week of the survey identified the number of days the participants did vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, for at least 10 min at a time. The options for participation level were: 1 I did not do any physical activity, 2 1 day per week, 3 2 days per week, 4 3 days per week, 5 4 days per week, 6 5 days per week, 7 6 days per week, and 8 every day. Also, for the categories of strengthening and stretching, participants had to select one option that best described their level of participation during the week. The options were: 1 I did not do any physical activity, 2 1 day per week, 3 2 days per week, 4 3 days per week, 5 5 days per week, and 6 more than 5 days per week. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences A total of 24, participants completed this study had metabolic syndrome. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. Overall, more physically active participants showed lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome Table 2. Participants who had at least one per week or more per week of physical activity showed significantly lower levels for their components of metabolic syndrome in the categories of fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference, compared with participants who did not participant in any physical activity. The risk components of metabolic syndrome were lower for the subjects participating in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, than for the subjects who did not participated in physical activity. The association between the frequency of physical activity for the five different types of physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is presented in Table 3. The proportion of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower among participants who participated in moderate physical activity, walking, and flexibility compared with subjects who did not participate in those three physical activity. The frequency of physical activity was found to be associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome for vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility. The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0. The beneficial effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome varied widely based on type and frequency of physical activity. We found that the association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar between the sexes, except for triglycerides. The average triglyceride level for men The average triglyceride level in men who did not participate in vigorous exercise was The results showed no significant differences after adjusting hormonal status. It is well known that physical activity has favorable effects toward preventing metabolic syndrome. This study investigated not only the association between risk components of metabolic syndrome and physical activity type and frequency, but also examined the association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and physical activity according to type and frequency of physical activity. The main finding of this study is that physical activity reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was investigated in those participants who walked six times per week OR 0. Several studies have previously determined the association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, by examining the amount of physical activity during a physical activity Laaksonen et al. The added value of this study is that it provides detailed support for that relationship, and also provides a more specific examination of the frequency and type of physical activity. Laaksonen et al. Similar to this study, participants who participated in vigorous physical activity, and were in the upper third of the VO 2max range, had an even stronger inverse association with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. Ekelund et al. Whereas, in this study the finding was a dose—response association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and provided detailed supporting analyses covering main five-physical activity types. Another main finding was that the measured levels of risk components of metabolic syndrome improved as subjects participated in vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, strength, and flexibility, when compared with subjects who did not participant in physical activity. As the frequency of physical activity increased, the level of risk components of metabolic syndrome decreased in walking with fasting blood glucose, moderate physical activity with HDL cholesterol, and vigorous physical activity, strength, and flexibility with waist circumferences. In general, physical activity can be considered an effective prevention and treatment for metabolic syndrome, noting that each component of metabolic syndrome is impacted uniquely depending on the specific type and frequency of physical activity. As a guideline, vigorous physical activity at least once per week and regular physical activity of moderate, walking, strength, and flexibility for more than three times a week might be recommended for reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. All of the five types of physical activity had favorable effects toward increasing HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides. Varying the type and frequency of physical activity gives rise to different results as indicated in previous studies Andersen et al. Generally, moderate to vigorous exercise was effective towards reducing triglyceride and body mass Andersen et al. Jonson et al. Similarly, Houmard et al. Gennuso et al. Also, this study found favorable effects on fasting blood glucose from even walking once per week, in addition to everyday walking and vigorous physical activity. Aerobic capacity, musculoskeletal, and hemodynamic improvements were achieved by greater duration and intensity or physical activity, and even a relative low frequency of physical activity 10 min walking three times per week improved fasting plasma glucose Yates et al. An interesting finding from this study was that waist circumferences decreased for all types of physical activity, however waist circumferences were not decreased with walking for once per week to four times per week. The indication is that walking may be too low in intensity to reduce the waist circumference. In a similar study, Chang et al. Additionally, a finding of this study was that participants who did flexibility physical activity three times a week, had a decreased occurrence of metabolic syndrome OR 0. We would suggest that flexibility should be an indicator of evaluation for metabolic syndrome and found that increased physical fitness levels caused other metabolic risk factors to decrease. Physical activity helps that these metabolic factors were systolic blood pressure, when participating in walking and strength at least two times per week; and diastolic blood pressure during vigorous physical activity, when participated in only once per week or three times per week. For other types and frequency of physical activity, this study could not find significant changes. Although blood pressure in this study did not find similar significant correlations in examining other components of metabolic syndrome, other previous study did hold that physical activity was strongly recommended for patients who had atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in order to better manage blood pressure due to resultant improved lipoprotein profiles, including LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol Smith et al. Additional analysis was conducted to find differences in the relationship between exercise and metabolic syndrome based on sex. The result showed that there was a similar association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. However, a major difference was found in the triglyceride levels. On the other hand, the men who participated in vigorous exercise, moderate exercise and strength exercise over 4 times per week and walking for over 6 times per week were found to be under the triglyceride borderline level. Similarly, Wood et al. Also, Brownell et al. We confirmed that Korean men might receive a higher benefit from participation in physical activity towards amending the triglyceride level than women, among the metabolic syndrome components. The mechanism behind the effects of physical activity on metabolic syndrome might be related to a resultant reduction in the level of inflammation grade. Although intense physical activity invokes pro-inflammatory cytokines, a possible explanatory mechanism is that physical activity improves body composition, dyslipidemia and endothelial function, increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreases body fat, and decreases the expression of adhesion molecules Powers and Hamilton ; Green et al. The strength of this study is that it identifies the healthier frequencies of physical activity and distinguishes which type of physical activity should be conducted to better reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. The study findings serve to provide key guidance for reversing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome based on type and frequency of physical activity, by employing a large representative sample. The relative MetS risk factors such as WC, SBP, DBP fasting glucose, HDL-C, and TG were significantly different between MVPA levels in females 40 years old and over. Table 4 shows the independent associations of physical activity amount with MetS risk factors in males and females. The prevalence of MetS risk factors in males not engaging in the recommended level of MVPA increased 1. The prevalence of MetS risk factors in females not engaging in the recommended level of MVPA increased 1. Table 5 shows the correlation coefficients between MVPA and MetS risk factors. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing every year, regardless of age [ 26 ]. The incidence of MetS in Koreans has increased by 0. MetS is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia [ 28 ]. To prevent MetS and cardiovascular diseases, adults 18 years of age and older should do at least minutes a week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity [ 29 ]. Systematic evaluation of the independent contributions of MVPA to MetS risk factors for Koreans is lacking. Therefore, the relationship between the risk factors of MetS in Koreans and MVPA for min per week was presented. In this study, it was demonstrated that for adult males over the age of 18, all MetS risk factors are associated with the amount of MVPA of min a week. The participating Korean male adults who met the recommended MVPA had reduced MetS risk factors compared to those who did not engage in the recommended MVPA. Most previous studies show that the elderly have increased blood pressure in winter compared to summer [ 30 ]. Nolan et al. Low HDL is not universally exhibited in all young adults with at least one MetS component [ 31 ]. Horst et al. Moreover, Yi and An [ 33 ] reported that females experience physiological changes that make them susceptible to metabolic syndrome with aging, with postmenopausal women having more than double the prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to premenopausal women. The high WC may be the cause agent for all components of the MetS [ 34 ]. WC was a better predictor of MetS as compared to other obesity indices such as BMI and WHR in both men and women [ 35 ]. The rate of mortality increased across WC in males with two or more MetS risk factors [ 36 ]. In this study, the probability of increasing WC of Korean adults who did not engage in recommended MVPA levels was significant increase in male across all ages. For females between the ages of 40 and 69, the WC increase was about 1. An increase in physical activity was associated with the least amount of gain in weight and change in waist circumference over time, while decrease in physical activity was associated with the highest weight gain and waist circumference gain over time [ 37 ]. WC compared to total body fat correlates significantly better with SBP and DBP [ 38 ]. For males between the ages of 30 and 49, the blood pressure increase was about 1. The dependency between MVPA and blood pressure or hypertension risk remained present over all age groups, suggesting that more MVPA is more beneficial [ 39 ]. Patients with obesity or metabolic syndrome tend to have low HDL-C because of lower lipoprotein lipase activity and TG enrichment [ 40 ]. Physical activity was associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and adults who took more physical activity time had lower waist circumference, higher HDL-C levels and lower TG [ 41 ]. In this study, the probability of increasing TG in Korean adults who did not engage in recommended MVPA was significantly increased in male across all ages. HDL-C showed significant differences in all ages except for the 40—49 years group. On the other hand, the probability of increasing HDL-C 1. Fasting glucose as a MetS risk factor did not increase significantly with age and gender, but the prevalence of fasting glucose increased by about 1. Zhu et al. Kim et al. In this study a significant correlation was shown between MVPA and MetS risk factors Table 5. Individuals with MetS were more likely to engage in inactive behaviors than those without MetS, and the reciprocal was true for active behaviors [ 44 ]. Matthews et al. This study also showed that decreased physical activity negatively affected MetS risk factors. There was an independent effect of regular physical activity or exercise training on the risk of developing the MetS in individuals without the MetS [ 8 ]. Gennuso et al. The present study has some limitations and points to suggestions for further research. First, physical activity amounts were solely investigated using the questionnaire. Second, this study did not consider contributing factors such as diseases, smoking, education levels, and incomes. In future studies, not only should the physical activity level be measured objectively using a triaxial accelerometer, but also factors that affect MetS should be considered and investigated. In conclusion, we produced strong evidence showing that Korean adults who did not engage in recommended MVPA levels increased the odds ratio for each of the MetS risk factors when compared to those who met the recommendations. The prevalence of MetS due to activity limitation was increased among adults 18 years old and over. Therefore, in order to prevent MetS, physical activity should be increased and guidelines should be presented according to the cause s of restriction on activity, age, and gender. Also, we strongly recommend regular MVPA be performed for more than min a week. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract The prevalence of metabolic syndrome MetS risk factors among the Korean population requires effective health surveillance and examination of the effects of preventative behaviors. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Introduction The Metabolic Syndrome MetS is commonly defined as the clustering of three or more risk factors including excessive waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C , and high triglycerides TG [ 1 ]. Materials and methods 2. The characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1. Download: PPT. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity MVPA The computerized Korean version short form of IPAQ used in this study was entirely based on the long, self-administered, usual week-long IPAQ found in the IPAQ manual of operation. Blood collected and analyzed Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all participants. Components of metabolic syndrome risk factors MetS risk factors were defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria [ 24 ]. Statistical analysis The SPSS statistical package version Results 3. The MetS risk factors according to gender and age The MetS risk factors according to gender and age are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2. Metabolic syndrome risk factors according to ages male. Table 3. Metabolic syndrome risk factors according to ages female. Associations of IPAQ physical activity with MetS risk factors Table 4 shows the independent associations of physical activity amount with MetS risk factors in males and females. Table 4. Independent associations of IPAQ physical activity time with metabolic syndrome. Correlation coefficients between MVPA and MetS risk factors Table 5 shows the correlation coefficients between MVPA and MetS risk factors. Discussion The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing every year, regardless of age [ 26 ]. Conclusion In conclusion, we produced strong evidence showing that Korean adults who did not engage in recommended MVPA levels increased the odds ratio for each of the MetS risk factors when compared to those who met the recommendations. References 1. Eisenmann JC, Laurson KR, DuBose KD, Smith BK, Donnelly JE. Construct validity of a continuous metabolic syndrome score in children. Diabetol Metab Syndr. de Sá NNB, Moura EC. Factors associated with the burden of metabolic syndrome diseases among Brazilian adults. Cad Saude Publica ; — Hitsumoto T, Takahashi M, Iizuka T, Shirai K. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and early stage coronary atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb ; — Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP: Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome syndrome X. Chagas ACP, Zilli EC, Ferreira JFM, Moretti MA, Ramos RF. 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Metabolic syndrome physical activity -
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Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Journal Article. Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity.
KL Rennie , KL Rennie. Correspondence: Dr Kirsten L Rennie, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK. E-mail: kirsten. rennie mrc-hnr. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. N McCarthy. S Yazdgerdi. M Marmot. E Brunner.
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Close Navbar Search Filter International Journal of Epidemiology This issue Public Health and Epidemiology Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Abstract Background Cross-sectional relationships between moderate and vigorous physical activity and the metabolic syndrome MS were examined in the Whitehall II study of civil servants age 45—68 years.
Metabolic syndrome , physical activity , exercise. KEY MESSAGES. P -value. a High density lipoprotein. b Geometric mean. Body mass index M Open in new tab. P for trend. a Only those who reported no vigorous activity included in the moderate activity analyses.
Model A—sex, age. Model B—sex, age, smoking, and high alcohol intake. Model C—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and moderate activity.
Model D1—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, moderate activity, and grade. Model D2—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and grade. a Only those who reported no vigorous activity included in the moderate activity analyses Base—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and grade and moderate activity in vigorous activity models.
Am J Epidemiol. Annu Rev Public Health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. N Engl J Med. Am Heart J. Diabetes Care. Br J Nutr. Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. Diabet Med. Ann Epidemiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. J Clin Epidemiol. J Chronic Dis. Public Health Nutr. J Am Geriatr Soc.
Am J Med. Int J Epidemiol. J Intern Med. Phys Ther. Can J Appl Physiol. J Epidemiol Community Health. Mor Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ. Previous Article Next Article. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Article Information. Article Navigation. Features of the Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated With Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Fitness in Danish Children : The European Youth Heart Study EYHS Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL ; Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL.
This Site. Google Scholar. Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD ; Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD. Ulf Ekelund, PHD ; Ulf Ekelund, PHD. Paul W. Franks, PHD ; Paul W.
Franks, PHD. Nicholas J. Wareham, MB, PHD ; Nicholas J. Wareham, MB, PHD. Lars Bo Andersen, PHD ; Lars Bo Andersen, PHD. Karsten Froberg, PHD Karsten Froberg, PHD.
E-mail: sb medschl. Diabetes Care ;27 9 — Article history Received:. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Figure 1—. View large Download slide. Table 1— Baseline characteristics of Danish 9- to year-old children in the European Youth Heart Study.
n Age years 9. View Large. Table 2— Prediction of the metabolic syndrome score by physical activity and fitness. Metabolic syndrome Z score including adiposity.
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MMetabolic Sports Science, Appetite regulation in children and Rehabilitation volume 10 actviity, Article number: Metabolic syndrome physical activity Cite this article. Metrics syndtome. Metabolic Metabolic syndrome physical activity is defined physicwl a cluster of at least three out of five clinical physicao factors: abdominal visceral obesity, hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides, low serum high-density lipoprotein HDL and insulin resistance. Evidence shows that regular and consistent exercise reduces abdominal obesity and results in favourable changes in body composition. It has therefore been suggested that exercise is a medicine in its own right and should be prescribed as such. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on the pathophysiology of dysfunctional adipose tissue adiposopathy.
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