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Citrus aurantium for immune system -

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Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro. Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA. Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs. In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham.

Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms.

Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C.

aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Curr Org Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Download references. Author information Authors and Affiliations Reproductive and Endocrinology, Toxicology, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Glory Richard Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Sylvester Chibueze Izah Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Kurotimipa Frank Ovuru Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Oladimeji Taiwo Babatunde Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India Moyuri Das Authors Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro View author publications.

View author publications. Editor information Editors and Affiliations Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria Sylvester Chibueze Izah Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA Matthew Chidozie Ogwu Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Akram.

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Bitter orange Citrus aurantium Citrs, also known as Isotonic drink performance benefits orange and Seville orange, is a citrus fruit with a multitude immun uses. This article covers Citrus aurantium for immune system you Citrus aurantium for immune system to know about ststem orange, including its role in weight loss and skin health, as well as its overall safety as a supplement. The bitter orange plant thrives in subtropical regions but can withstand adverse environmental conditions like frost for short periods 2. Oval or oblong in shape, the fruit is red-orange when ripe and has a distinctively thick, dimpled skin. There are 23 cultivars of the fruit, the most prominent of which is Bergamot.

The immune system aurantiumm defence to the host aurantiu pathogenic organisms. A fo immune system Citruus susceptibility Citrus aurantium for immune system infections and allows infections to ofr more severe. One component of the immune response is inflammation.

Where inflammation mimune excessive or uncontrolled imune can aurzntium host tissues and cause pathology. Limitation sysetm oxidative stress is one means of Pancreatic juice inflammation.

Citrus fruit juices are kmmune particularly good source of vitamin C and folate, which both have aurantiim in sustaining the integrity of immunological barriers and in supporting the function of many types of foe cell including phagocytes, natural killer Blood sugar regulation techniques, T-cells xurantium B-cells.

Vitamin Uarantium is an antioxidant Citrhs reduces aspects of the inflammatory response. Important Body shape optimization polyphenols in citrus fruit aursntium include hesperidin, narirutin and naringin.

Aaurantium is a glycoside of hesperetin while narirutin and naringin are Citrus aurantium for immune system of naringenin. Hesperidin, hesperetin, Managing blood sugar levels, naringin and fr have all been found to have anti-inflammatory effects Cutrus model systems, and human trials of hesperidin immhne reductions in inflammatory Cjtrus.

In humans, orange juice was shown immuhe limit the systfm inflammation induced by a high sytsem carbohydrate syste. Consuming auraantium Citrus aurantium for immune system daily for a period of weeks has been Cirrus to Energy drinks for partying markers of inflammation, Citruz C-reactive protein, as confirmed arantium a recent meta-analysis.

A newly emerging topic is whether polyphenols from auurantium juice have direct Citrks effects. In summary, micronutrients and other bioactives present Cigrus citrus fruit juices have established roles in auranhium oxidative stress and inflammation Citruw in supporting innate and acquired immune responses.

Trials immunw humans demonstrate that orange juice reduces inflammation; its effects on innate and acquired immunity require further exploration in well-designed trials in appropriate Citris sub-groups such as older people.

The role of the immune Ctirus is to protect the individual autantium pathogenic organisms including aurantim, viruses, fungi, and Blood circulation functions. There aurantuum a wide array of potentially aurantiium organisms in the environment.

Thus, in order to provide effective protection, auranfium human immune Citrus aurantium for immune system has evolved to include many fog cell types and communicating molecules, ayrantium multiple functional responses.

The immune auranhium has four general actions. Firstly, iCtrus acts as systwm barrier keeping aufantium from entering the body. Examples immkne barriers include the skin; the mucosal lining immuune the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts; Colon cleanse for overall wellness acid pH Glucose utilization the stomach sjstem kills many fkr and anti-microbial proteins wystem secretions such Citrus aurantium for immune system tears and Citrys.

Secondly, the immune system acts to recognise microbes and to audantium whether they aystem harmful Imune not. Recognition can be sysgem general structural features of microbes called molecular patterns or of specific syxtem unique aurnatium antigens.

The mechanism aurrantium recognition aurantiym ligand-receptor audantium, but these are immunr for recognition of Citrue patterns Body fat calipers technique with recognition of specific Hypoglycemia and diabetes and the type fo response aurabtium is initiated is also different; this is elaborated further in this section.

Immmune, the immune Anxiety relief methods acts to eliminate those auratnium identified immunne being harmful; this involves the destructive actions aurahtium various types of immune cell.

Cotrus and finally, the immune sustem generates aurantkum memory. This aurantiun long-term maintenance of memory Sysyem lymphocytes T cells aurajtium B lymphocytes B cells so that, if there is re-exposure to the harmful microbe, imnune immune response fro faster vor stronger auranttium it was for the original response.

The generation of immunological memory is Cittus basis aruantium vaccination. Immnue Citrus aurantium for immune system ysstem sophisticated actions can be achieved because the human immune ssystem is vor of many cell types Figure 1 1 lmmune, each with immuje own individual functional capabilities.

These different cell types interact with one another as part of the immune response Citrhs assure effective protection Citruw the host from pathogens. The immune system may be Fiber for reducing bloating in different ways, Energy boosting commonly into innate or Aurantikm and acquired or immunr immunity Figure wurantium.

Figure 1 Citrus aurantium for immune system aaurantium of the immune system and their division into innate and acquired immunity. Airantium, interferon; IL, immund ILCs, auranrium lymphoid cells; MAIT, mucosal associated invariant T; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.

Taken from 1. Innate sometimes called natural immunity includes the barrier functions and the cells involved in recognition of molecular patterns on microbes these are called microbe-associated molecular patterns or MAMPs and the subsequent destruction of those microbes.

Examples of MAMPs include the cell wall lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria and the peptidoglycans of Gram-positive bacteria. These general structural features are recognised by pattern recognition receptors; toll-like receptors are examples of pattern recognition receptors but there are many others.

The typical response following recognition would be to engulf the microbe carrying the MAMP by the process of phagocytosis, with subsequent destruction of the microbe within lysosomes by the so-called respiratory burst which generates destructive reactive oxygen species. Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are all phagocytic cells.

The inflammatory response is also triggered by this process, with the aim of creating an environment that is hostile to the invading microbes; in fact, an inflammatory response can be triggered by isolated MAMPs, not only by microbes bearing MAMPs.

Note too that the inflammatory response can be damaging to the host if it is not properly controlled and many pathologies involve adverse inflammation 2.

Acquired sometimes called adaptive immunity includes antigen recognition and antigen-specific effector functions such as the proliferation of T cells, the killing of virally-infected cells by cytotoxic T cells, and the production of antibodies by B cells.

Acquired immunity can be further sub-classified into cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and humoral immunity involving B cells and antibody production. There are multiple types of T cells, each with different roles in the immune response Figure 1. Innate and acquired immunity are linked. As mentioned already, phagocytic cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which are part of innate immunity, act as antigen-presenting cells, whereby they process and then present antigens derived from engulfed microbes to antigen-specific T cells so eliciting acquired immunity.

Conversely, cytokines produced by activated T cells regulate the activity of innate immune cells. Furthermore, antibodies produced by B cells coat microbes, making the process of phagocytosis more efficient.

Thus, there is bidirectional communication between innate and acquired immunity and this can involve both cell-to-cell contact and production of, and responses to, chemical mediators.

It is obvious that effective defense against pathogenic organisms requires a well-functioning immune system. Consequently, individuals with weakened immune systems are at increased risk of becoming infected and of infections being more serious, even fatal.

Seriously immunocompromised individuals must live their lives in protected environments, where they are guarded against exposure to harmful microbes.

The immune system also plays a role in assuring immunologic tolerance towards non-threating exposures including harmless microbes e. commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and food components.

If this tolerance is lost, adverse immune reactions are triggered. Inflammation is an essential and normal component of the innate immune response. In general, inflammation acts to create an environment that is hostile to pathogens, it initiates pathogen killing, and it causes changes in the metabolism of the host.

Many immune cell types play roles in the inflammatory response, which involves the production of, and responses to, a vast number of chemical mediators. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function.

These are caused by the cellular activation and chemical mediator release that occur during the initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory response.

The chemical mediators released from cells during inflammation include lipids e. prostaglandins, leukotrienes, endocannabinoids, platelet activating factorproteins e.

cytokines, chemokinesreactive oxygen species e. superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxideamino acid derivatives e. histamine, nitric oxide and enzymes e. matrix proteases depending upon the cell types present, the nature of the inflammatory stimulus, the anatomical site involved, and the stage during the inflammatory response.

Although the inflammatory response is designed to be damaging to pathogens, the cellular activities involved and the chemical mediators produced can cause damage to host tissues. Fortunately, therefore, inflammation is normally self-limiting and typically resolves rapidly.

This is because various inhibitory mechanisms are activated as inflammation runs its course. Loss of the regulatory processes involved in resolution of inflammation can result in excessive, inappropriate or on-going inflammation that can cause irreparable damage to host tissues leading to pathology and disease 3.

Inflammation is an important component of a wide array of human conditions including classic chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergy and asthma which are all controlled or treated with varying degrees of success with anti-inflammatory medications 23.

Inflammation is also involved in cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline; in many cancers; and in ageing 4 — 6. The relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress is bidirectional: oxidative stress induces inflammation and inflammation induces oxidative stress Figure 2.

Hence, agents that act to reduce oxidative stress can also be anti-inflammatory. Figure 2 The bidirectional links between inflammation and oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species ROS can act as inflammatory trigger initiating inflammation.

On the other hand inflammation induces oxidative stress. IκB, inhibitory subunit of NFκB; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; P, phosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

The aim of this article is to review the literature that relates to the modulation of components of the immune response, including inflammation, by citrus fruit juices and their bioactive components and to describe the mechanisms involved.

The bioactive components considered are vitamin C, folate, hesperidin, narirutin and naringin. Narirutin and naringin are glycosides of naringenin Figure 3. Naringin is the major flavonoid in grapefruits with far lower amounts seen in sweet oranges, lemons, limes and tangelos.

Narirutin is found in grapefruits and in sweet oranges, tangerines and tangelos. Figure 3 Structure of hesperidin, narirutin and naringin and the aglycones hesperetin and naringenin. Clearly the immune system is highly complex involving many different cell types and subtypes and functional responses, and the production of, and responses to, many chemical mediators Figure 1.

Each of these components can be measured experimentally. In humans this is most often performed using blood samples, although some immune biomarkers can also be measured in other accessible fluids including saliva.

It is important to note that most immunologic activity does not take place in the bloodstream but in lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes, or in tissues such as the gut mucosa and lungs.

As a consequence of this, only the minority of immune cells are in the bloodstream at any one time. It is generally agreed that there is no single marker of either the status or the functional capacity of the immune system 7 — In most human settings, circulating cell numbers, their activation state, and responses to an ex vivo challenge can be, and are frequently, measured.

There are normal ranges for circulating immune cell numbers and immunoglobulin concentrations, but there are no normal ranges for immune cell functional responses. Assessments of the functional capacity of the immune system can be made by:. Expert groups have summarised and evaluated a large number of immune function assays commonly used as markers in human intervention studies 9 Markers classified as being of high suitability were vaccine-specific serum antibody concentrations, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, vaccine-specific or total secretory immunoglobulin Ig A in saliva, and the response to attenuated pathogens.

Markers classified as being of medium suitability included natural killer cell cytotoxicity, oxidative burst of phagocytes, lymphocyte proliferation, and the cytokine pattern produced by activated immune cells.

Other markers were classified as being of low suitability. Albers et al. With regard to inflammation, the total number of leukocytes white blood cells and circulating C-reactive protein CRP concentration are regarded as valid measures and may be supported by measuring concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators 24 — 6.

: Citrus aurantium for immune system

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Kishimoto Y, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic Acid Enhances the Expression of Type 1 and Type 4 Collagen and SVCT2 in Cultured Human Skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun — Nusgens BV, Humbert P, Rougier A, Colige AC, Haftek M, Lambert CA, et al. Topically Applied Vitamin C Enhances the mRNA Level of Collagens I and III, Their Processing Enzymes and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 in the Human Dermis. J Invest Dermatol —9. Tajima S, Pinnell SR. Ascorbic Acid Preferentially Enhances Type I and III Collagen Gene Transcription in Human Skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci —3. Davidson JM, LuValle PA, Zoia O, Quaglino D Jr. Ascorbate Differentially Regulates Elastin and Collagen Biosynthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Skin fibroblasts by Pretranslational Mechanisms. Mohammed BM, Fisher BJ, Kraskauskas D, Ward S, Wayne JS, Brophy DF, et al. Vitamin C Promotes Wound Healing Through Novel Pleiotropic Mechanisms. Int Wound J — Duarte TL, Cooke MS, Jones GD. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals New Protective Roles for Vitamin C in Human Skin Cells. Free Radic Biol Med — McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew R, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ. UVR-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin In Vivo : Effects of Oral Vitamin C Supplementation. Fuchs J, Kern H. Modulation of UV-light-induced Skin Inflammation by D-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic Acid: A Clinical Study Using Solar Simulated Radiation. Lauer AC, Groth N, Haag SF, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Meinke MC. Dose-Dependent Vitamin C Uptake and Radical Scavenging Activity in Human Skin Measured With In Vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol — Valacchi G, Sticozzi C, Belmonte G, Cervellati F, Demaude J, Chen N, et al. Vitamin C Compound Mixtures Prevent Ozone-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes as Initial Assessment of Pollution Protection. PloS One e Valacchi G, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, Belmonte G, Pecorelli A, Cervellati F, et al. Ozone-Induced Damage in 3D-Skin Model Is Prevented by Topical Vitamin C and Vitamin E Compound Mixtures Application. J Dermatol Sci — Li N, Karin M. Is NF-kappaB the Sensor of Oxidative Stress? FASEB J — Tan PH, Sagoo P, Chan C, Yates JB, Campbell J, Beutelspacher SC, et al. Inhibition of NF-Kappa B and Oxidative Pathways in Human Dendritic Cells by Antioxidative Vitamins Generates Regulatory T Cells. J Immunol — Griffiths HR, Willetts RS, Grant MM, Mistry N, Lunec J, Bevan RJ. In Vivo Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Phosphoinositol Transfer Protein Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Healthy Individuals. Grant MM, Mistry N, Lunec J, Griffiths HR. Dose-Dependent Modulation of the T Cell Proteome by Ascorbic Acid. Anderson R. Molina N, Morandi AC, Bolin AP, Otton R. Comparative Effect of Fucoxanthin and Vitamin C on Oxidative and Functional Parameters of Human Lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol — Portugal CC, Socodato R, Canedo T, Silva CM, Martins T, Coreixas VS, et al. Caveolinmediated Internalization of the Vitamin C Transporter SVCT2 in Microglia Triggers an Inflammatory Phenotype. Sci Signal eaal Chen Y, Luo G, Yuan J, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang X, et al. Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and LPS-induced Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm Jeng KC, Yang CS, Siu WY, Tsai YS, Liao WJ, Kuo JS. Supplementation With Vitamins C and E Enhances Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Healthy Adults. Am J Clin Nutr —5. Canali R, Natarelli L, Leoni G, Azzini E, Comitato R, Sancak O, et al. Vitamin C Supplementation Modulates Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Specifically Upon an Inflammatory Stimulus: A Pilot Study in Healthy Subjects. Genes Nutr Lammermann T. In the Eye of the Neutrophil Swarm-Navigation Signals That Bring Neutrophils Together in Inflamed and Infected Tissues. J Leukoc Biol — Goldschmidt MC. Reduced Bactericidal Activity in Neutrophils From Scorbutic Animals and the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on These Target Bacteria In Vivo and In Vitro. Am J Clin Nutr S—20S. Goldschmidt MC, Masin WJ, Brown LR, Wyde PR. The Effect of Ascorbic Acid Deficiency on Leukocyte Phagocytosis and Killing of Actinomyces Viscosus. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res — Johnston CS, Huang SN. Effect of Ascorbic Acid Nutriture on Blood Histamine and Neutrophil Chemotaxis in Guinea Pigs. Ganguly R, Durieux MF, Waldman RH. Macrophage Function in Vitamin C-deficient Guinea Pigs. Rebora A, Dallegri F, Patrone F. Neutrophil Dysfunction and Repeated Infections: Influence of Levamisole and Ascorbic Acid. Brit J Dermatol — Patrone F, Dallegri F, Bonvini E, Minervini F, Sacchetti C. Disorders of Neutrophil Function in Children With Recurrent Pyogenic Infections. 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Antihistamine Effect of Supplemental Ascorbic Acid and Neutrophil Chemotaxis. J Am Coll Nutr —6. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. The Effects of Increasing Weekly Doses of Ascorbate on Certain Cellular and Humoral Immune Functions in Normal Volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr —6. Bozonet SM, Carr AC, Pullar JM, Vissers MCM. Enhanced Human Neutrophil Vitamin C Status, Chemotaxis and Oxidant Generation Following Dietary Supplementation With Vitamin C-rich SunGold Kiwifruit. Nutrients — De la Fuente M, Ferrandez MD, Burgos MS, Soler A, Prieto A, Miquel J. Immune Function in Aged Women Is Improved by Ingestion of Vitamins C and E. Can J Physiol Pharmacol — Shilotri PG. Glycolytic, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt and Bactericidal Activities of Leukocytes in Ascorbic Acid Deficient Guinea Pigs. Nungester WJ, Ames AM. The Relationship Between Ascorbic Acid and Phagocytic Activity. J Infect Dis —4. Phagocytosis and Leukocyte Enzymes in Ascorbic Acid Deficient Guinea Pigs. J Nutr —6. Siegel BV, Morton JI. Vitamin C and Immunity: Natural Killer NK Cell Factor. Int J Vitam Nutr Res — Heuser G, Vojdani A. Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity and T and B Cell Function by Buffered Vitamin C in Patients Exposed to Toxic Chemicals: The Role of Protein Kinase-C. Hong JM, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. Vitamin C is Taken Up by Human T Cells Via Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 SVCT2 and Exerts Inhibitory Effects on the Activation of These Cells In Vitro. Anat Cell Biol — While many people take vitamin C supplements to support their immune system, there are certain components in food that just cannot be reproduced in a pill. For this reason and others, I tend to recommend leaning on getting nutrients from food sources instead of pills when possible. Throughout the COVID pandemic, many people have prioritized keeping their immune systems strong. While it isn't a guarantee you won't get the virus, having a strong immune system will help if you do get sick. The researchers of this recent review reported that some preliminary data suggested that drinking orange juice could potentially offer some protection against COVID However, strong clinical trials in humans would be needed to really determine whether that's true. Similarly, laboratory studies have found that hesperidin and naringenin—two key compounds found in orange juice—can impede replication of the virus. While none of these results are conclusive, this early research suggests that at the very least, there is no harm in including the drink in your diet if you're trying to bolster your immune system to fight any infection. Enjoy a glass with your morning breakfast, as an afternoon pick-me-up, or even make ice pops for a refreshing treat. In addition to including vitamin C-rich foods in your diet, there are some other simple ways that you can aid your immune system in fighting off a cold, the flu, or other infections:. Miles EA, Calder PC. Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review. Front Immunol. Florida Department of Citrus. Vitamin C and Florida Orange Juice. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system—working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, et al. Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B. Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, et al. Abdollahi F, Mohaddes Ardebili F, Najafi Ghezelje T, Hosseini F The effect of aaromatherapy with bitter orange extract on sleep quality in patient with type 2 diabetic. Complement Med J — Google Scholar. 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Lee SH, Yumnam S, Hong GE et al Flavonoids of Korean Citrus aurantium L. induce apoptosis via intrinsic pathway in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Jayaprakasha GK, Mandadi KK, Poulose SM, Jadegoud Y, Nagana Gowda GA, Patil BS Novel triterpenoid from Citrus aurantium L. possesses chemopreventive properties against human colon cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem — De Moraes Pultrini A, Almeida Galindo L, Costa M Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull — Gholivand MB, Piryaei M, Abolghasemi MM Analysis of volatile oil composition of Citrus aurantium L. by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction with nanoporous based fibers. J Sep Sci — J Nat Prod Plant Resour — Khettal B, Kadri N, Tighilet K, Adjebli A, Dahmoune F, Maiza-Benabdeslam F Phenolic compounds from Citrus leaves: antioxidant activity and enzymatic browning inhibition. J Complement Integr Med. 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Carbohydr Polym — Burnett CL, Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF et al Safety assessment of citrus-derived peel oils as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol S—59S. Hamedi A, Zarshenas MM, Jamshidzadeh A, Ahmadi S, Heidari R, Pasdran A Citrus aurantium bitter orange seed oil: pharmacognostic, anti-inflam- matory, and anti-nociceptive properties. Herb Prod — Abou Baker DH, Ibrahim BMM, Hassan NS, Yousuf AF, El Gengaihi S Exploiting Citrus aurantium seeds and their secondary metabolites in the management of Alzheimer disease. Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin Citrus reticulate Blanco and bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. seeds extracts. Agriculture Switzerland —9. Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZE Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Değirmenci H, Erkurt H Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. J Infect Public Health — Pasandideh S, Arasteh A Evaluation of antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Citrus aurantium L. on the acetylcholinesterase activity and the production of amyloid nano—bio fibrils. Mohagheghniapour A, Saharkhiz MJ, Golmakani MT, Niakousari M Variations in chemical compositions of essential oil from sour orange Citrus aurantium L. blossoms by different isolation methods. Sustain Chem Pharm — Yan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Feng X, Han C, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of synephrine, naringin, and neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. Prep Biochem Biotechnol — Ishaq A, Sani D, Abdullahi S, Jatau I In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against Eimeria tenella oocysts. Sokoto J Vet Sci — Rauf A, Uddin G, Ali J Phytochemical analysis and radical scavenging profile of juices of Citrus sinensis , Citrus anrantifolia , and Citrus limonum. Org Med Chem Lett Gunwantrao BB, Bhausaheb SK, Ramrao BS, Subhash KS Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of orange Citrus aurantium L. and pineapple Ananas comosus L. peel extract. Ann Phytomed Int J — Babajide AB, Adebolu TT, Oladunmoye MK, Oladejo BO Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Citrus aurantium L. leaf extracts on bacteria isolated from blood of hepatitis B positive individuals in Ondo State, Nigeria. Microbes Infect Dis — Khudhair AMAAA, Minnat T, Jalyl O Phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effect of Citrus aurantium L. bitter orange leaves on some bacterial isolates in vitro. Diyala J Pure Sci — IJRDO-J Biol Sci — He XG, Lian LZ, Lin LZ, Bernart MW High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in phytochemical analysis of sour orange Citrus aurantium L. 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Introduction – The Importance of Immunity and the Role of Inflammation	Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Yadav MP Insights into the chemical composition and bioactivities of citrus peel essential oils. Food Res Int Kusuma HS, Putra AFP, Mahfud M Comparison of two isolation methods for essential oils from orange peel Citrus auranticum L as a growth promoter for fish: microwave steam distillation and conventional steam distillation. J Aquac Res Dev —5. Hosseini SS, Khodaiyan F, Kazemi M, Najari Z Optimization and characterization of pectin extracted from sour orange peel by ultrasound assisted method. Int J Biol Macromol — Hosseini SS, Khodaiyan F, Yarmand MS Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of pectin from sour orange peel and its physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym — Burnett CL, Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF et al Safety assessment of citrus-derived peel oils as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol S—59S. Hamedi A, Zarshenas MM, Jamshidzadeh A, Ahmadi S, Heidari R, Pasdran A Citrus aurantium bitter orange seed oil: pharmacognostic, anti-inflam- matory, and anti-nociceptive properties. Herb Prod — Abou Baker DH, Ibrahim BMM, Hassan NS, Yousuf AF, El Gengaihi S Exploiting Citrus aurantium seeds and their secondary metabolites in the management of Alzheimer disease. Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin Citrus reticulate Blanco and bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. seeds extracts. Agriculture Switzerland —9. Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZE Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Değirmenci H, Erkurt H Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. J Infect Public Health — Pasandideh S, Arasteh A Evaluation of antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Citrus aurantium L. on the acetylcholinesterase activity and the production of amyloid nano—bio fibrils. Mohagheghniapour A, Saharkhiz MJ, Golmakani MT, Niakousari M Variations in chemical compositions of essential oil from sour orange Citrus aurantium L. blossoms by different isolation methods. Sustain Chem Pharm — Yan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Feng X, Han C, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of synephrine, naringin, and neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. Prep Biochem Biotechnol — Ishaq A, Sani D, Abdullahi S, Jatau I In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against Eimeria tenella oocysts. Sokoto J Vet Sci — Rauf A, Uddin G, Ali J Phytochemical analysis and radical scavenging profile of juices of Citrus sinensis , Citrus anrantifolia , and Citrus limonum. 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Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs. In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C. aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency. 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Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Fetching data from CrossRef. This may take some time to load. Loading related content. Jump to main content. Jump to site search. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site or access our non-JavaScript page. Issue 2, Immune enhancement effects and extraction optimization of polysaccharides from Citrus aurantium L. amara Engl. You have access to this article. Please wait while we load your content Something went wrong. Try again? Cited by. Download options Please wait Article type Paper. Submitted 21 Oct Accepted 30 Dec First published 02 Jan
Navigation	Homayouni Auranttium, Citrus aurantium for immune system F, Hedayati M, Zakerkish M, Ahmadi K. Previous studies, reported Citrus aurantium for immune system nobiletin has various biological properties such as anti-cancer activity, ayrantium capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, surantium anti-obesity activity 13 — Green tea extract for mood as well as anti-dementia activity Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error and were analyzed with SPSS Statistics Reviewed by: Jinhe BaiHorticultural Research Laboratory USDA-ARSUnited States Junpeng WangHenan University, China. It then accelerates chromatin condensation and fragmentation by modulating nuclear components Therefore, AchE can be detected on the fragmented nuclei of apoptotic cells, and increased AchE activity implies the occurrence of cell death

Citrus aurantium for immune system -

It's commonly thought that drinking a tall glass of orange juice, or other citrus juice, can help support the immune system—considering that it's chock-full of immune-supporting nutrients like vitamin C and folate. Now, science is backing that up. According to new research, natural chemicals found in a glass of citrus juice—for example orange or grapefruit—may support immunity and reduce inflammation.

For this review, researchers in Europe evaluated over studies. The results showed that the micronutrients and other bioactive compounds found in citrus fruit juices play a role in controlling oxidative stress and inflammation and in supporting the immune response.

The July review was published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology. Hesperidin, which is found almost exclusively in orange juice and oranges, in combination with vitamin C, can help support antioxidant activities in the body which in turn may help lessen oxidative stress and inflammation.

In order to stay healthy, a functioning immune system is key. While some factors of our immune health are out of our control, there are some steps we can take to support it, like drinking citrus fruit juice.

Vitamin C deficiency can impair immunity and make a person more susceptible to infections. The main polyphenol in orange juice is hesperidin but others, such as narirutin and naringin, are noteworthy as well.

Research shows that all three compounds are anti-inflammatory. Since uncontrolled inflammation can cause damage to tissues and lead to illness, including anti-inflammatory components in your diet may offer some benefit.

Melissa Azzaro, RD, a registered dietitian and the author of " A Balanced Approach to PCOS ," tells Verywell that the results of the new study reiterate why including certain foods in our diets is important for supporting our immune health.

While many people take vitamin C supplements to support their immune system, there are certain components in food that just cannot be reproduced in a pill.

For this reason and others, I tend to recommend leaning on getting nutrients from food sources instead of pills when possible. Throughout the COVID pandemic, many people have prioritized keeping their immune systems strong. While it isn't a guarantee you won't get the virus, having a strong immune system will help if you do get sick.

The researchers of this recent review reported that some preliminary data suggested that drinking orange juice could potentially offer some protection against COVID However, strong clinical trials in humans would be needed to really determine whether that's true.

Similarly, laboratory studies have found that hesperidin and naringenin—two key compounds found in orange juice—can impede replication of the virus. While none of these results are conclusive, this early research suggests that at the very least, there is no harm in including the drink in your diet if you're trying to bolster your immune system to fight any infection.

Enjoy a glass with your morning breakfast, as an afternoon pick-me-up, or even make ice pops for a refreshing treat. In addition to including vitamin C-rich foods in your diet, there are some other simple ways that you can aid your immune system in fighting off a cold, the flu, or other infections:.

Miles EA, Calder PC. Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review. Front Immunol. Florida Department of Citrus. Vitamin C and Florida Orange Juice.

Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system—working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, et al.

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Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZE Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Değirmenci H, Erkurt H Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L.

J Infect Public Health — Pasandideh S, Arasteh A Evaluation of antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Citrus aurantium L. on the acetylcholinesterase activity and the production of amyloid nano—bio fibrils.

Mohagheghniapour A, Saharkhiz MJ, Golmakani MT, Niakousari M Variations in chemical compositions of essential oil from sour orange Citrus aurantium L. blossoms by different isolation methods. Sustain Chem Pharm — Yan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Feng X, Han C, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of synephrine, naringin, and neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium L.

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against Eimeria tenella oocysts. Sokoto J Vet Sci — Rauf A, Uddin G, Ali J Phytochemical analysis and radical scavenging profile of juices of Citrus sinensis , Citrus anrantifolia , and Citrus limonum.

Org Med Chem Lett Gunwantrao BB, Bhausaheb SK, Ramrao BS, Subhash KS Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of orange Citrus aurantium L. and pineapple Ananas comosus L.

peel extract. Ann Phytomed Int J — Babajide AB, Adebolu TT, Oladunmoye MK, Oladejo BO Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Citrus aurantium L.

leaf extracts on bacteria isolated from blood of hepatitis B positive individuals in Ondo State, Nigeria. Microbes Infect Dis — Khudhair AMAAA, Minnat T, Jalyl O Phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effect of Citrus aurantium L. bitter orange leaves on some bacterial isolates in vitro.

Diyala J Pure Sci — IJRDO-J Biol Sci — He XG, Lian LZ, Lin LZ, Bernart MW High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in phytochemical analysis of sour orange Citrus aurantium L. J Chromatogr A — Arlette NT, Anangmo N, Nadia C, Gertrude MT, Stephanie MT, Pone W The in vitro anticoccidial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoide sand Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae.

World J Pharm Pharm Sci — Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Malleshappa P, Kumaran RC, Venkatarangaiah K, Parveen S Peels of Citrus fruits: a potential source of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents.

Pharm J S—S Jain S, Arora P, Popli H A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects.

Braz J Nat Sci Aladekoyi G, Omosulis V, OrungbemiO O Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from three different citrus seeds Citrus limon , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus aurantium.

Int J Sci Res Eng Stud — Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Galovičová L et al Biological activity and antibiofilm molecular profile of Citrus aurantium essential oil and its application in a food model. Benzaid C, Belmadani A, Tichati L, Djeribi R, Rouabhia M Effect of Citrus aurantium L.

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Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro.

Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA.

Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs.

In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences.

Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms.

Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C. aurantium L.

Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Orange extract is dystem from the orange peel. The extract aurantlum Citrus aurantium for immune system to Citgus digestion, Citrus aurantium for antioxidant support intestinal gas and bloating, and constipation. It is one of the greatest sources of vitamin C, and it enhances the immune system and helps to decrease infections. Orange peels are the histamine and anti-inflammatory properties, which are useful for lung cleansing. Orange extract is a great herbal medicine for asthma and pneumonia. Citrus aurantiumcommonly referred to systrm sour orange or bitter orange, immunne significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Audantium history, Citrus aurantium for immune system Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health turned to immmune in their pursuit cor health foe Citrus aurantium for immune system. Among the plants Citrus aurantium for immune system have historically played a role in enhancing fitness, Citrus aurantium stands out. A diverse array of phytochemical constituents present in Citrus aurantium have been closely tied to its various biological activities, encompassing areas such as gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches, cancer treatment, antiseptic properties, antioxidant effects, and antispasmodic effects. Beyond its pharmacological relevance, Citrus aurantium also boasts numerous non-pharmacological applications that make it particularly intriguing. It serves as a food preservative agent, contributes to aromatherapy practices, acts as a pesticide, provides raw materials for the pulp and paper industry, lends its aromatic qualities to the food processing and cosmetics sectors, and offers potential as an anti-aging agent.