Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health -
The homeostatic condition of the body is maintained through the sensitivity and the responsiveness of the ANS to internal and external stimuli [ 11 , 12 ].
Fluctuations of the ANS are observed through changes in its two branches; the sympathetic nervous system SNS and parasympathetic nervous system PNS. ANS activity can be indirectly measured through the observation of cardiac autonomic activity e.
In conjunction with HRV measures, plasma catecholamines, epinephrine E and norepinephrine NE , provide direct markers of SNS activity and allow for a more holistic view of ANS function. Improvements in acute ANS recovery may translate to reduce transient stresses within the CV system as well as prevent systemic over reaching [ 11 , 13 , 14 ].
Fourteen apparently healthy males who habitually consume caffeine 95— mg serving per day, at least 4 days a week were recruited for this study. Prior to participation, all individuals were made aware of the procedures and risks associated with the study and signed an informed consent.
Any individual who reported having orthopedic conditions, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease were excluded from the study. Physical activity inclusion criteria required all participants to engage in at least three-days of aerobic training and two-days of resistance training per week for the previous six months.
Participants were recruited via word of mouth from the local metropolitan area. Prior to all sessions, participants were asked to wear light and comfortable clothing, fast for a minimum of four-hours, avoid exercise for 24 h, and avoid caffeine consumption for 12 h.
The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection. The study was performed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover fashion in which only one investigator knew the contents of the supplementation; this investigator was not involved in the collection or analysis of the study outcome measures.
Participants were asked to attend two separate sessions in the exercise physiology laboratory, with both visits occurring within a nine-day period and a minimum of h between visits.
All visits were performed between am am. The first visit consisted of obtaining informed consent, PAR-Q, HHQ, and anthropometric measures. Upon the completion of the ingestion period, a post-ingestion venipuncture were performed I2. Participants then performed a standardized warm-up prior to initiating the anaerobic exhaustive exercise protocol.
Immediately following the exercise protocol a post exercise venipuncture was performed R1. Then, participants were monitored throughout a min recovery period.
At the end of this recovery period the final venipuncture was taken R2. Cardiac activity was continuously recorded during the min ingestion and recovery periods. Analysis of these recordings were made in 5-min segments beginning at the th minutes of the ingestion and recovery periods.
The study design can be seen in Fig. Upon the completion of the min ingestion period, participants were allotted a seven-and-a-half minute warm up on a Monark ergometer Monark E Ergomedic Test Cycle, Vansbro, Sweden while pedaling between 50 and rpm at a resistance of 1.
Participants were immediately walked to an electronically braked cycle ergometer Sport Excalibur, Lode BV, Groningen, The Netherlands , where the bike was adjusted to the appropriate settings in order to ensure the knee was at a slight bend at the bottom of the revolution.
Bike settings were repeated for both trials. Following the appropriate adjustments, participants feet were strapped into the pedals and the protocol was initiated. The start of the exhaustive exercise protocol comprised of a one-minute warm-up period performed at 50 W with a rolling start into the Wingate test.
Each Wingate test was s in duration and participants were encouraged to pedal at their maximal effort against a resistance of 0. There was a total of three Wingate tests performed with a two-minute active recovery period between each test. The active recovery was a self-selected pedal rate against a resistance of 50 W and a rolling start into the subsequent Wingate test.
At the completion of the last Wingate test, participants were walked to a separate room to undergo a post exercise venipuncture and to begin the measurements of cardiac autonomic recovery measures R1-R2. Pre-testing protocols on the electronically braked cycle ergometer followed manufacturer guidelines.
A trained phlebotomist drew six milliliters ml of blood via the antecubital vein during four-time periods throughout the study: I1, I2, R1, R2 Fig. Plasma samples were assayed for E and NE using commercially available ELISA kits Abnova, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. In order to account for the plasma volume shifts following the exercise bout, all samples were normalized by using the established protocols of Dill and Costill [ 17 ].
Hematocrit Hct and hemoglobin Hb were collected via finger sticks at each venipuncture time point Alere Hemopoint 2.
Heart Rate Variability is a non-invasive measurement that quantifies the timing between consecutive R-R intervals. The measurements are derived from an electrocardiogram or HR detection device i. HR monitors [ 18 ]. Heart Rate Variability and HR recordings were collected using the Polar® monitor system and transferred to the Polar Team 2 software Lake Success, NY.
Heart rate monitors were positioned under the sternum against bare skin. Throughout each min recording period, participants were seated in a quiet, dimly lit room with no external stimuli.
Analysis was completed through the online Kubios Software Kubios V 2. Heart Rate Variability markers were analyzed in five-minute segments during the beginning 5—10 min: I1, R1 and end 40—45 min: I2, R2 of the ingestion and the recovery periods. Any segments that contained three or more irregular R-R intervals were excluded from analysis.
The markers chosen for this study were the time domain indexes of the root mean square of successive differences RMSSD and the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals SDNN ; the frequency domain measures of High Frequency Power HF 0.
The Fast Fourier Transformation was applied to the frequency domain makers. Frequency domain measures come with inherent limitations related to ANS interpretation due to sensitivities to breathing frequencies and therefore will be assessed along with time domain measures [ 21 ].
RMSSD and HF are widely recognized as markers of vagal activity [ 18 , 22 ], while SDNN and LFnu are believed to provide insight into SNS influence, though they possess activity from the PNS [ 23 , 24 ].
CA and C powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England.
The PLA contained mg of dextrose, whereas the supplement contained a combination of CA mg and C mg. Each component was measured using an electronic supplement scale and encapsulated in green, non-translucent, size zero gelatin capsules.
The identity of the content within the capsules was not revealed until all data were collected and statistical analyses were completed. All data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS SPSS, Version 24 for Mac, Chicago, IL. A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to examine the normality of distribution on the HRV markers: RMSSD and SDNN.
I2; Recovery: R1 vs. R2 in cardiac autonomic markers HRV and HR and plasma catecholamines E and NE. In order to determine the effect size, the recommended guidelines of Quintana were used. Four participants were removed from the study due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i.
Therefore, a total of ten physically active males completed the study. Participant characteristics can be seen in Table 1.
Additionally, normality was violated in several HRV markers and therefore the natural logarithmic transformation ln was applied prior to further statistical analysis: RMSSD lnRMSSD , SDNN lnSDNN , HF lnHF , LF lnLF. A significant decrease in HR, lnRMSSD, and lnSDNN occurred along with a significant decrease in E and NE.
Interestingly, a significant decrease in HFnu was observed while no changes in lnHF or lnRMSSD occurred despite a significant increase in lnSDNN. Further points of consideration are provided below. The limited amount of information available pertains to the isolated components CA and C, with only one known study to have examined the combination of both [ 2 ].
For instance, Min et al. Furthermore, recent studies have shown little no changes in resting HR with caffeine consumption alone in habitual caffeine consumers [ 27 , 28 ].
When combining a mg of CA, and mg of C, Ratamess et al. No time-dependent changes were observed during the ingestion phase for the PLA trial. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the experimental design. For instance, the participants in the Ratamess et al. For instance, Rauh et al.
Zimmerman et al. Conversely, Yoshinaga et al. Interestingly, a nonsignificant rise of lnLF and reduction of lnHF was observed following the PLA trial. However, when evaluating LFnu and HFnu a similar yet significant changed was observed, demonstrating a relative change in the ratios rather than the absolute values of the power spectral density.
This may in part be due to the anticipation of the upcoming exhaustive protocol and pre-performance anxiety, resulting in minor shifts of ANS activity. Future studies should evaluate and account for pre trial emotional stress.
When evaluating plasma markers of SNS activity, it has been proposed that circulating sympathetic biomarkers E and NE increase following consumption of caffeine [ 33 , 34 ]; however, a recent study demonstrated caffeine to have little to no influence over resting values [ 35 ].
The lack of change in the lnRMSSD and lnHF in the presence of increased SNS activity acts against the traditional interplay between PNS and SNS balance. Generally, with increases in SNS activity a withdrawal of vagal tone occurs.
However, this was not observed and could be the result of a decreased sensitivity to caffeine or the rested state of the participant, which resulted in the attenuation of vagal activity.
Traditionally, it is believed that ANS activity is balanced between the PNS and SNS branches, exhibiting an inverse relationship [ 12 ]. Specifically, there was an increase in lnSDNN and lnLF without the presence of altered vagal activity.
This is important because these markers are believed to have influences stemming from both the SNS and PNS [ 36 ]. Therefore, with no discernable changes within markers of vagal activity, it can be inferred that the increases of lnLF and lnSDNN are the result of changes seen in SNS activity.
This response adds to the understanding of the level of complexity within ANS control and should be further investigated to determine thresholds between the various markers.
Following the exhaustive protocols, HR was significantly elevated in both trials and recovered in a similar time-dependent fashion Table 2A and B.
This is consistent with the findings of Haller et al. Additionally, markers of HRV following the exhaustive protocol demonstrated nearly identical physiological responses, with a decrease in activity post exercise and a gradual increase toward baseline values, which is a commonly observed post exercise response [ 11 , 38 ].
A similar yet inverse response was observed in circulating plasma E and NE, with substantial increases post exercise and a return to baseline values within min post R2. As previously mentioned, recent studies have demonstrated that C provides little cardiovascular stimulation and more so acts to improve PNS activity rather than inhibit in habitual users [ 28 ].
However, it should not be overlooked that the research is conflicting in habitual consumers and that C has been shown to alter SNS activity through increased sensitivity to circulating E and NE [ 29 ]. There was no withdrawal of PNS activity despite a significant increase in resting HR, which could be explained by the combined effects of circulating E and NE as well as improved sensitivity related to C.
The acting ingredient of CA, p-synephrine, works primarily on the ß-3 receptors on adipose tissue and therefore is unlikely to have any direct impact on autonomic function [ 7 ].
Indirectly, the increased activity of lipolysis, and thermogenesis caused by p-synephrine could have elevated SNS activity, which was demonstrated by Reimann et al. Though we did not measure changes in plasma lipids we can postulate that the known action of p-synephrine could have elevated plasma levels and consequently influenced sympathetic activity.
Beyond modest increases in SNS activity at rest, little benefit was observed during the exhaustive protocol recovery period, which was the primary purpose of the investigation. The observed priming of the SNS activity with no alterations of PNS activity provided new insight into the complex relationship of the ANS and warrants further investigation.
Colker CM, Kaiman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat loss, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight healthy adults.
Curr Ther Res. Article Google Scholar. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, et al. The effects of supplementation with p-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on metabolic, Lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise.
UniK2® Natural vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 MK-7 derived from natto. NovaSOL® Boswellia Liquid boswellia solubilisate. NovaSOL® Curcumin Liquid, soluble curcumin. Citrus bioflavonoids. Devil's claw. Ivy leaf.
Lemon balm. Olive leaf. Passion flower. x Signature extracts DESIGNED. x Adaptogens Ginseng Highly authenticated and purified ginseng. x Beauty Sharp-PS® A natural nutrient for body and mind. x Brain AB-Fortis® Microencapsulated iron.
x Digestive Chamomile Natural immune, stress and digestive support. x Early life AB-Fortis® Microencapsulated iron. x Immune AB-Fortis® Microencapsulated iron. x Intimate Go-Less® Bladder wellness support in men and women. x Metabolic Benolea® Natural blood pressure support.
x Wellness Extracts Artichoke. On the other hand, HDL-C is important for the lipid transportation and metabolism, due to the removal of the excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, but also for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties 27 , 28 , attributed to the associated enzyme paraoxonase 1 PON1 PON1 binds to HDL-C and increases its antioxidant anti-atherogenic effects In the present study, a marked increase of 3.
Since it is widely accepted that HDL-C is critical due to its anti-atherogenic properties in mediating cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver 31 , an increase in HDL-C alongside with a significant decrease in TG levels appears to be beneficial for individuals with mild cardiovascular risk factors.
The blend of ingredients which was used in the present study, has been previously suggested to improve PON1 activity in parallel with an increase in HDL-C levels and a decrease in TG levels Moreover, supplementation with a water infusion of Cistus incanus also known as Cistus criticus 32 , has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant effects by significantly decreasing the malondialdehyde and advanced oxidative protein product concentrations in healthy volunteers Recently, Cistus incanus extract, through its potent antioxidant activity due to its high content of flavonoids, was proven to attenuate the negative effects of high fat-carbohydrates on erythrocytes in animal models It has also been demonstrated in vitro to have the ability to decrease the overproduction of reactive carbonyl species, particularly advanced glycation end products, which function as a prooxidant and pro-inflammatory agent in the organism Cistus creticus is considered to be an excellent source of natural antioxidants and the European Food Safety Authority included it in its scientific opinion In previous research, the administration of polyphenol-rich olive leaf extracts was found to significantly lower the serum levels of TC, TGs and LDL-C, and to increase the serum level of HDL-C.
These extracts were found to increase the serum antioxidant potential and the hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase activities Additionally, there are studies that recommend supplementing with vitamin B3 niacin or a fibrate as suggested options for the correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia 13 , Extracts from fruits of the Citrus family, have been mentioned as lipid-lowering components, with statin-like effects More specifically, the use of hesperidin, a flavonoid compound abundantly occurring in Citrus family fruit peel, has been found to lower serum TG levels in hypertriglyceridemic subjects, possibly by reducing very low-density lipoprotein metabolic abnormalities In another study, conducted with the use of Citrus extracts and olive polyphenols, in relation to the lipid profile, there was a significant improvement in the serum levels of TC and LDL Due to the key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extracts used in the composition of the nutritional supplement used herein along with vitamins B and chromium, a significant decrease in the TG levels was achieved.
The main limitation of the present study was that the findings were obtained from a small group of individuals, as well as in its short duration. The results attained in the present study, even if these are derived from a small sample size, establish a tendency.
Although the findings, particularly the suppressive effect on TG levels, appear promising, further larger studies for this nutritional supplement are required. Additionally, possible genetic profiling studies, related to the metabolism of TGs are required to further elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and the individual response after the use of a personalized intervention.
Funding: The present study was funded by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens research grands research grant no. ND and SB conceived the study. DK and CPT performed the patient medical examinations.
EK, AT, SB and ND were involved in the acquisition of data, in the design of the study, and in the writing of the manuscript. VE performed the statistical analyses.
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AT and VE confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Rader DJ, Hoeg JM and Brewer HB Jr: Quantitation of plasma apolipoproteins in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.
Ann Intern Med. Kopin L and Lowenstein CJ: Dyslipidemia. Berberich AJ and Hegele RA: A modern approach to dyslipidemia. Endocr Rev. Mascarenhas-Melo F, Sereno J, Teixeira-Lemos E, Marado D, Palavra F, Pinto R, Rocha-Pereira P, Teixeira F and Reis F: Implication of Low HDL-c levels in patients with average LDL-c Levels: A focus on oxidized LDL, Large HDL subpopulation, and adiponectin.
Mediators Inflamm. Khatana C, Saini NK, Chakrabarti S, Saini V, Sharma A, Saini RV and Saini AK: Mechanistic insights into the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced atherosclerosis.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. Pei K, Gui T, Kan D, Feng H, Jin Y, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Du Z, Gai Z, Wu J and Li Y: An overview of lipid metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BioMed Res Int. Tarantino G, Balsano C, Santini SJ, Brienza G, Clemente I, Cosimini B and Sinatti G: It is high time physicians thought of natural products for alleviating NAFLD.
Is there sufficient evidence to use them? Int J Mol Sci. Tarantino G, Crocetto F, Di Vito C, Creta M, Martino R, Pandolfo SD, Pesce S, Napolitano L, Capone D and Imbimbo C: Association of NAFLD and insulin resistance with non metastatic bladder cancer patients: A cross-sectional retrospective study.
J Clin Med. Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, Daeges M and Jeanne TL: Statins for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. Farnier M, Zeller M, Masson D and Cottin Y: Triglycerides and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: An update.
Arch Cardiovasc Dis. Tenenbaum A and Fisman EZ: Fibrates are an essential part of modern anti-dyslipidemic arsenal: Spotlight on atherogenic dyslipidemia and residual risk reduction. Cardiovasc Diabetol. Nordestgaard BG: Triglyceride-Rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: New insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology.
Circ Res. Sando KR and Knight M: Nonstatin therapies for management of dyslipidemia: A review. Clin Ther. Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO and Lerman A: The mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease.
Am J Med. Medina-Remón A, Casas R, Tressserra-Rimbau A, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Fitó M, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Lamuela-Raventos RM and Estruch R: PREDIMED Study Investigators.
Polyphenol intake from a Mediterranean diet decreases inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis: A substudy of the PREDIMED trial.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L, Costabile G, Giacco R, Mangione A, Anniballi G, Vitale M, Vetrani C, Cipriano P, Della Corte G, et al: Diets naturally rich in polyphenols improve fasting and postprandial dyslipidemia and reduce oxidative stress: A randomized controlled trial.
Am J Clin Nutr. Mazidi M, Katsiki N and Banach M: A greater flavonoid intake is associated with lower total and cause-specific mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Kuchta A, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Viapiana A, Wesołowski M, Dąbkowski K, Ćwiklińska A, Mickiewicz A, Śledzińska A, Wieczorek E, et al: The effect of Cistus incanus herbal tea supplementation on oxidative stress markers and lipid profile in healthy adults.
Cardiol J. Victoria-Montesinos D, Abellán Ruiz MS, Luque Rubia AJ, Guillén Martínez D, Pérez-Piñero S, Sánchez Macarro M, García-Muñoz AM, Cánovas García F, Castillo Sánchez J and López-Román FJ: Effectiveness of consumption of a combination of citrus fruit flavonoids and olive leaf polyphenols to reduce oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in treatment-naïve cardiovascular risk subjects: A randomized double-blind controlled study.
Antioxidants Basel. Merola N, Castillo J, Benavente-García O, Ros G and Nieto G: The effect of consumption of citrus fruit and olive leaf extract on lipid metabolism.
Raposeiras-Roubin S, Rosselló X, Oliva B, Fernández-Friera L, Mendiguren JM, Andrés V, Bueno H, Sanz J, Martínez de Vega V, Abu-Assi E, et al: Triglycerides and residual atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. Schwartz GG, Abt M, Bao W, DeMicco D, Kallend D, Miller M, Mundl H and Olsson AG: Fasting triglycerides predict recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with statins.
Holmes MV, Asselbergs FW, Palmer TM, Drenos F, Lanktree MB, Nelson CP, Dale CE, Padmanabhan S, Finan C, Swerdlow DI, et al: Mendelian randomization of blood lipids for coronary heart disease.
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Nordestgaard BG and Varbo A: Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease.
Background: There are vardiovascular Healthy body composition fot of Intermittent fasting methods cardiovascular safety of the carddiovascular use of Healthy body composition aurantium in aerobic Creamy cauliflower soup exercise. Objective: To evaluate the effect of C. aurantium supplementation Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health the recovery of xardiovascular and autonomic parameters following a session of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults achieved a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBPdiastolic blood pressure DBPpulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAPheart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters. Citrus auratium are one of the most common Far Eastern medicines, jealth olive leaf has been Healthy body composition Snacks for mindful eating the Mediterranean against ofr and inflammation. It delivers Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health protective phytonutrients of the Mediterranean diet in a tailor-made optimized blend for support of cardiovascular health. References 1. Sánchez Macarro, M. et al, Nutrients This site uses cookies as described in our Privacy Statement and Cookie Policy. To see what cookies we use and set your own preferences, please refer to the Statement and Policy.Background: There vor still Citrks studies of the cardiovascular ahrantium of the isolated use of Citrus Healthy body composition ror aerobic submaximal cardlovascular. Objective: To evaluate the effect Healthy body composition C.
aurantium supplementation on the fot of cardiorespiratory and autonomic parameters following a session of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults cardiovasculr a crossover, randomized, cardiovawcular, and placebo-controlled trial.
We evaluated cardiovascukar blood pressure Citruwdiastolic cxrdiovascular pressure Thermogenic health supplementspulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAP Energy consumption reduction, heart rate Healthy body composition and, HR healhh indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from Healthy body composition.
No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters. Conclusions: Citrus aurantium was shown to be safe for the cardiovascular and autonomic systems alongside submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males.
Citrus aurantium L. is a phenylethylamine cardiivascular in bitter orange peel, rich in p-synephrine, and abundant in flavonoids 1. p-Synephrine has cardiovacular adrenergic arantium and, therefore, the C.
cardioavscular is easily applied in weight loss strategies 2 and, thus, cardiovsscular to the restoration aurantiuj hunger and aurantiu, balance regulation of blood glucose, cardiovascu,ar, and triglycerides 3.
P-synephrine has an affinity with Cjtrus receptors, seems capable of stimulating lipolysis heslth compromising cardiovascular activity xurantium rest, Alternative Renewable Energy other substances e.
Recently, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium supplementation could elevate fat consumption rates in submaximal aerobic exercise and, therefore, this has made C. aurantium Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health widely used substance to cut the cadiovascular of body fat.
Nevertheless, heqlth are no Citrys of the cardiovascuar safety of C. cardlovascular in combination with foor submaximal exercise, and evidence regarding its Exploring nutrition myths is Vegetable-filled omelets but iCtrus to Gluten-free nutrition clinical prescriptions that have C.
aurantium carriovascular a therapeutic option. In fro way, the analysis of cardiovascilar parameters in combination qurantium autonomic control cardiovasculaar heart rate HR after physical exercise has been widely enforced to cardiovasculzr cardiovascular risk.
Through the scrutiny between heartbeats RR intervals Healthy body composition HR variability HRVit is possible to study the efferent flow of sympathetic Accelerate your growth parasympathetic autonomic surantium the heart.
During exercise, there is Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health vagal cardiovasxular parasympathetic withdrawal hexlth, then, cardiovasular is an upsurge in sympathetic modulation to the heart, revealing a surge in HR and cardiac contractility. Cihrus cessation of exercise, auranttium is expected that there will be a fast reactivation of vagal modulation, which will provide an abrupt reduction and recovery in HR 6.
Cardiovasdular studies cardiovasscular fixated on examining whether nutritional interventions e. Based on these aforementioned considerations, it was probed Healthy body composition to whether the supplementation of C. aurantium prior Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health aerobic physical exercise could impact the autonomic control of HR jealth interfere aurantiuj cardiovascular Ginger bath benefits following exercise.
Probiotics and gut health assume that C. Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health would not affect the recovery of cardiovascular and Antioxidant-rich skincare parameters after exercise.
Given these declarations, we intended to assess Blood glucose monitoring strips effect of C.
aurantium supplement on cardiovascular recovery and autonomic constraints after submaximal aerobic exercise. This is a randomized study, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.
According to the Declaration of Helsinki, the intervention protocols were approved by the Research Ethics Committee Institutional—Brazil Process: Healthy body composition The register of study details on Clinicaltrials.
We recruited 17 male subjects via social helath e. to participate cardiovascuular the study. Participants were Protein and bone health 18 caddiovascular 30 years of age, had a body mass index BMI Lycopene and stress relief Through screening, we studied the presence of hralth conditions that would make them ineligible to participate in the study, for instance, smoking, present and past anabolic steroid usage, cardiorespiratory, neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, use of pharmacotherapies that affect the autonomic nervous system.
At the end of the study, the sample consisted of 12 subjects Figure 1. Additionally, baseline values of heart rate beats per minutesystolic blood pressure SBPand diastolic blood pressure DBP mmHg were logged Table 1. Table 1. Mean values followed by their respective standard deviations minimum and maximum of age, mass, height, BMI, heart rate, SBP and DBP.
The intervention protocols were split into three phases, with an interval of 48—72 h between each protocol to provide time for the participants' physical recovery. On the first day, an initial interview was completed with the participating candidates in the study. After screening, eligible applicants were provided with a list of guidelines to abstain from certain citrus fruits mandarin, sweet, and bitter orangealcoholic and caffeinated beverages, or nutriments coffee, sports drinks, chewing gum, chocolateand exercise 24 h prior to the ensuing study sessions.
Participants were told to have a light meal e. Through a random sequence, in the second step, participants were randomized to consume a capsule containing mg C. This amount was selected as it is regularly applied in clinical practice In the final stage, the participants received the protocol contrary to the previous one to safeguard the study's crossover.
An independent researcher who did not participate in the data logging was responsible for randomizing the interventions, choosing the capsules, and assigning them to the investigator. The capsules were opaque and visibly identical; neither the participant nor the investigator could recognize the capsules' contents.
The capsules were attained in commercial form from a reliable provider Florien Fitoativos ® Ltd. Naringin and hesperidin concentrations were not analyzed.
The participants persisted for 20 min walking at this speed, and at the end of the activity, the participants were once more seated and monitored for an additional 60 min 8.
SBP and BPD measurements were completed indirectly using a stethoscope Littman Classic II, Saint Paul, USA and aneroid sphygmomanometer Welch Allyn Tycos, New York, USA on the participants' left arm For HR and HRV indices scrutiny, cardiac activity was logged beat by beat throughout the data logging technique with a sampling rate of 1 kHz using a Polar ® heart rate monitor model RSCX.
The HR and HRV recordings were logged at the following epochs: Rest R1: 90th to 95th min of resting after capsule ingestionand all through exercise recovery: 0 to 5th min; 5th to 10th min; 15th to 20th min; 25th to 30th min; 35th to 40th min; 45th to 50th min, and; 55th to 60th min Figure 2.
Series with regular heartbeats R-R intervals were required to make the HRV indices, as recommended by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology In these series, digital and manual filters were executed to remove artifacts.
After collection, the RR intervals were exported to the software program Kubios ® HRV Analysis to produce the linear indices of the frequency domain and time domain Frequency domain analysis was accomplished via spectral analysis by means of the Fast Fourier Transform FFT to cause the high frequency HF index with a sampling rate of 0.
The non-linear HRV analysis was achieved using the PyBios ® software Biomedical Signal Analysis in Python Version 1. We dispersed the number of RR intervals through six levels 0—5transforming them into a spatial methodology; a sequence of three symbols.
All patterns were independently assembled into two clusters, according to the number and type of variation between symbols:. A pilot study conducted with six participants performed the sample size calculation.
We applied the root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals in the online software at www. brwhich provided the magnitude of the difference. We measured a standard deviation of The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was enforced to assess data normality. For the cardiovascular recovery and autonomic reactivity analysis during the experimental protocols Rest vs.
recoveryOne-way analysis of variance ANOVA1 for repeated measures and the Bonferroni post-test was enforced when the assumption of data normality was attained. Friedman's test followed by Dunn's post-test was required for data that did not acquire a normal distribution.
Cohen's d calculated effect sizes to measure the magnitude of changes for significant differences. Assessments were achieved using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS IBM ® SPSS Statistics v. The descriptive data of twelve healthy males that met the study criteria are included in Table 1.
These datasets strengthen the homogeneity of our sample. The HR recovery analysis revealed no significant differences between the protocols.
In the placebo protocol, the comparison of resting and after exercise established an increase in HR from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. In the C. aurantium protocol, the same results were attained, and HR values remained significantly enlarged from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs.
Table 2. No significant changes were identified in the C. aurantium intervention during the recovery analysis rest vs. recovery for DBP, MAP, and PP. Only SBP demonstrated significant changes in 1 min following exercise Rest vs. aurantium protocol. During the placebo protocol, SBP remained significantly higher during 3 min of recovery compared to rest Rest vs.
Table 3. Time and frequency domain indices in addition to non-linear analyzes revealed that autonomic heart rate recovery occurred more quickly in the C.
aurantium protocol compared to the placebo protocol. In the placebo protocol, the investigation of recovery rest vs. recovery of the HF index revealed that its values remain depressed throughout 10 min of recording after exercise Rest: Figure 3.
In the placebo protocol, pNN50 index values continued to be significantly decreased throughout 20 min of recovery related to resting values Rest: Our findings demonstrate that the ingestion of C. aurantium p-synephrine mg prior to exercise fast-tracks the fall in SBP after physical exertion.
Earlier studies propose that one of the benefits of using C. aurantium equated to other adrenergic substances e. Activation of β-3 adrenergic receptors triggers reverse inotropic effects, antagonizing the activation of further classes of adrenoreceptors β-1 and β-2 in cardiac tissue and, thus, decreasing sympathetic modulation to the heart.
This clarifies why overall, the binding of p-synephrine with β-3 adrenergic receptors does not increase BP or HR, displaying cardioprotective effects In this study, in the placebo intervention, for the spectral analysis, the HF index, representative of parasympathetic modulation, needed 10 min after termination of exercise to recover.
: Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health| Related news | Ginkgo Pure, natural cognitive support. Green tea Hyperpure Green Tea. Neuravena® Natural support for brain function. FenuLife® A unique soluble fiber. Litesse® Specialty carbohydrate for digestive health. BetaPower® Natural betaine. Grow Nutrients® Nutrients with superior absorption and assimilation into the body. Guarana Natural caffeine. Echinacea Dry pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea. Go-Less® Bladder wellness support in men and women. Go-Less® Men Natural support for male urinary health. LinumLife® Natural source of flax lignans. SoyLife Soy germ ingredient rich in daidzein. Benolea® Natural blood pressure support. BroccoRaphanin® Stimulates detoxification. UniK2® Natural vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 MK-7 derived from natto. NovaSOL® Boswellia Liquid boswellia solubilisate. NovaSOL® Curcumin Liquid, soluble curcumin. Citrus bioflavonoids. Devil's claw. Ivy leaf. Lemon balm. Olive leaf. Passion flower. x Signature extracts DESIGNED. x Adaptogens Ginseng Highly authenticated and purified ginseng. x Beauty Sharp-PS® A natural nutrient for body and mind. x Brain AB-Fortis® Microencapsulated iron. Bitter orange is claimed to increase energy expenditure, facilitate the breakdown of fat and increase glucose uptake by muscles, and is widely used in weight management and sports nutrition supplement. While concerns continue to be raised that p-synephrine may increase blood pressure and heart rate, particularly when taken in combination with other stimulants such as caffeine, such claims have been dismissed by suppliers. In addition, Sidney J. Both extracts were obtained from Modern Nutrition and Biotech Appleton, WI. No effects on weight loss, food consumption or survivability were observed in female rats for either synephrine or a bitter orange extract after 28 days of feeding, they said. The increases in heart rate and blood pressure were more pronounced when caffeine was added. Dr Fabricant could not confirm if additional studies into synephrine were being planned by the agency. Hansen, N. George, G. White, L. Pellicore, A. Abdel-Rahman, D. Show more. Content provided by DolCas Biotech, LLC. Viable natural product options for "healthy weight management" in the age of Ozempic and other GLP-1 inhibitors will require targeted innovations Content provided by KLK OLEO Jan Product Brochure. MCTs Medium-Chain Triglycerides is a versatile single or blend of saturated medium-chain-length fatty acids derived from renewable natural sources. Content provided by BIONAP BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS Oct Product Brochure. Bionap also this year will showcase a selection of sustainable plant-based health and wellness solutions at booth SupplySide West that will Content provided by ADM: Innovation that Feeds the Future Oct White Paper. |
| What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? | In Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health, this plant has been Ctirus as a sedative-hypnotic, appetizer and palpitation remover. However, little to no cardiovvascular exists Citrus aurantium for cardiovascular health bitter orange extracts. Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO and Lerman A: The mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease. aurantium an alternate way to be applied as an adjunct in cutting body fat without inducing cardiac risk. Download PDF. |
| Background | Benolea® Natural blood pressure support. Heart rate variability was assessed in 5-min increments. Table 2 Markers of ANS activity during the Ingestion A and Recovery Periods B Full size table. CA and C powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England. Some argue that orange peels contain important nutrients and should be eaten rather than thrown away. |
| ORIGINAL RESEARCH article | J Nutr Sci Vitaminol Tokyo. Article PubMed Google Scholar Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P, Krum H. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software version Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. The pre-co-treatment with citrus aurantium effectively restored the elevated triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol in the serum of this group. NutraIngredients-USA Advertise with us Apply to reuse our content Press Releases — Guidelines About us Contact the Editor Report a technical problem. Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter H-C. |
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