Polyphenols and blood sugar control -
Polyphenols also influence insulin secretion and sensitivity. Additionally, studies show polyphenols inhibiting two enzymes vital for metabolizing glucose from dietary carbohydrate: α-amylase and α-glucosidase, slowing down glucose release and absorption and ultimately reducing high blood sugar following a meal.
Polyphenol involvement in glucose homeostasis is linked to prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Colonic microbiota of the gastrointestinal GI tract metabolize and modulate a majority of dietary polyphenols, with just a small number of these phytonutrients being directly absorbed in the upper GI tract.
Microbial metabolism must occur before the majority of polyphenols can be absorbed elsewhere. While microbiota do impact polyphenol biological activity, other dietary and endogenous factors, such as food consumed simultaneously with dietary source of polyphenols, have an influence as well.
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Polyphenols are divided into 2 classes: flavonoids flavanols, flavonols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanins and non-flavonoids like phenolic acids, stilbene and lignans Pandey, ; Kim, In addition their health benefits, the presence of polyphenolic compounds in foods can affect sensory properties such as taste, flavor, color and odor Pandey, There is growing interest from researchers in understanding the effects of polyphenols on blood glucose levels.
Furthermore, the poor absorption of dietary polyphenols resulted in a large proportion of the ingested polyphenols reaching the colon, where they can modulate the relative abundance of gut microbiota and hinder dysbiosis, an alteration in the gut microbiota, which is associated with obesity and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes Wang, Polyphenols found in fruit and vegetables are essential and therefore, patients with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to consume the recommended intake of fruit and vegetables.
Nine intervention studies examining the effect of various polyphenols on glycemic control and metabolic parameters have been selected table 1. This is in line with the findings from a systematic review conducted in , wherein resveratrol supplementation in Type 2 diabetes resulted in significant and clinically important changes, particularly in the FBG and HbA1c levels Zhu, The beneficial effect observed pf resveratrol may be explained by its role as an activator of sirtuin 1, also known as silent information regulatory protein 1 SIRT1.
SIRT1 has numerous regulatory functions in the body: adiponectin secretion, inflammation, glucose production, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and circadian rhythms. Resveratrol, like other activators of SIRT1, promotes glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
In pancreatic ß-cells, SIRT1 has been shown to adjust insulin secretion, protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulate insulin signaling Ki-tada and Koya, Few studies included in this review show that polyphenols have favorable effects on lipid profile, especially:.
After intervention with resveratrol and anthocyanin supplementation, most studies report no significant change in triglycerides and total cholesterol. A decrease in the levels of these 2 lipids was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes after intervention with Bergamot polyphenolic fraction.
Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Polyphenols on the Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Prev Nutr Food Sci. N° 85 June To print To print Partager sur Facebook Partager sur LinkedIn Partager sur Twitter.
A wide variety of polyphenols from plants-based with antioxidant activity Polyphenols are naturally secondary metabolites in plants such as fruit, vegetables, legumes and cereals, with over 8, polyphenols compounds identified. Polyphenols from fruit and vegetables can have a significant improvement in glycemic contro Nine intervention studies examining the effect of various polyphenols on glycemic control and metabolic parameters have been selected table 1.
Polyphenols compounds produce favorable lipid profile results The beneficial effect observed pf resveratrol may be explained by its role as an activator of sirtuin 1, also known as silent information regulatory protein 1 SIRT1.
Few studies included in this review show that polyphenols have favorable effects on lipid profile, especially: a significant increase in HDL-C Abdollahi, ; Mollace, : this may be due to the role of polyphenols in regulating the expression of the main cholesterol transporters, facilitating the transport of excess cholesterol to the liver and intestine Zhao, a significant reduction in LDL-C were identified after intervention with resveratrol Khodabandehloo, and anthocyanin Nikbakht, ; Yang, Anthocyanin inhibits adipocyte lipolysis by blocking the FoxO1-mediated transcription of adipose triglyceride lipase, the major lipase involved in TG break-down in adipocytes.
Two types of parameters were assessed: — Glycemic parameters: fasting blood glucose FBG or glycated hemoglobin A1c HbA1c — Metabolic parameters: Serum lipid profile triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C. Key messages.
Fruit and vegetables, source of nutrients and bioactive compounds like polyphenols, are an essential component of the healthy diet recommended in prevention and management for type 2 diabetes to prevent hyperglycemia and related complications.
Significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reported after resveratrol, anthocyanin, and naringin were administered to patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Many studies included in this review found that the effects of resveratrol and anthocyanin on glycemic control and lipid profile were inconsistent due to factors such as the period of intervention, the form and dose of polyphenol supplementation, and the baseline parameter values.
The researchers of this study decided to continue their work by conducting a week intervention to determine whether polyphenol from a local vegetable could help to improve the glycemic and metabolic profiles of Type 2 diabetes. Medical nutrition therapy guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
p American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes－ Anthocyanins, prevalent in certain polyphenol subclasses, are particularly associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Procyanidins, when administered individually, exhibit enhanced efficacy, showcasing their potential as a key player in diabetes prevention. The multifaceted benefits of dietary polyphenols include protecting pancreatic β-cells, providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, inhibiting starch digestion, and preventing the formation of advanced glycation end products.
The coffee fruit emerges as a powerhouse of polyphenols, surpassing even well-known sources like grapes, green tea, acai, and blueberries. With a polyphenol count times higher than grapes and green tea, the coffee fruit found in I Am Grounded products boasts an impressive 1,mg of polyphenols per g.
This abundance of antioxidants positions coffee fruit as a superior choice for those seeking natural, potent sources of polyphenols. As we unravel the science behind polyphenols in coffee fruit, it becomes clear that nature's offerings extend far beyond a delightful cup of coffee.
These polyphenols showcase incredible potential in evidence-based research around preventing and managing Type 2 diabetes, all while providing a rich source of antioxidants.
Embracing the power of coffee fruit polyphenols aligns not only with diabetes prevention but also with a broader commitment to holistic well-being. Our journey through the world of polyphenols reaffirms that, in every sip and bite, we have the opportunity to nurture our health naturally.
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In Polypphenols years, there is growing Polyphenols and blood sugar control PPolyphenols plant-foods polyphenols, due to Polyphejols biological Mouthwash, may be unique nutraceuticals and supplementary treatments for suggar aspects of Polyphenole 2 diabetes mellitus. In this article we have bloodd the potential efficacies of polyphenols, including phenolic ckntrol, flavonoids, Polyphenols and blood sugar control, lignans and polymeric lignans, on metabolic disorders and complications induced by diabetes. Based on several in vitroanimal models and some human studies, dietary plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich products modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, attenuate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, improve adipose tissue metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress and stress-sensitive signaling pathways and inflammatory processes. Polyphenolic compounds can also prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Further investigations as human clinical studies are needed to obtain the optimum dose and duration of supplementation with polyphenolic compounds in diabetic patients.These factors unlock fontrol emergence of a number of boood including controp, cardiovascular problems, different contdol of cancer, etc.
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The presence of these secondary metabolites seems to decrease the manifestation of miscellaneous disease-causing symptoms. The purpose Food and exercise tracker this review is to bolod information about polyphenols and their potential in controlling sugae and diabetes.
Polyphenols are considered as Pklyphenols sources and thus could be involved in novel strategies for suhar diabetes and obesity complications. Nutrition Polylhenols an important health factor, as the main recommendations for achieving it include Polyphenols and blood sugar control consumption of a variety Polyphenols and blood sugar control foods.
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Therefore the European Commission established a coherent and comprehensive Community Strategy to address the issues of overweight and obesity and related health sugarr [ 3 ] as well as the Augar Action Plan xugar Childhood Obesity [ 4 ].
Diabetes Shgar mellitus is a serious, lifelong, progressive endocrine disorder, which can Polyphebols the entire body. It is Polyphenols and blood sugar control by hyperglycemia high blood sugar glucose levels bloo the body due to absolute or relative insulin production dysfunction.
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The condition is progressive requiring lifestyle management Poluphenols and exercise at all stages. In this glood, functional foods may be a promising strategy to sjgar this issue as reported by Tessari and Polyphenols and blood sugar control [ 6 ].
These authors studied Polyphenolss metabolic effects Caffeine and menstrual pain relief a specifically bloid functional bread, Promote healthy sleep in starch and Polyphenole in fibers in people with controk 2 diabetes mellitus.
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The physical inactivity and unhealthy diet are the main contributors to being overweight and obese. Women with Polyyphenols diabetes are at an increased risk Anxiety relief through creative expression complications during pregnancy and at delivery.
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The Pklyphenols and severity of type 2 diabetes are closely linked to Sugad Mass Index BMI. A Fruits for eye health above 30 is an alarming symptom.
The epidemic of conrrol has major health and socioeconomic impacts, especially in developing countries. Obese people are seven times more likely to have diabetes, while overweight people are at only three times greater risk compared to those of healthy weight [ 7 ].
There are several theories of why obesity is linked to diabetes type 2. One of them states that abdominal obesity may cause fat cells to release pro-inflammatory chemicals, which lower the body sensitivity to insulin and disrupt its ability to properly respond to insulin [ 8 ].
Scientists claim that obesity is most likely to trigger changes to the body's metabolism that cause fat tissue to release increased amounts of fatty acids, glycerol, hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other factors that are involved in the development of insulin resistance [ 9 ].
There is a clear association between increasing age and greater diabetes prevalence. Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are strongly associated with an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Physical and social environments are important influences on diet and physical activity behavior along with interrelated economic, psychological and cultural factors [ 12 ].
Obesity and diabetes are characterized by both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction as increased artery intima-media thickness, and increased vascular stiffness leading to substantial increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [ 1314 ]. Obesity is due primarily to an imbalance between caloric intake and activity.
Obesity has rapidly become a serious public health concern. Obesity and overweight are different stages of unhealthy weight. Overweight people are those with BMI between 25 and 30, while obese ones are those with BMI over This means that obese people have accumulated excessive fat tissues in their body.
Social inequalities in overweight and obesity are strong, especially among women [ 15 ]. Absolute social inequalities were largest in Hungary Relative inequalities with poor education largest in France and Sweden showed that poorly educated men are 3.
According to Devaux and Sassi [ 15 ], USA and England had the highest rates of obesity and overweight. Obesity rates are projected to increase at a faster pace in Korea and Switzerland where rates have been historically low [ 16 ].
Polyphenols are a large group of naturally occurring secondary metabolites mainly found in plants fruits, vegetables, cereals etc. and beverages. They have a wide variety of diverse structures, which belong to two main classes: non-flavonoids particularly phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans and flavonoids, which are characterized by the basic C 6 -C 3 -C 6 skeleton Fig.
The two aromatic rings within the flavonoid structure are linked by a heterocyclic ring, which differs in the degree of oxidation and leads to the following sub-classifications: flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, anthocyanins and flavanols, usually called catechins.
Some of the widespread representatives of natural phenolic compounds are kaempherol flavonolquercetin flavonolluteolin flavone and resveratrol stilbenoid Fig 1.
Both luteolin and quercetin are associated with their protective effects on diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy [ 1718 ]. Treatment with quercetin has the ability to abrogate hypertension progression induced by diabetes together with amelioration of the exaggerated contractile responses of aorta.
Studies have confirmed the efficacy of resveratrol in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies have described resveratrol as a potent activator of histone deacetylase Sirtuin1 Sirt1 [ 19 ].
Polyphenols are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. In food, they may contribute to the bitterness, astringency, color, flavor, odor and oxidative stability.
Because of their possible beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols and other food phenolics are still increasing their scientific interest.
Studying the dietary polyphenol intake in Europe, Zamora et al. The main polyphenol contributors were established to be phenolic acids Coffee, tea, and fruit were the most important food sources of total polyphenols.
Zamora et al. The most abundant ones according to the above-mentioned authors were caffeoylquinic acids and the proanthocyanidin olygomers and polymers [ 20 ].
The polyphenol content of foods is strongly influenced by the methods of culinary preparation. The process of peeling of fruits and vegetables, for example, can significantly reduce polyphenol content, not only because these substances are often present in high concentrations in the outer parts, but also due to enzymatic browning which occurs after the breakdown of plant cell structure and the subsequent interaction between enzyme Polyphenol Oxidase PPO and substrate during post-harvest stages leading to color alteration and antioxidant degradation as a consequence of the phenolic oxidation.
For this reason, the research of new eco-friendly systems for controlling PPO activity is focused on innovative non-thermal technologies and bioactive compounds to replace the conventional thermal treatments and traditional additives which could impair the sensory, nutritional and health properties of food products [ 21 - 26 ].
The process of heating, also, has an outstanding effect. Also, extraction by heating or boiling of green tea leaves seems to increase the epimerization of tea catechins and therefore a lower recovery of bioactive compounds [ 29 ]. Polyphenols, of natural origin, are potential sources of various beneficial effects - anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects [ 30 ].
Commonly consumed polyphenols such as green tea catechins, especially epigallocatechin gallates, as well as resveratrol and curcumin are considered to impact obesity and obesity-related inflammation.
Dietary polyphenols are demonstrated to reduce viability of adipocytes and proliferation of preadipocytes, suppress adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride accumulation, stimulate lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation, and reduce inflammation. Black tea polyphenols inhibit the emulsion of droplets and the activity of pancreatic lipase, α-amylase and glucosidases [ 32 ].
Green tea was reported to reduce significantly body mass index and waist circumference. Furthermore, Vernarelli and Lambert [ 33 ] compared the intake of flavonoids with the Body Mass Index BMI and waist circumference.
The authors established that higher flavonoid intake influenced lower BMI and waist circumference, which could contribute to the health issues associated with obesity as a higher risk for many chronic diseases.
Cocoa supplementation and cinnamon reduce blood glucose. Soy isoflavones, citrus products, hesperidin and quercetin improve lipid metabolism [ 34 ]. Increased consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages was associated with a reduction of cardiovascular diseases [ 35 - 37 ].
Furthermore, among polyphenol-rich foods and beverages, Arab et al. Increasing flavonoid intake also appeared to be a way to reduce moderately the risk of disease as stroke [ 40 ].
Additionally, flavonoids have been reported to provide both antioxidant and antithrombotic properties [ 4142 ]. Some of the most common sources of dietary polyphenols are given in Table 1. Numerous scientific reports give evidence regarding the intake of polyphenols and their food sources and the influence on related-diabetes risk factors.
Several studies highlight the anti-obesity effects of polyphenol-rich diets affecting the ability of polyphenols to interact, directly or indirectly, with adipose tissues preadipocytes, adipose stem cells, and immune cells.
However, obesity and diabetes nowadays are among the major diseases of health concern, which provoke the scientific interest. Obese individuals are at a greater risk for the development of several pathologies including diabetes etc.
Polyphenols p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and hydroxyhippuric acid could boost insulin sensitivity, slow down the rate, the digestion, and absorption of sugar [ 44 ]. Recent studies associate the decrease of the insulin resistance to type of flavonoid flavanols and revealed the flavonoids as the type of polyphenols most often associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes [ 4546 ].
Unfortunately, in order to state concrete flavonoids conducting large-scale, well-designed, and population-based studies is required in the future [ 47 ]. Lambert et al.
The reported, underlined the importance of both dietary and physical training recommendations in insulin resistance condition. Furthermore, the use of a combination of polyphenols is proposed to treat diabesity complications in view of reported synergisms of resveratrol when combined with quercetin or resveratrol plus quercetin and genistein in in vitro studies [ 4950 ].
: Polyphenols and blood sugar control| Let's get you set up with an appointment | One Polyphhenols note that pancreatic amyloid cannot be measured Professional-grade compounds Polyphenols and blood sugar control contrll and that serum levels of hA controll proamylin are often not measured Polyphenpls a biomarker, despite evidence that suggests high levels may be related cnotrol amyloid cotrol and are associated with insulin resistance and T2DM Zheng et al. Tsuda T, Horio F, Uchida K, Aoki H, Osawa T: Dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice. Polyphenols and glycemic control. Paris University, France. Int J Biochem Cell Biol ; 41 11 : In this article we have reviewed the potential efficacies of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans and polymeric lignans, on metabolic disorders and complications induced by diabetes. |
| Introduction | Multifunctional bread Satiety and feeling full Polyphenols and blood sugar control beta glucans and low in congrol improves metabolic control sugag type 2 diabetes: A bloov trial. Polyphenols and blood sugar control polyphenols decrease cnotrol uptake by human intestinal Blooc cells. sprouts as antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic agent. The hormone amylin human amylin or hA; also known as islet amyloid polypeptide or IAPP is said to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM. In recent years, there is growing evidence that plant-foods polyphenols, due to their biological properties, may be unique nutraceuticals and supplementary treatments for various aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. References: Zhu Y and Huang X. |
| Locate us for consultation | Activation of the Xugar Inflammasome by Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Provides a Mechanism for Enhanced IL-1β in Type 2 Blpod. Alzheimers Balanced diet for muscle definition. Genistein, EGCG, and Capsaicin Inhibit Adipocyte Polhphenols Process via Activating AMP-Activated Polyphenols and blood sugar control Kinase. Some polyphenols are Polyphenols and blood sugar control in controol native form. Calorie Restriction-like Effects of 30 Days of Resveratrol Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Profile in Obese Humans. These structural similarities, as well as the promiscuity of polyphenolic compounds to inhibit amyloid formed from various peptides, including hA, amyloid-β and α-synuclein, suggest that the structural conformation is important for interacting with the aromatic residues and β-sheet structures common to amyloids Porat et al. Oligomeric procyanidins, contained in apples had inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption [ 58 ]. |
| Frontiers | Mechanisms Underlying the Antidiabetic Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds: A Review | The most abundant ones according to the above-mentioned authors were caffeoylquinic acids and the proanthocyanidin olygomers and polymers [ 20 ]. In this regard, the characterization of microbial strains, suitable for the fermentation process of plants historically recognized by folk medicine, could be used to design new functional food with added beneficial attributes [ 69 , 70 ]. As hA oligomers have been shown to contribute to oxidative stress Zraika et al. Polyphenols differ in the number and bonding structure of phenol rings Kim, Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and human health: Epidemiological evidence. |
| Can Polyphenols Treat or Prevent Type 2 Diabetes? | Embracing the power of coffee fruit polyphenols aligns not cotnrol with diabetes Build muscle, burn fat Polyphenols and blood sugar control also coontrol a broader commitment to Polyphejols well-being. Possible pathways of polyphenol metabolism by contfol bacteria [ Polyphenole ] have Polyphenols and blood sugar control investigated in several research projects, highlighting the significant evidence of the diet-derived bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their potential impact on human health. The bioactivity of most metabolites of polyphenolic compounds is poorly understood. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: Role in diabetes and eye function. Effect of acacia polyphenol on glucose homeostasis in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomized multicenter feeding trial. |
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5 Best Morning Drinks For Diabetics Polyphenolic compounds are thought to show considerable promise for the contrll of various Healthier cholesterol levels Polyphenols and blood sugar control, including type 2 Polyphenlls mellitus T2DM. This review addresses evidence from in vitroin Polyphenols and blood sugar controland clinical studies for Polyphenolls antidiabetic effects of certain polyphenolic compounds. We focus on the role of cytotoxic human amylin hA aggregates in the pathogenesis of T2DM, and how polyphenols can ameliorate this process by suppressing or modifying their formation. Small, soluble amylin oligomers elicit cytotoxicity in pancreatic islet β-cells and may thus cause β-cell disruption in T2DM. Amylin oligomers may also contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to the triggering of β-cell apoptosis.Polyphenols and blood sugar control -
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Why You Need to Make Polyphenols A Part of Your Diet April 17, If you have diabetes, take a teaspoon of cinnamon. Table of Contents. Related Posts Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Recent research studies have revealed that a gene known to cause Type 2 diabetes Why Healthy Lifestyle Matters in Type 2 Diabetes And How You Can Go About it We know that unhealthy lifestyle can bring on type 2 diabetes T2D.
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Isoflavones are other most important dietary flavonoids that include daidzein, genistein and glycitein; soybeans and soy products are the richest sources of these estrogen-like structure compounds.
Lignans, diphenoilc components with phytoesterogenic activity, have been found in high concentrations in linseed and other grains and cereals.
Stilbenes occur in the human diet in low quantities; resveratrol, one of the well studied compounds of these groups, is largely detected in grapes and red wine [ 5 , 16 , 17 ]. Bioavailability of these bioactive components is dependent on food preparation processes, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption and metabolism [ 20 ].
During the absorption pathway, dietary polyphenols must be hydrolyzed by the intestinal enzymes or colonic microflora, and then be conjugated in the intestinal cells and later in the liver by methylation, sulfation or glucuronidation [ 21 ].
Polyphenols consequently reach and accumulate in the target tissue and induce biological properties; the polyphenol derivates mainly excrete through bile and urine. Several studies showed rapid absorption of the polyphenolic compounds, such as procyanidins, quercetin and flavanols into plasma, with plasma concentrations peaking at 2 or 3 hours after ingestion [ 16 ].
Impaired carbohydrate metabolism and developing insulin resistance is the main metabolic disorder in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus leading to hyperglycemia. Altered digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrate, depletion of glycogen storage, increased gluconeogenesis and over output hepatic glucose, β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance of peripheral tissue and defect in insulin signaling pathways are more important causes of hyperglycemia [ 23 ].
Although the use of oral anti-diabetic drugs including α-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, meglitinides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidindiones or insulin therapies are common clinical options in management of type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia, but traditionally used natural agents have been considered for a long period of time.
Among the known natural bioactive components and phytochemicals, recently polyphenols are very popular because of their anti-hyperglycemic effects, safety and non side-effects. Potential efficacy of polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism and glucose homeostasis has been well investigated in in vitro , animal models and some clinical trials [ 24 ].
In Figure 1 beneficial effects of polyphenols on management of blood glucose in diabetes are summarized. The hypoglycemic effects of polyphenols are mainly attributed to reduce intestinal absorption of dietary carbohydrate, modulation of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, improvement of β-cell function and insulin action, stimulation of insulin secretion, and the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of these components [ 25 — 27 ].
Beneficial effects of polyphenols on management of blood glucose in diabetes. The hypoglycemic effects of polyphenols are mainly attributed to reduce intestinal absorption of dietary carbohydrate, modulation of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, improvement of β-cell function and insulin action, and stimulation of insulin secretion.
One of the most well known properties of the polyphenols, especially flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins, on carbohydrate metabolism is inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, the key enzymes responsible for digestion of dietary carbohydrates to glucose [ 26 , 28 ].
Some investigations have shown that polyphenolic compounds are also able to regulate postprandial glycemia and inhibit the development of glucose intolerance by a facilitated insulin response and attenuated secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GIP and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 GLP-1 [ 31 , 32 ].
Some polyphenols are able to regulate the key pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and hepatic glucose homeostasis including glycolysis, glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis, usually impaired in diabetes.
Ferulic acid, a hydroxycinnamic acid derivate, effectively suppresses blood glucose by elevating glucokinase activity and production of glycogen in the liver and increased plasma insulin levels in diabetic rats [ 33 ]. Supplementation of diabetic rats with hesperidin and naringin, two main citrus bioflavonoids, was accompanied with increased hepatic glucokinase activity and glycogen content, attenuated hepatic gluconeogenesis via decrease the activity of glucosephosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PEPCK , and subsequent improvement of glycemic control [ 34 , 35 ].
Green tea polyphenols, mainly catechins and epicatechins have been shown to attenuate hyperglycemia and hepatic glucose output via downregulation the expression of liver glucokinase and upregulation of PEPCK [ 36 ]; in an in vitro study, epigallocatechin gallate EGCG , one of the most abundant catechins in green tea, could activate AMP-activated protein kinase as a required pathway for the inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes expression [ 37 ].
Dietary polyphenols also influence peripheral glucose uptake in both insulin sensitive and non-insulin sensitive tissues; one study showed that phenolic acids stimulated glucose uptake by comparable performance to metformin and thiazolodinedione, main common oral hypoglycemic drugs [ 38 ].
The results from the in vitro studies showed that some polyphenolic compounds such as quercetin, resveratrol and EGCG improved insulin-dependent glucose uptake in muscle cells and adipocytes by translocation of glucose transporter, GLUT4, to plasma membrane mainly through induction of the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK pathway [ 39 , 40 ].
AMPK, an important sensor of cellular energy status, has a key role in metabolic control; activation of this pathway is considered as a new treatment for obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and a main target for anti-diabetic drugs including metformin [ 41 , 42 ].
Interestingly, effect of polyphenols in activation of AMPK has been reported times more than metformin [ 43 ]. Some polyphenols also have potential to induce phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase PI3k as a key signaling pathway for up-regulation of glucose uptake [ 44 ]. Furthermore, Fu et al indicated that genistein could induce protein expression of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator of β-cell growth and subsequently improve islet β-cell proliferation, survival and mass [ 47 ].
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetes [ 48 , 49 ]. Some of the polyphenolic compounds protect β-cells from hyperglycemia-induced and oxidative-induced damage; oral administration of phenolic-rich chestnut extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats had favorable effects on serum glucose and viability of β-cell through attenuation of oxidative stress, enhancing the natural antioxidant system, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation [ 50 ].
Resveratrol also alleviate chronic over stimulation induced-workload and impose pressure on the β-cells, and subsequently delay the degradation of pancreatic islets and progress of type 2 diabetes. This effect appears to be due to the diminished stimulatory effects of hyperglycemia in insulin secretion; some experimental and in vitro studies demonstrated that resveratrol has the potential to reduce insulin secretion through induction of metabolic changes in β-cells [ 51 , 52 ].
In summary, results of the studies acknowledge that plant polyphenols favorably affect several aspects of diabetes-induced metabolic disorders and modulate carbohydrate metabolism, glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
Progressive insulin resistance is mainly accompanied with pro-atherogenic cardiovascular risk profiles and consequently atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease are the major causes of mortality in type 2 diabetic patients [ 53 ].
Dyslipidemia, undesirable changes in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, lipid peroxidation especially oxidized low-density lipoprotein particles, oxidative damage and increased inflammatory mediators including chemokines and cytokines, hyper-coagulation and platelet activation have been considered as the main metabolic abnormalities in diabetes mellitus leading to cardiovascular disease [ 54 ].
There is growing evidence suggesting that dietary intake of polyphenol-rich foods and supplementation with these bioactive components could have protective effects against diabetes-induced cardiovascular pathogenesis; the mechanisms involved in these properties mainly include regulation of lipid metabolism, attenuation of oxidative damage and scavenging of free radicals, improvement of the endothelial function and vascular tone, enhancement the production of vasodilating factors such as nitric oxide, and inhibition the synthesis of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 in endothelial cells [ 55 — 57 ].
One of the most important favorable effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular system in diabetes probably is regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and improvement of dyslipidemia.
Based on research conducted in this area, polyphenolic compounds are capable of reducing digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Oligomeric procyanidins, contained in apples had inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption [ 58 ].
Apple procyanidins also induce hypolipidemic effects by decreasing of apolipoprotein B synthesis and secretion, inhibition of cholesterol estrification and intestinal lipoprotein production [ 59 ]. The hypolipidemic effects of catechins and proanthcyanidins are related to inhibition of key enzymes in lipid biosynthesis pathways, reduce intestinal lipid absorption.
Catechins also interact with proteins involved in cholesterol translocation from the enterocyte brush border ATP-binding cassette proteins, multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 1, B type1-scavenger receptors, Niemann Pick C-1 like 1 protein , change their function and effectively reduce cholesterol absorption [ 60 ].
Administration of tart cherries as medicinal food rich in anthocyanins was accompanied with decrease in hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and hepatic steatosis through enhanced hepatic PPARα and some target genes including acyl-coenzyme A oxidase [ 61 ].
Endothelial dysfunction, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells of the vessels are central events in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced atherosclerosis.
Some cardiovascular protective properties of polyphenols are attributed to modulatory effects on the vascular structure and function. Interestingly, some polyphenols inhibit the expression of major proangiogenic, prothrombotic and proatherosclerotic factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase-2 MMP-2 in smooth muscle cells, by redox-sensitive and redox-insensitive mechanisms [ 62 — 64 ].
Oligomeric proanthcyanidins, found in red apple, cinnamon, cocoa, and grapes have the potential to protect vascular cell against diabetes-induced oxidative stress via increase in activity of superoxide, dismutase inhibition of NADPH oxidase and production of free radicals as well as decrease proliferation of smooth muscle cells [ 65 ].
Flananols modulate platelet hyperactivity and aggregation, regulate coronary blood flow, reduce endothelial inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, increase production and bioavailability of nitric oxide, and consequently atherosclerosis development [ 66 ].
In human trials, consumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate was accompanied with improvement of endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension, and attenuation acute transient hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients [ 67 , 68 ].
Administration of other polyphenol-rich products such as grape seed extract, cranberry juice, grape and pomegranate juice also had a therapeutic role in decreasing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome [ 69 , 70 ]. Catechins, quercetin and anthocyanins have potent platelet-inhibitory properties and are considered as inhibitors of platelet cell signaling and thrombus formation [ 71 ].
As reviewed by Pascul-Tresa, bioactive anthocyanins including delphinidinrotinoside, cyanidinglucoside, cyanidinrutinoside, malvidinglucoside and intestinal metabolites such as dihydroferulic acid and 3- hydroxyphenyl propionic acid prevent platelet hyper-activation and aggregation through inhibition of peptides activating thrombin receptor [ 66 ].
Undoubtedly, one of the main protective properties of polyphenols in the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in diabetic condition is related to the ability of these bioactive components to prevent lipoproteins oxidation and production of advanced glycation end products.
Dietary polyphenolic compounds also protect myocardial tissue against several undesirable changes and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Treatment of diabetic rat models with grape seed proanthcyanidins extracts effectively reduced the receptor of advanced glycation end products RAGE , nuclear factor-kappaB NF-kappaB , and transforming growth factor-β TGF-β gene expression in myocardial tissue [ 72 ].
In summary, results of the studies confirm that polyphenolic compounds attenuate several cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes; dietary polyphenols modulate lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia, improve vascular function, decrease oxidative and inflammatory-induced vascular damage, and regulate blood pressure.
Inhibition of these oxidative processes could prevent the onset and development of long-term diabetic complications [ 76 ]. Most polyphenolic compounds and their active metabolites have been known as potent antioxidant phytochemicals due to their unique structure.
As reviewed by Dembinska-Kiec, these compounds could scavenge free radicals, quench electronically excited compounds, reduce hydroperoxide formation, and attenuate production of reactive oxygen species ROS through modulation of several enzymes involved in the development of ROS including xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, microsomal monooxygenase, NADH oxidase and mitochondrial succinoxidase [ 77 ].
Some experts believe that polyphenols beyond the direct antioxidant capacities in scavenging of free radicals mainly act by direct interactions with important cellular receptors or key signaling pathways, which may result in modification of the redox status of the cell and may trigger a series of redox-dependent reactions [ 78 ].
Plant polyphenols can enhance the endogenous antioxidative system, improve oxidant antioxidant balance, and effectively prevent oxidative damage; green tea catechins are the polyphenolic compounds most studied polyphenolic compounds in this area; these bioactive components decreased lipid peroxidation and increased plasma total antioxidant capacity; they also attenuated of stress-sensitive signaling pathways, prooxidant enzymes, and inducted of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase [ 79 ].
Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of insulin resistance, sub-clinical inflammation, β cell impairment and type 2 diabetes [ 80 ]. Polyphenolic compounds have wonderful modulatory effects on many aspects of metabolic, endocrine and cellular signaling transduction of adipose tissue.
Some polyphenols such as catechins increase β oxidation in adipocytes, down-regulate the enzymes and genes involved in lipogenesis including lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase complex, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ PPARγ , CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-α, regulatory element-binding protein 1-c, fatty acid binding protein.
Some polyphenols, up-regulate lipolysis pathways via induction of hormone sensitive lipase, adipose tissue lipase, increased gene expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 UCP-2 and carnitin palmitoyl transferase-1 CPT-1 in adipocytes [ 81 , 82 ].
Anthocyanins, one group of phenolic compounds considered as modulators of adipose tissue metabolism, are bioactive components which improve adipocytes dysfunction and adipocytokines secretion in insulin resistance, increase β oxidation and decrease fat accumulation on adipocytes [ 83 ].
Cyanidin and cyanidinglucoside have shown several therapeutic effects on adipocyte dysfunction through decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and interleukin-6, induction of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, acetyl CoA oxidase, perlipin and adiponectin gene expression [ 84 ].
One of the most important properties of polyphenols recently identified is its preventive effect against long-term diabetes complications including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; based on research conducted in this area administration of anthocyanins, flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds in diabetic conditions may facilitate new approaches for improving the quality of life in diabetic patients.
As reviewed by Ghosh et al, anthocyanins and anthocyanins-rich extracts have the potential to alleviate the developing pathways of some pathologic conditions related to diabetes; anthocyanins facilitate blood flow and prevent diabetes-induced microangiopathy, increase microvascular permeability, decrease leucocytes aggregation in vascular cell wall and improve capillary filtration of albumin [ 85 ].
Recently there has been increasing interest in grape seed proanthcyanidin extracts as a natural treatment for some important diabetes complications; proanthcyanidin-rich grape seed extract inhibited the development of retinopathy, nephropathy and neurodegenerative damage in diabetic condition [ 87 , 88 ].
Flavanols surprisingly have the potential to improve cognitive disorders and cholinergic dysfunction related to diabetes and other secondary consequence of changes in the nervous system induced by hyperglycemia and diabetes oxidative stress; administration of quercetin in diabetic rats improved mental function and memory via inhibition of acetylcholine esterase and attenuation of oxidative damage in nervous system [ 89 ].
Green tea catechins including epicatechin, epicatechingallat, and epigalocatechin gallat decreased the synthesis of thromboxane A2 TXA2 and increased prostacyclin I2 PGI2 , modulate the impaired balance between these ecosanoids as accelerators of thrombogenesis in the renal tubules, leading consequently improved glomerular filtration and kidney function [ 90 ].
Type 2 diabetes, a clustering of metabolic disorder, is accompanied with other pathogenic conditions including sub-clinical inflammation and oxidative stress that subsequently leads to insulin resistance and long-term diabetes complications.
The rising trend in the prevalence of diabetes complications suggests that current medical treatments for the management of diabetes are not sufficient and use of supplementary treatments, including functional foods and their nutraceuticals, could increase the effectiveness of diabetes management.
Plant polyphenols including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans, based on in vitro studies , animal models and some clinical trials, have been proposed as effective supplements for diabetes management and prevention of its long-term complications. Further investigations using human clinical studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of polyphenolic compounds as supplementary treatments for diabetic patients.
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Polyphenols and blood sugar control, a staggering Polyphenols and blood sugar control people Rehydrate for optimal performance type 2 diabetes. Vlood it causes ane. Currently, this metabolic conhrol affects about 1 in 10 Polyphenls in the United States and around 1 in 10 people over 40 in the United Kingdom. Studies have repeatedly found that having a plant-based diet, like the Mediterranean dietcan help prevent and even treat type 2 diabetes. Dietary patterns are complex — we eat many different foods every week, each containing tens or hundreds of compounds. Still, we know that a healthy, plant-based diet probably decreases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes in several ways.
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