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Description Description Chinese Herb Botanical Extracts Oriental plants have been in regular use for thousands of years and differ from herbs used in Western phytotherapy in that they are not merely dried plant parts or their extracts or tinctures, but are actually crude medicinal drugs.

Request Sample Details. Related Formulas. The results showed that at noncytotoxic concentrations, all five extracts significantly inhibited the infection range and gene expression of PRRSV, reducing the genomic copy number of PRRSV down to 4.

Therefore, the study suggests that these five extracts can effectively inhibit PRRSV infection. The inhibitory effect of five potential antiviral extracts on PRRSV infection.

A At 23 h postinfection, the infection range of PRRSV in cells was observed by microscopy. The nucleocapsid DAPI, blue and the PRRSV protein green.

C The PRRSV RNA fragments in the supernatant were tested by qPCR. Generally, the antiviral activity of Chinese herbs has direct and indirect effects.

Directly, they act on viruses by inactivating and inhibiting the proliferation of viral infections. Indirectly, they enhance the immune function in the host to suppress viruses Li et al.

Among the various extracts, Ilex purpurea Hassk and Echinacea have the most significant antiviral activity against PEDV, PRV, and PRRSV infection. A time-of-addition experiment was conducted to determine the antiviral targets of the two extracts: 1 cell pretreatment, 2 virus pretreatment, 3 cotreatment, and 4 positive control Fig.

It was found that the direct killing effect of the two extracts on the virus was greater than their preventive activity. Therefore, it can be inferred that the antiviral activity of Echinacea and Ilex purpurea Hassk extracts not only directly acts on the virus but also indirectly acts on the cells.

Time-of-addition experiment. A Time mark of adding extract. The infectious virus released in the infected cell culture supernatant was quantified by qPCR. Time-of-addition assays of Echinacea B and Ilex purpurea Hassk C are shown. PRV: porcine pseudorabies virus; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder syndrome.

To investigate whether the antiviral effect of Echinacea or Ilex purpurea Hassk extract prevents virus infection or inhibits postinfection stage viral proliferation, a time-of-addition experiment was conducted. The number of copies of the virus released into the supernatant of the cell culture was measured by qPCR.

The addition of Echinacea or Ilex purpurea Hassk extract to virus-infected cells resulted in significant inhibition of PRV, PRRSV or PEDV yields Fig. Furthermore, a significant reduction was observed when the Echinacea or Ilex purpurea Hassk extract was added in virus early infection or post infection.

Research indicates that Echinacea and Ilex purpurea Hassk exhibit higher antiviral activity against PRV and PEDV in the early stage of infection than in the postinfection stage. However, the antiviral activity of Echinacea against PRRSV during early infection was less than that during the postinfection stage Fig.

These results suggest that multiple steps of the viral PRV, PEDV and PRRSV life cycle may be affected by Echinacea or Ilex purpurea Hassk extract. Ilex purpurea Hassk and Echinacea extracts have demonstrated antiviral activity against PRV HNX strain and PEDV YN14 strain infection.

As shown in Fig. These results confirm that the virucidal effect of Ilex purpurea Hassk or Echinacea extract is not limited to specific subtypes of PRV and PEDV.

The inhibitory activity of Ilex purpurea Hassk or Echinacea extracts on different PRV and PEDV subtypes. Vero cells were infected with either PRV or PEDV at an MOI of 0.

Echinacea A , B ; Ilex purpurea Hassk C , D. PRV: porcine pseudorabies virus; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Cross-species transmission of viruses occurs frequently, and the protection capability of vaccines has become increasingly insufficient.

In China, since , multiple mutant strains of PRV have been isolated from pig farms that were previously vaccinated with the pseudorabies vaccine Leng et al.

These mutant strains are more pathogenic than the nonmutant PRV strains Zhang et al. Additionally, persistent PRV infection and the occurrence of other pig viruses, such as PRRSV or PEDV Chen et al.

Recent research has confirmed that a PRV variant strain can cause acute encephalitis in humans Liu et al. With the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus since December , the infected population has exceeded 15 million as of July 22, Parikh et al.

As a result, there is an urgent need for effective research on safe and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs to prevent the spread of the virus, which not only affects human and animal health but also causes economic losses.

The use of traditional Chinese herbal agents for health promotion and adjuvant viral disease therapy is gaining popularity worldwide. Due to the rich resources and complex and diverse ingredients of Chinese herbs, identifying new environmentally friendly antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action is crucial.

In this study, eleven CHEs were screened based on their known pharmacological use, and the pharmacological applications and antiviral activities of the five strongest PRV inhibitors are discussed. Taraxacum mongolicum, has been shown to protect hepatocytes and contribute to antiviral effects in the replication of HBV or DHBV in vitro Jia et al.

Ilex rotunda Thunb Jiubiying is rich in triterpenoid compounds and has demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities Gang et al.

However, there are no relevant reports about the antiviral function of Ilex rotunda Thunb in cells. Echinacea, is a plant extract that has gained increasing attention from academia and the public. It is reported to be one of the most widely used herbs in Europe and North America for preventing or treating the common cold, cough, bronchitis, and other upper respiratory infections Karsch-Völk et al.

Ilex purpurea Hassk has been used for clinical antibacterial, anti-cold, and invasive bleeding purposes, both internally and through injections. However, there is no evidence suggesting that Ilex purpurea Hassk has antiviral properties Tang et al. Ganoderma lucidum has been used to treat numerous types of diseases in many countries, including China and Japan Mishra et al.

Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom rich in bioactive natural components, which mainly include triterpenes, polysaccharides, proteins, and steroids. According to reports, triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum have been shown to exhibit significant antiviral activity against DENV and EV7 Shiv et al.

These findings suggest that specific extracts may be used for the prevention of PRV illness. Additionally, these extracts were tested for anti-RNA virus PEDV and PRRSV activity, with only 4 extracts exhibiting a selectivity index SI against PEDV.

Among them, the Echinacea extract exhibited the highest selectivity index. In an anti-PRRSV research study, five extracts were found to possess significant antiviral activity. Among these extracts, Echinacea and Ilex purpurea Hassk extracts, known as the strongest PRV PEDV and PPRSV inhibitory extracts, have been tested in an antiviral activity assay.

Further research data suggested that these two extracts show antiviral activity during early viral infection and postinfection, and the antiviral activity of the two extracts in vitro is due to the direct impact on the virus and the indirect target cells.

Our findings support the potential therapeutic use of Echinacea and Ilex purpurea Hassk extracts against various strains of PRV Fa, Bartha, Ea and PEDV DR13, CV infection, which is consistent with previous research. HPLC analysis of Echinacea ethanol showed that it contained a variety of acid derivatives and phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, cichoric acid, echinacoside, and quercetin Capek et al.

The mechanism of action for the Echinacea extract was not determined in this study, but there is evidence that quercetin interacts with the HA2 subunit and inhibits the entry of influenza A virus Wu et al.

The docked poses of SARS-CoV-2 M pro with echinacoside showed conformational stability through molecular dynamics Antagonist et al. It has been shown to have an antiviral effect on the influenza A virus by inhibiting neuraminidase to affect the later stages of the viral infection cycle Ding et al.

Although there is no relevant report that Ilex purpurea Hassk has antiviral activity, Ilex purpurea Hassk possesses several antiviral active principles including kaempferol, quercetin, and caffeic acid Tang et al. In conclusion, five extracts were screened and identified from eleven commonly used CHEs that displayed broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several viruses PRV, PEDV, and PRRSV in vitro.

Among them, Echinacea and Ilex purpurea Hassk extract exhibited strong preventive and therapeutic effects against PRV, PEDV, and PRRSV infection, exhibiting direct and indirect in vitro antiviral properties.

Therefore, CHE is a potential source of molecules with antiviral activity. This research provides a selection basis for the development and application of antiviral Chinese herbal veterinary drugs. The virulent PEDV YN14 strain GenBank Accession No.

KT and PRV HNX strain GenBank accession: KM were isolated and preserved by our laboratory. The PEDV CV, DR13 strain, PRV Ea, Fa, Bartha strain, and highly pathogenic PRRSV WUH3 strain were preserved by our laboratory.

All the viruses were titrated using the tissue culture infectious dose 50 TCID 50 Smither et al. Polyclonal antisera from PRRSV-vaccinated pigs were preserved in our laboratory. The monoclonal PRV-gE antibody was provided by Professor Wu Bin from Huazhong Agricultural University. The monoclonal PEDV-N antibody was made and preserved in our laboratory.

Goat anti-mouse secondary antibody and goat anti-pig secondary antibody were purchased from ABclonal ABclonal, China. The Chinese herbal extract and paeonol were obtained from Viand Biotech. The Chinese herbal extract powder was dissolved in DMEM and mixed thoroughly for 1 h at room temperature.

This extract solution was filtered through a 0. The initial concentrations of the 11 dissolved CHEs are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The MTT assay was performed to assess both the cytotoxicity and inhibitory activity of the extract.

The cytotoxicity assessment involved culturing Vero cells in well plates and diluting the CHEs 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , and 2 8 times with DMEM from the original concentration. The diluted extracts were then added to the cell culture. For antiviral activity assessment, Vero cells were seeded in a well plate for 24 h, washed with PBS twice, and inoculated with serially diluted extracts and the virus at TCID 50 for 1 h.

After washing to remove the unabsorbed virus, the cells were sustained in serum-free DMEM with serially diluted extracts. Following 48 h of incubation, the culture medium was removed, and the cells were washed with PBS three times. Then, 20 μL of MTT solution was added to each cell and incubated at 37°C for 4 h.

To determine cell viability, the plate was shaken at room temperature for 10 min, and the absorbance was measured at nm using a multiwell spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as a percentage of the vehicle control DMEM. GraphPad Prism software version 7 GraphPad Software Inc. The selectivity index SI was determined as the ratio of CC 50 to IC 50 for each compound.

Confluent Vero cells in a well plate were incubated with the virus-extract mixture for 1 h at 37°C. The viral inoculum was then removed, and cell monolayers were washed three times with PBS to eliminate any unattached virus particles. To conduct the experiment, a safe concentration of the extract was added to well-grown Vero cells in well plates, followed by additional incubation for 23 h at 37°C.

The cells were then incubated with the virus monoclonal antibody for 2 h at 37°C and the secondary fluorescent antibodies for 1 h at 37°C.

Immunofluorescence was visualized under a fluorescence microscope Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope, Japan. The virus at an MOI of 0.

These cells were washed with PBS and replaced with fresh medium containing 0. Then, the fixing solution was discarded. Crystal violet staining 0. Total RNA was isolated from cells using TRIzol reagent and reverse transcribed utilizing the Primescript RT reagent kit TaKaRa, China. Quantitative real-time PCR qPCR was used to quantify PRV DNA, PRRSV RNA, and PEDV RNA.

Standard curves were obtained in triplicate using serial dilutions of linearized plasmids containing each target sequence. Data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA. Cell pretreatment: Vero cells were treated with extracts for 8 h at 37°C, washed with PBS to remove supernatant, and infected with the virus for 1 h.

The cells were washed with PBS, and fresh medium was added to continue the culture for 23 h. Virus pretreatment: The virus was preincubated with the extracts for 1 h before infecting the cells, and then the cells were washed three times with PBS and cultured for 23 h.

Cotreatment: Vero cells infected with the virus in the presence of extract for 24 h at 37°C. Positive control: Vero cells infected with the virus in the absence of extract for 24 h at 37°C served as a positive control.

Early infection studies: Vero cells were treated with virus and extracts for 1 h at 37°C and washed with PBS to remove the unattached virus and extract. The infected cells were added to fresh medium and allowed to proceed at 37°C for 23 h.

Post infection studies: confluent monolayers of Vero cells were infected with the indicated virus in extract-free medium at 37°C for 1 h, the cells were washed with PBS to remove the unattached virus, and fresh medium containing extract was added.

Cotreatment: Vero cells were infected with the virus in the presence of extract for 24 h at 37°C. Positive control: Vero cells were infected with the virus in the absence of extract for 24 h at 37°C. The CC 50 and CC 90 were performed with SPSS version 6 for Windows SPSS, Chicago, IL. The same software was used to calculate the IC 50 and IC 90 values of the testing compound.

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Ho, S. Lee, S. Kao, S. We work with our customers to help them get their own custom branded products, leaving them assured that they are receiving KPCs highest quality Chinese herbs.

Our clients trust our products because we adhere to the most stringent pharmaceutical manufacturing standards in the world as well as internationally-recognized quality assurance measures. KPC performs critical testing of raw herbs prior to the manufacture of its herbal products.

Our testing includes Species Identification and Contaminant Screening. KPC tests every batch of herbs to verify the authenticity of its contents before any additional steps are taken. Batch-level verification data are traceable and maintained indefinitely.

KPC also tests for the most common and dangerous contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, carcinogens and preservatives. Kaiser Pharmaceutical KP began as a family business five generations ago.

The founder of Kaiser Pharmaceutical, Tsai Liang Hai, arrived in Taiwan and began selling herbs from his small shop in His goal then was simple; he wanted to provide the highest quality herbs possible to better the wellness of his customers.

KPC Products, Inc. Office for Kaiser Pharmaceutical Co.