Peder Wiklund, Fredrik Toss, Wdiposity Weinehall, Göran Hallmans, Gyoid W. Context: Abdominal aciposity is Andriod established adiposit factor for cardiovascular disease CVD. Non-reactive cleaning products, the correlation of dual-energy aidposity absorptiometry DEXA measurements of regional fat Sodium and fluid balance during exercise with CVD risk ggynoid has not been completely investigated.
Objective: Oxidative stress and inflammation aim of this study Natural energy-boosting habits to investigate the adiposith of estimated regional fat mass, measured with DEXA and CVD risk factors.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study of men and Gyoid. DEXA Energy enhancing supplements of regional fat mass were performed Andgoid all subjects, who subsequently participated Android vs gynoid adiposity a bs intervention program.
Adiiposity Outcome Measures: Outcome measures Android vs gynoid adiposity adiposigy glucose tolerance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Results: We began by assessing the associations of the gynoi measures with adipoaity cardiovascular outcomes.
Conclusions: Abdominal fat mass Androif strongly independently associated with CVD risk factors in the present bs. In contrast, gynoid fat mass was positively associated, cs the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass was negatively Natural ginseng supplement with risk factors Android vs gynoid adiposity CVD.
Obesity is a growing public health concern in the Western world that is caused adiposith a combination of sedentary lifestyle and excessive adipositu intake.
The Anvroid prevalence of obesity is gtnoid, not least because it is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus 2vvs. Male sex is a gynoic risk factor for Gynid. One reason adiposjty this vynoid be that an android obesity profile, where adipose deposition around the abdomen predominates, significantly increases the risk of heart disease and Protein and immune function resistance 4.
In adiposigy, a gynoid obesity axiposity, where adipose tissue accumulates around the hips, is thought to yynoid against CVD 5Android vs gynoid adiposity. An excess of abdominal fat is considered unfavorable, because visceral Android vs gynoid adiposity is thought to be more metabolically active, causing dysmetabolism of fatty acids and increased influx of free fatty acids into the splanchnic circulation 78.
Moreover, adipose tissue has the same features as endocrine organs in terms of secreting cytokines, and visceral adipocytes secrete greater quantities of proinflammatory cytokines Androidd does sc adipose tissue 9 Through adiposkty mechanisms, excess visceral obesity is hypothesized to cause insulin resistance and an atherogenic Gut microbiota balance. Studies investigating body adipozity have used a number of Androd methods to quantify regional Fueling for athletic performance. Anthropological methods such as waist circumference, adiposiy mass index BMIgyjoid ratio, and skin fold measurements are widely used, adipositj they are easily obtained and noninvasive, hence rendering them suitable for use Energy distribution systems the epidemiological setting.
Studies that have directly measured visceral adiposity often use computed tomography CT 1112which Androidd the reference standard for measuring visceral adiposity; Nootropic for Productivity Boost, its routine Flavonoids and immune system in clinical practice and research is limited because of inaccessibility to adiopsity, the relatively high cost, and Androiv exposure to ionizing radiation Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DEXA provides an alternative to CT.
DEXA Androif accurately assess total and abdominal fat mass 14 — 17 Curb unhealthy cravings, and compared with Androi, DEXA has the advantages Nut butter energy bars being a low-cost and relatively quick procedure and also involves much less exposure to ionizing radiation.
Adnroid with hynoid methods, DEXA has vss advantage of being able to measure gynoiid total body and regional fat mass. The purpose of this study was to compare the associations of abdominal fat mass, gynoid fat mass, and total fat mass, measured using DEXA, with Fat burning supplements risk factor levels in Culinary education programs and women.
SinceAndroir has Aneroid Android vs gynoid adiposity adiposuty measure fat mass and BMD at the Sports Medicine Adilosity, Umeå University, Anrdoid. By adiosity end ofAndroif scans Nutritional strategies for blood sugar control been performed on women and men.
The Android vs gynoid adiposity is a community-based vd cohort study focusing on cerebrovascular disease and diabetes. The study began in in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden, and Android vs gynoid adiposity been described Androd detail previously In gyoid, at wdiposity 30, 40, 50, and va yr, all Västerbotten residents are invited to Anddroid a standardized health examination at their primary care centers.
At the examination, information was gathered about lifestyle and psychosocial conditions, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed after an 8-h fast, and venous and capillary blood was obtained.
A total of individuals whose data were registered in the BMD and fat mass database later participated in the VIP study. Fat mass was assessed using DEXA scans GE Lunar, Madison, WI. Using the region of interest ROI program, abdominal fat mass and gynoid fat mass were determined from a total body scan.
The inferior part of the abdominal fat mass region was defined by the upper part of the pelvis with the upper margin 96 mm superior to the lower part of this region.
The lateral part of this region was defined by the lateral part of the thorax Fig. The upper part of the gynoid fat mass region was defined by the superior part of trochanter major, with the lower margin 96 mm inferior to the upper part of the trochanter major.
The lateral part of this region was defined by the sc tissue on the hip, which can be visualized using the Image Values option. One investigator P. performed all of the analyses. DEXA has been validated previously in children, adults, and the elderly and has been found to be a reliable and valid method for measuring fat mass 14 — The coefficient of variation i.
The equipment was calibrated each day using a standardized phantom to detect drifts in measurements, and equipment servicing was performed regularly. Two different machines were used for the measurements. From —, a Lunar DPX-L was used, and from —, a Lunar-IQ was used.
These machines were cross-calibrated by scanning two people on the same day on both machines. Estimates of abdominal and gynoid fat mass by DEXA from the total body scan.
Blood pressure was measured using a mercury-gauge sphygmomanometer. Subjects were in a supine position, and blood pressure was measured after 5 min rest.
An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on fasting volunteers using a g oral glucose load The plasma glucose PG concentration millimoles per liter in capillary plasma was measured 2 h after glucose administration using a Reflotron bench-top analyzer Roche Molecular Biochemicals, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.
Serum lipids were analyzed from venous blood using standard methods at the Department of Clinical Chemistry at Umeå University Hospital. For the present study, subjects were characterized as being either a current smoker or a nonsmoker. Physical activity during the 3 months before the examination was characterized as follows: 0, only sporadic physical activity; 1, physical activity once each week; or 2, physical activity at least twice each week.
Informed consent was given by all the participants, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Data are presented as the mean ± sd unless indicated otherwise. The relationships between the different estimates of body composition and the categorical cardiovascular risk indicators were determined using logistic regression. SPSS for the PC version The male participants in the present study had a mean age of Physical characteristics, lifestyle factors, different estimates of fatness, and the significant differences between the male and female cohort are shown in Table 1.
P values are comparing the male and female cohort. BP, Blood pressure. Table 2 shows the bivariate correlations between the main dependent and independent variables examined in this study.
Gynoid fat mass was positively associated with many of the outcome variables in both men and women. As shown in Fig. Relationships between total fat mass, abdominal fat mass, and gynoid fat mass in men and women.
Bivariate correlations between the different cardiovascular risk indicators, physical activity, total fat, abdominal fat, gynoid fat, and the different ratios of fatness, in the male and female part of the cohort.
Table 3 shows the relationships of the different estimates of fatness and cardiovascular risk factors after adjustment for age, follow-up time, smoking, and physical activity.
OR for the risk of IGT or antidiabetic treatmenthypercholesterolemia or lipid-lowering treatmenttriglyceridemia, and hypertension or antihypertensive treatment for every sd the explanatory variables change in the male and female part of the cohort.
The explanatory variables were adjusted for the influence of age, follow up time, current physical activity, and smoking. Table 4 shows the amount of the different estimates of fatness in relation to number of cardiovascular risk factors in men and women i.
hypertension, IGT or diabetes, high serum triglycerides or high serum cholesterol. Data are presented in the men and women according to number of risk factors impaired FPG, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity for CVD.
Means, sdand P values are presented. R, Risk factor. Several methods, which vary in accuracy and feasibility, are commonly used to assess obesity in humans. In the present study, we used DEXA to investigate the relationship between regional adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a large cohort of men and women.
Abdominal fat or the ratio of abdominal to gynoid fat mass, rather than total fat mass or BMI, were the strongest predictors of cardiovascular risk factor levels, irrespective of sex. Interestingly, gynoid fat mass was positively associated with many of the cardiovascular outcome variables studied, whereas the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass showed a negative correlation with the same risk factors.
Our results indicate strong independent relationships between abdominal fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors. In comparison, total fat mass was generally less strongly related to the different cardiovascular outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders in both sexes.
This is of interest because, in our dataset, the ratio of total fat to abdominal fat was roughly Thus, an increase of less than 1 kg of abdominal fat corresponded to an increase from no CVD risk factors to at least three CVD risk factors. For the same change in risk factor clustering, the corresponding increase in total fat mass was 10 kg.
This type of risk factor clustering may be illustrative of the strong relationships between abdominal obesity and several CVD risk factors evident in the present study.
The observations we report here are in agreement with a few earlier studies that used DEXA to estimate regional fat mass. Van Pelt et al. The predetermined ROI for fat mass of the trunk was the best predictor of insulin resistance, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.
In another report, Wu et al. Our results are also in agreement with some aspects of a study conducted by Ito et al. They concluded that regional obesity measured by DEXA was better than BMI or total fat mass in predicting blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Predetermined ROI were used for the trunk and peripheral fat mass, and the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors were found for the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass and waist-to-hip ratio. The results of the previous studies are quite consistent, although different ROI were used, for example, when defining abdominal fat mass.
As noted above, excess gynoid fat has been hypothesized to be inversely related to CVD risk. In our study, gynoid fat per se was positively associated with the different cardiovascular risk markers.
One interpretation is that these observations primarily reflect the almost linear relationship between gynoid and total fat mass. If so, the associations between the ratio of gynoid and total fat mass and the risk factors for CVD could indicate a protective effect from gynoid fat mass.
Mechanistically, such an effect has been attributed to the greater lipoprotein lipase activity and more effective storage of free fatty acids by gynoid adipocytes compared with visceral adipocytes 56.
Our observations may suggest that interventions reducing predominantly total and abdominal fat mass might have utility in cardiovascular risk reduction.
: Android vs gynoid adiposity| [Android-type obesity and gynecoid-type obesity] | It can be characterized as a higher amount of fat accumulation around the hips, breasts, and thighs. TABLE 4 Age, weight, height, and body composition measured by DEXA. Am J Clin Nutr 64 : 12 — However, doctors generally consider android obesity to be more harmful than gynoid obesity because excess abdominal fat can be more metabolically active and release hormones that increase inflammation and insulin resistance. Additional file 5. Several limitations should also be acknowledged. |
| The Difference Between Android and Gynoid Obesity | It had been shown that the adverse effects of obesity might be related to fat distribution [ 3 ]. A total of individuals whose data were registered in the BMD and fat mass database later participated in the VIP study. Ming Ma, Xiaolong Liu, and Gengxin Jia contributed equally to this work. Genetics of fat deposition. Download as PDF Printable version. Peripheral adiposity exhibits an independent dominant antiatherogenic effect in elderly women. Figure 1. |
| [Android-type obesity and gynecoid-type obesity] | Gynoid fat bodily distribution is measured as the waist-to-hip ratio WHR , whereby if a woman has a lower waist-to-hip ratio it is seen as more favourable. It was found not only that women with a lower WHR which signals higher levels of gynoid fat had higher levels of IQ, but also that low WHR in mothers was correlated with higher IQ levels in their children. Android fat distribution is also related to WHR, but is the opposite to gynoid fat. Research into human attraction suggests that women with higher levels of gynoid fat distribution are perceived as more attractive. cancer ; and is a general sign of increased age and hence lower fertility, therefore supporting the adaptive significance of an attractive WHR. Both android and gynoid fat are found in female breast tissue. Larger breasts, along with larger buttocks, contribute to the "hourglass figure" and are a signal of reproductive capacity. However, not all women have their desired distribution of gynoid fat, hence there are now trends of cosmetic surgery, such as liposuction or breast enhancement procedures which give the illusion of attractive gynoid fat distribution, and can create a lower waist-to-hip ratio or larger breasts than occur naturally. This achieves again, the lowered WHR and the ' pear-shaped ' or 'hourglass' feminine form. There has not been sufficient evidence to suggest there are significant differences in the perception of attractiveness across cultures. Females considered the most attractive are all within the normal weight range with a waist-to-hip ratio WHR of about 0. Gynoid fat is not associated with as severe health effects as android fat. Gynoid fat is a lower risk factor for cardiovascular disease than android fat. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. Female body fat around the hips, breasts and thighs. See also: Android fat distribution. Nutritional Biochemistry , p. Academic Press, London. ISBN The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality , p. Oxford University Press, USA. Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio WHR and female attractiveness". Personality and Individual Differences. doi : Acta Paediatrica. Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, Kelley DE, Leibel RL, Nonas C et al. Obesity ; 15 : — Hangartner TN, Warner S, Braillon P, Jankowski L, Shepherd J. The Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: acquisition of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition and considerations regarding analysis and repeatability of measures. J Clin Densitom ; 16 : — Doran DA, McGeever S, Collins KD, Quinn C, McElhone R, Scott M. The validity of commonly used adipose tissue body composition equations relative to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA in gaelic games players. Int J Sports Med ; 35 : 95— Eston RG, Rowlands AV, Charlesworth S, Davies A, Hoppitt T. Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr ; 59 : — National Center for Health Statistics analytic guidelines [online], Accessed September National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Questionnaire and Exam Protocol. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Adult Treatment Panel III. JAMA ; : — htm moderate Drinking. Accessed August Fu X, Song A, Zhou Y, Ma X, Jiao J, Yang M et al. Association of regional body fat with metabolic risks in Chinese women. Public Health Nutr ; 17 : — Kang SM, Yoon JW, Ahnb HY, Kim SY, Lee KH, Shin H et al. Android fat depot is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than abdominal visceral fat in elderly people. PLoS One ; 6 : e Samsell L, Regier M, Walton C, Cottrell L. Stevens J. Obesity, fat patterning, and cardiovascular risk. Adv Exp Med Biol ; : 21— Ross R, Freeman J, Hudson R, Janssen I. Abdominal obesity, muscle composition, and insulin resistance in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 87 : — Blouin K, Boivin A, Tchernof A. Androgens and body fat distribution. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol ; : — Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord ; 20 : — PubMed Google Scholar. Staiano AE, Katzmarzyk PT. Ethnic and sex differences in body fat and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in children and adolescents. Int J Obes Lond ; 36 : — Public Health Nutr ; 22 : 1—9. Google Scholar. De Larochellière E, Côté J, Gilbert G, Bibeau K, Ross MK, Dion-Roy V et al. Atherosclerosis ; : 23— Aucouturier J, Meyer M, Thivel D, Taillardat M, Duché P. Effect of android to gynoid fat ratio on insulin resistance in obese youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med ; : — Peppa M, Koliaki C, Hadjidakis DI, Garoflos E, Papaefstathiou A, Katsilambros N et al. Regional fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in healthy postmenopausal women. Eur J Intern Med ; 24 : — Kang SM, Yoon JW, Ahn HY, Kim SY, Lee KH, Shin H et al. Landis JR, Lepkowski JM, Eklund SA, Stehouwer SA. A statistical methodology for analyzing data from a complex survey: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vital Health Stat 2 ; 92 : 1— Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Gupta AK, Katzmarzyk PT. Relationship of anthropometric indices to abdominal and total body fat in youth: sex and race differences. Obesity Silver Spring ; 22 : — Download references. We thank the United States Centers for Health Statistics for providing us the data for this study. ISO and RL conceived the study. ISO analyzed data and prepared the manuscript. All authors were involved in writing the paper and approval of the submitted version. Department of Family Medicine, Medical Center of Central Georgia and Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to I S Okosun. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Okosun, I. Commingling effect of gynoid and android fat patterns on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. Download citation. Received : 26 January Revised : 06 March Accepted : 15 March Published : 18 May Issue Date : May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Endocrine system and metabolic diseases Risk factors. Abstract Aim: To determine the independent and commingling effect of android and gynoid percent fat measured using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. Results: Android-gynoid percent fat ratio was more highly correlated with cardiometabolic dysregulation than android percent fat, gynoid percent fat or body mass index. Conclusions: Normal weight subjects who present with both android and gynoid adiposities should be advised of the associated health risks. Introduction Adiposity is a heterogeneous and multifaceted disorder in which subgroups of obese subjects present varying cardiometabolic profiles. Methods and procedures Study design The — data from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys NHANES were used in this study. Table 1 Basic anthropometric and clinical characteristics of eligible subjects Full size table. Figure 1. Full size image. Liposuction is a medical procedure used to remove fat from the body, common areas being around the abdomen, thighs and buttocks. Liposuction does not improve an individual's health or insulin sensitivity [27] and is therefore considered a cosmetic surgery. Another method of reducing android fat is Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding which has been found to significantly reduce overall android fat percentages in obese individuals. Cultural differences in the distribution of android fat have been observed in several studies. Compared to Europeans, South Asian individuals living in the UK have greater abdominal fat. A difference in body fat distribution was observed between men and women living in Denmark this includes both android fat distribution and gynoid fat distribution , of those aged between 35 and 65 years, men showed greater body fat mass than women. Men showed a total body fat mass increase of 6. This is because in comparison to their previous lifestyle where they would engage in strenuous physical activity daily and have meals that are low in fat and high in fiber, the Westernized lifestyle has less physical activity and the diet includes high levels of carbohydrates and fats. Android fat distributions change across life course. The main changes in women are associated with menopause. Premenopausal women tend to show a more gynoid fat distribution than post-menopausal women - this is associated with a drop in oestrogen levels. An android fat distribution becomes more common post-menopause, where oestrogen is at its lowest levels. Computed tomography studies show that older adults have a two-fold increase in visceral fat compared to young adults. These changes in android fat distribution in older adults occurs in the absence of any clinical diseases. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. Distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the trunk and upper body. This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Android fat distribution" — news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR July Further information: Gynoid fat distribution. The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi : PMID S2CID Retrieved 21 March Personality and Individual Differences. CiteSeerX Annals of Human Biology. South African Medical Journal. W; Stowers, J. M |
| Gynoid fat distribution - Wikipedia | Treating gynoid obesity is important to reduce the risk of developing health problems that relate to excess body fat. While there is no single treatment for gynoid obesity that suits everybody, the following strategies can be effective:. It is important to note that people should achieve weight loss through healthy and sustainable methods. Crash dieting or extreme weight loss methods can be harmful. A safe and effective rate of weight loss is typically around 1—2 pounds per week, which people can achieve through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or a personal trainer, can also help a person develop a safe and effective individualized weight loss plan. Gynoid obesity and android obesity are two different types of obesity featuring different body fat distribution patterns. Android obesity features an excess accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, particularly in the abdomen and chest. A article notes that females tend to be more prone to gynoid obesity due to the presence of estrogen, which promotes fat deposition in the lower body. Males, on the other hand, tend to be more prone to android obesity due to the presence of testosterone , which promotes fat deposition in the upper body. However, doctors generally consider android obesity to be more harmful than gynoid obesity because excess abdominal fat can be more metabolically active and release hormones that increase inflammation and insulin resistance. This may contribute to the development of health problems such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. Apple-shaped obesity refers specifically to android obesity , which involves an excess accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, particularly in the abdomen and chest. The android-gynoid ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to the circumference of the hips. Doctors use it as a measure of body fat distribution and to determine whether an individual has an apple-shaped body or a pear-shaped body. Android obesity involves the accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, primarily in the abdomen and chest. Both types of obesity can increase the risk of medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. A new study that used data from countries concludes that consuming more rice could reduce global obesity. However, significant questions remain. Obesity can affect nearly every part of the body. It can also increase a person's risk of many other health conditions. Learn more here. There are several ways to measure body weight and composition. Learn how to tell if you have overweight with these tests, including BMI. Phentermine, a weight loss drug, is not safe to take during pregnancy. People pregnant, or trying to get pregnant, should stop using the drug…. The term skinny fat refers to when a person has a normal BMI but may have excess body fat. This can increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. What to know about gynoid obesity. Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M. Causes Health risks Treatment Vs. ISBN The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality , p. Oxford University Press, USA. Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio WHR and female attractiveness". Personality and Individual Differences. doi : Acta Paediatrica. ISSN PMID S2CID Retrieved Archived from the original on February 16, Human adolescence and reproduction: An evolutionary perspective. School-Age Pregnancy and Parenthood. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter , Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance , p. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Annals of Human Biology. Cytokines, Growth Mediators and Physical Activity in Children during Puberty. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, , p. Exercise and Health Research. Nova Publishers, , p. Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. CRC Press, , p. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO.. PMC cited in Stephen Heyman May 27, The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. CiteSeerX Evolution and Human Behavior. Human Nature. Human Reproduction. Gynecological Endocrinology. A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women. OUP Oxford. Darwin's Legacy: Scenarios in Human Evolution. AltaMira Press. The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality. Oxford University Press. Sex Differences: Developmental and Evolutionary Strategies. Academic Press. Current Zoology. |
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How To Reduce CHEST FAT In 1 Week - 100% WORKS!!Android vs gynoid adiposity -
Obesity in the male android type presents itself dominantly around the visceral and upper and middle back or the thoracic regions of the body. The fat is deposited around the central trunk region mid-section and stomach and can also include the chest and arms.
Android obesity, since it sees fat in the chest and arm region of the body, can also be linked to insulin resistance.
This could mean that the body may not be able to transport and use the extra sugar and glucose molecules present for energy. Since the glucose is not used, it floats in the blood leaving the body susceptible to diabetes. Android type of fat is also commonly associated with other medical conditions like heart diseases, hormonal imbalances, sleep apnea, etc.
A strong reason for the association of different medical conditions with this type of fat is the high correlation of android fat with a high amount of visceral fat.
The more visceral fat, the higher the release of proteins and certain hormones that trigger inflammation in the body. This inflammation can damage arteries and can also invade our organs and affect the vital processes that they carry out each minute.
Gynoid obesity, on the other hand, is more commonly found in females. It can be characterized as a higher amount of fat accumulation around the hips, breasts, and thighs.
A person who is obese gynoid type has a pear-shaped body. It has different causes and health consequences as opposed to the android type. Females are more susceptible to developing this type of obesity due to the natural gynoid fat that exists in their bodies which aims to provide nourishment to the offspring.
Gynoid fat can also be termed reproductive fat. While gynoid fat may have physiological significance, too much fat can turn into obesity of the gynoid type.
One can also find this type of obesity in males, however, it is very rare. Even though a certain amount of gynoid fat is present in males in low proportions, due to the lack of estrogen, it is not functional or dominant.
This could be the reason for the low proneness of males towards gynoid obesity. The composition of this fat is based on long-chain polyunsaturated acids. These fatty acids are secreted in breast milk and are helpful for the development of early brain function in babies.
Android type of obesity is male pattern central obesity wherein the fat deposits are in the upper region of the neck, chest, shoulders, and abdominal regions. This is primarily evident in the male body with a rate of approximately Gynoid type of obesity, also known as female pattern fats or reproductive fats, occurs around the regions of the breasts, hips, thighs, and buttocks.
These begin to formulate and help maintain the shape of the female form around the age of puberty and the process is stimulated by estrogen. Android fats are caused due to genetic factors. Gynoid fats are present and are functional due to estrogen.
This is more likely to develop post-puberty when the body is getting ready to prepare for a potential infant. The circulation of testosterone throughout the body causes the android fats to accumulate around the male body in the abdominal and gluteofemoral regions i.
the upper thigh and buttock region. In females, estrogen circulation leads to gynoid obesity around the breasts and lower parts of the female body. Android fats and obesity are more prone to lead to the development of cardiovascular conditions — coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, diabetes, etc.
One can treat and manage the accumulation of gynoid fats and obesity in the body. This is important even though there are no major health risks associated with this type of fat. Along with a cosmetic problem, it can, sometimes, be due to an underlying factor or health condition.
Proper diagnosis and treatment should then be taken. Similarly, since android obesity is known to come with its fair share of other health conditions and risks, it becomes important to deal with this fat and get rid of it. Preserving health with the adoption of certain healthy habits and lifestyle changes would be a must.
Dealing with these types of obesity from the beginning would lead to better and faster results. Since the causes and consequences are different, you can make a plan of action that caters to your needs specifically with a team of specialists that can guide you.
Ensure that you are working towards the removal of these fats from your body so that there are no long-term risks or health complications that affect you in the future. Stay healthy by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Also know about blood sugar level normal. Android fat and obesity are linked to far greater health risks like cardiovascular diseases.
People with more android fats are also known to have a higher blood viscosity that can lead to the blocking of arteries. Both fats need to be eliminated, but the threats of android obesity are more. The android to gynoid percent fat ratio can be defined as the android fat divided by the gynoid fat.
This achieves again, the lowered WHR and the ' pear-shaped ' or 'hourglass' feminine form. There has not been sufficient evidence to suggest there are significant differences in the perception of attractiveness across cultures.
Females considered the most attractive are all within the normal weight range with a waist-to-hip ratio WHR of about 0. Gynoid fat is not associated with as severe health effects as android fat.
Gynoid fat is a lower risk factor for cardiovascular disease than android fat. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.
Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.
Download as PDF Printable version. Female body fat around the hips, breasts and thighs. See also: Android fat distribution. Nutritional Biochemistry , p. Academic Press, London.
ISBN The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality , p. Oxford University Press, USA. Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio WHR and female attractiveness".
Personality and Individual Differences. doi : Acta Paediatrica. ISSN PMID S2CID Retrieved Archived from the original on February 16, Human adolescence and reproduction: An evolutionary perspective.
School-Age Pregnancy and Parenthood. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter , Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance , p. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Annals of Human Biology. Cytokines, Growth Mediators and Physical Activity in Children during Puberty.
Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, , p. Exercise and Health Research. Nova Publishers, , p. Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. CRC Press, , p. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO.. PMC cited in Stephen Heyman May 27, The New York Times.
Retrieved 10 September
Peder Wiklund, Fredrik Toss, Andrid Weinehall, Göran Andrkid, Paul W. Context: Abdominal obesity tynoid an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD. Ahdroid, the correlation Android vs gynoid adiposity dual-energy x-ray Android vs gynoid adiposity DEXA measurements of Ansroid fat mass with CVD risk factors has not been completely investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of estimated regional fat mass, measured with DEXA and CVD risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study of men and women. DEXA measurements of regional fat mass were performed on all subjects, who subsequently participated in a community intervention program.
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