Natural ginseng supplement -
Unable to add item to List. Please try again. Sorry, there was a problem. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. List unavailable. Comparison video Which Ginseng Supplement is right for you Chrystal Shiarla.
Image Unavailable Image not available for Color:. VIDEOS ° VIEW IMAGES. Visit the NatureBell Store. Search this page.
Amazon's Choice highlights highly rated, well-priced products available to ship immediately. Purchase options and add-ons. Item Form Softgel Brand NatureBell Age Range Description Adult Material Feature Natural Recommended Uses For Product Boost Energy.
About this item Max strength 2,mg ginseng root extract contained in easy to swallow softgels. Derived from authentic red panax ginseng sourced in Korea and uses 6-year-old grown fresh ginseng root.
The six-year growth cycle of ginseng allows the plant to accumulate a higher concentration of beneficial compounds. Enjoy an day supply of this antioxidant rich herbal supplement that only takes 3 softgels per serving to promote overall natural vitality. This means more benefits that may support performance, energy, immunity, and brain health.
Authentic non-GMO and non-Irradiated real ginseng root supplements. Contains pure ingredients free of soy, dairy, gluten, preservatives, and additives. All products are also 3rd party lab tested for safety and potency.
Additional Details. Small Business. Report an issue with this product or seller. Frequently bought together. Get it as soon as Wednesday, Feb Organic Ashwagandha 2, mg - Vegan Capsules Pure Organic Ashwagandha Powder and Root Extract - Stress Relief, Mood Enhancer.
Total price:. To see our price, add these items to your cart. Try again! Added to Cart. Add all 3 to Cart. These items are shipped from and sold by different sellers. Show details Hide details. Choose items to buy together. Similar items that may ship from close to you. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1.
Previous page. Climate Pledge Friendly Products with trusted sustainability certification s. Next page. Product Description. Compare with similar items This Item. Terry Naturally HRG80 Red Ginseng Energy - 30 Capsules - Red Ginseng Root Powder, Panax Ginseng, HRG80 - Non-GMO, Vegan, Gluten Free — 30 Servings.
American Ginseng Capsules mg Count Non-GMO, Gluten Free Supplement Ginseng Root Extract Complex by Horbaach. Korean Red Panax Ginseng mg Highest Potency with Ginkgo Biloba and Ashwagandha, Boost Energy, Memory, and Immune System - Focus Supplement Pills for Men and Women, 90 Vegan Capsules.
Get it as soon as Thursday, Feb X Gold Health. Nootrilabs Naturals. ZEAL NATURALS. panax ginseng korean ginseng. American Ginseng. Other Ingredients: Rice Powder, Gelatin Capsule, Vegetable Magnesium Stearate, Silica. Panax Ginseng, Ginkgo Biloba, Ashwagandha.
Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Important information Ingredients panax ginseng korean ginseng.
Legal Disclaimer Statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition. Looking for specific info? Customer reviews. How customer reviews and ratings work Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.
Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. Customers say. Quality Energy levels Effect on skin Ease of swallowing Value Size Taste Effect on stomach. Images in this review. Reviews with images. See all photos. All photos. More Hide. Thank you for your feedback.
Sorry, there was an error. Sorry we couldn't load the review. Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews. Top reviews from the United States. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later.
Verified Purchase. This worked very well. I tried 2 other brands that were more expensive. One was equal in performance; the other was too concentrated and gave me headaches. This is a good brand for the price, I will purchase again. Small and easy to swallow.
Supports Your Wellness Routine. Supplement Facts. Amount Per Serving. Vitamin B as Cyanocobalamin. Royal Jelly Concentrate. Other Ingredients: Rice Flour, Gelatin. Contains WARNING: Not intended for use by pregnant or nursing women. If you are taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use.
Avoid this product if you are allergic to bees or bee products. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur.
Not intended for use by persons under the age of Keep out of reach of children. Store at room temperature. Do not use if seal under cap is broken or missing.
Non-GMO , No Artificial Color, No Artificial Flavor, No Sugar, No Milk, No Lactose, No Soy, No Gluten, No Wheat, No Yeast, No Fish. Sodium Free. Carefully Manufactured by NATURE'S BOUNTY, INC. Bohemia NY U. A © Nature's Bounty, Inc. Related Products. View Product.
MORE THAN 50 YEARS OF EXPERTISE Half a century of innovation with the help of quality scientists and researchers. We test and retest to bring you potent and efficacious ingredients, guaranteed. We offer trusted products, backed by science and made with great ingredients.
Researchers investigated whether M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, can drive DCs maturation from human monocytes in vitro.
Results showed that mature DCs differentiated with M4 induced the differentiation of naive T cells toward a helper T-cell type 1 Th1 response and augmented cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Takei et al.
Antimouse IFN-γ antibody treatment of Rg1-treated mice abolished the protection against disseminated candidiasis Lee and Han OVA-specific antibody responses were significantly higher in mice immunized with OVA coadministered with Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rg3, and Rb1, but not with Rd, Rc, and Rb2.
Therefore, it is suggested that Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rg3, and Rb1 have more potent adjuvant effects than the others Sun, Hu, and Song Recently, it has been reported that ginsenoside-based nanoparticles ginsomes played a role as a novel adjuvant and upregulated Th1 and Th2 immune response in imprinting control region ICR mice.
The ginsomes were spherical with diameters ranging from 70 to nm and contained ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, Rb1, and Rd. The ginsomes promoted significantly higher IgG responses, increased the levels of specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3, as well as T and B lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A, LPS, and OVA.
The enhanced IgG titer and subclass levels paralleled the increased production of IFN-γ Th1 cytokine and IL-5 Th2 cytokine. Therefore, ginsomes as an adjuvant are assumed to upregulate both Th1 and Th2 immune responses Song, Zang, and Hu Polysaccharide fractions of ginseng are high-molecular weight compounds obtained from the water-soluble and ethanol-insoluble fractions of ginseng.
The in vitro immunostimulating activities of polysaccharides from ginseng were investigated. Four polysaccharides, which were found to be homogeneous by gel-filtration chromatography, were prepared and designated PF, PF, PBGA11, and PBGA Component sugar analysis revealed that they were heteroglycans with molecular weights ranging from 37 to kD, composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and xylose in different molar ratios.
Fraction PBGA12 had the most anticomplementary activity, which is mediated through both alternative and classical pathways. All the polysaccharides except PBGA11 induced the production of IFN-γ in the presence of concanavalin A.
They induced the production of significant amount of TNF-α in cell cultures Gao et al. Incubation of murine macrophages RAW This was associated with an incline in inducible nitric oxide synthase NOS mRNA levels as determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction, and electromobility shift assay studies indicated enhanced nuclear factor κB NF-κB DNA binding activity.
Friedl et al. It was also reported that a polysaccharide fraction of ginseng stimulated murine normal splenocytes by inducing the mRNA expressions of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and also restored the mRNA expression of IFN-γ, Th1 cytokine, after its inhibition by whole-body γ irradiation.
Therefore, the polysaccharide fraction of ginseng was found to restore the T lymphocytes function that had been suppressed by γ irradiation in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions Han et al.
More recently, reports on the acidic polysaccharide of P. ginseng APG were described. Acidic polysaccharide fractions altered the phenotype of bone marrow cells BMCs and increased the viability and alloreactivity of BMCs after γ irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. A pretreatment with APG significantly increased the viability of BMCs against γ irradiation.
APG-treated BMCs had a significantly higher amount of IL, which is a major cytokine for immune responses, compared with the medium-treated BMCs. Furthermore, APG-treated mice had a larger number of BMCs after γ irradiation than the control mice, and the BMCs of APG-treated mice were successfully cultured into DCs, which are the representative antigen-presenting cells Kim, Kim et al.
Various aspects of immunomodulatory effects of ginseng have been investigated for their tonic effects. The main weapons in the war against cancer have been early detection and surgical removal of the tumor, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
There are also attempts to develop gene therapy. However, the results have been less than ideal, and strategy is now changing from therapeutic approaches to prevention of cancer by identifying effective natural products as chemopreventive agents. One of the promising candidates for cancer prevention is ginseng.
People who consume ginseng preparations are at lower risk of cancers in the stomach, lung, liver, pancreas, ovaries, colon, and oral cavity Yun ginseng, P. quinquefolius , and other related plants including Panax japonicus are frequently used for medicinal purposes.
Although a complex mixture of compounds is present in these plants, the ginsenosides are mostly responsible for the pharmacological effects of these ginsengs, and Rg3 and Rh2 are recognized as major active anticancer saponins Helms Saponin and nonsaponin compounds have been reported to show cytotoxic activities against various kinds of cancer cell lines in culture.
The major active components are ginsenoside Rh2, a peculiar component of KRG, polyacetylenes, panaxydol, panaxynol, and panaxytriol.
Jia et al. Recently, it was shown that KRG extract induced apoptosis and decreased telomerase activity in human leukemia cells Park et al. The main active ingredients in KRG are four representative ginsenosides, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, and Rk1.
Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 inhibited proliferation of prostate cancer cells by detachment of the cells and by modulating mitogen-activated protein MAP kinases Kim, Lee et al. In addition, Rh2 markedly increased albumin secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas it strikingly decreased α-fetoprotein secretion and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in SMMC hepatocarcinoma Zeng and Tu Furthermore, Rh2 almost completely inhibited telomerase activity with the parallel induction of the cell differentiation.
After steam or heat treatment of American ginseng and notoginseng, the content of Rg3 was found to increase remarkably, with increased antiproliferation of colorectal cancer cells Wang and Yuan in press. In addition, acetylpanaxydol and panaxydolchlorohydrin, showing cytotoxicity against lymphoid leukemia L, have been isolated from Korean ginseng root Ahn, Kim, and Lee Panaxydol, a polyacetylene compound isolated from Panax notoginseng , and P.
ginseng inhibited proliferation and induced differentiation of the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 by increasing the expression of p21 and pRb, while reducing that of inhibitor of differentiation 1 and 2 Guo et al. These studies suggest that ginseng compounds, such as ginsenoside Rh2 and panaxydol, block cancer cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation toward more mature forms of normal cells.
Considerable effort has been made to develop chemopreventive agents that could inhibit, retard, or reverse multistage carcinogenesis Weinstein Tumor promotion is closely related to inflammation DiGiovanni , and compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity possess antitumor promoter activity.
Treatment with KRG extract of human leukemia cells decreased the expression levels of cyclo-oxygenase-2 COX-2 and inducible NOS Park et al. In addition, treatment with KRG extract induced apoptosis of leukemia cells mediated by an inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X L , and it progressively downregulated the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase by inhibiting the expression of c-Myc.
Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rg3 from P. ginseng were tested for anti-inflammatory activity Surh et al. Rg3 was found to be the most effective in terms of inhibiting tetradecanoylphorbolacetate TPA -induced ear edema, COX-2 expression, and NF-κB activation. One ginsenoside metabolite, β-D-glucopyranosyl S -PPD, which is known as C-K, given to ICR mice suppressed COX-2 expression and ornithine decarboxylase activity induced by TPA Lee et al.
The eukaryotic transcriptional factor NF-κB is involved in intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis. C-K pretreatment inhibited TPA-induced epidermal NF-κB activity in mouse skin.
Antitumor promotional effects of C-K were shown by markedly decreased numbers of papillomas in mouse skin induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene DMBA. These findings suggest that C-K exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting TPA-induced COX-2 expression, which may contribute to its antitumor-promoting effects on mouse skin carcinogenesis.
Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited histamine release and IL-4 production induced by substance P, an allergic enhancer, via the extracellular receptor kinase ERK pathway Liao et al. It was also shown that C-K as a functional ligand of the glucocorticoid receptor regulated distinct Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses, which suggests a novel therapy for gram-negative septic shock Yang et al.
Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis of F16 melanoma cells without impairing cell growth and proliferation of tumor cells Mochizuki, Yoo, and Matsuzawa Rg3 inhibited the metastasis of ovarian cancer; the inhibitory effect is partially due to inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis and the decreased invasive ability and MMP-9 expression of SKOV-3 cells Xu et al.
Ginsenoside Rg3 significantly inhibited growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer when used alone or combined with cyclophosphamide CTX; Xu et al. Another study found that low-dose CTX combined with Rg3 produced significant antiangiogenic effects, without overt toxicity, because Rg3 is capable of specific blockade of activated endothelial cell survival mechanisms Zhang, Kang, and Zhoa These studies indicated that a ginsenoside Rg3 and CTX combination reinforced the antitumor effect on each other and improved the living quality and survival time of mice with tumors.
As an antiangiogenic method, this regimen has the advantage of a lowered susceptibility to drug-resistance mechanisms and improved animal survival. Another ginsenoside, Rb1, suppressed the formation of endothelial tube-like structures through modulation of pigment epithelium-derived factors through estrogen β receptors Leung et al.
These findings demonstrated several novel mechanisms of these ginsenosides that may have value in anticancer and antiangiogenesis therapy. Ginsenoside 20 S -PPD inhibited the proliferation and invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT cells due to downregulation of the expression MMP-2 Li et al. A ginseng saponin metabolite C-K suppressed phorbol ester-induced MMP-9 expression through inhibition of AP-1 and MAP kinase signaling pathways in human astroglioma cells Jung et al.
Ginsenoside Rp1, a semisynthesized ginseng saponin, strongly inhibited metastatic lung transfer of Bmelanoma cells by downregulation of β1-intergrin activation and further directly blocked the viability of cancer cells Park, Park et al.
Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ginseng on carcinogenesis induced by various chemical carcinogens. Earlier studies showed that long-term oral administration of KRG extract inhibited the incidence and the proliferation of tumors induced by 7,DMBA, urethane, and aflatoxin B1 Yun, Yun, and Han The chemopreventive potential of ginseng was evaluated using DMBA-induced skin tumorigenesis Kumar There was a marked reduction not only in tumor incidence but also in cumulative tumor frequency at the initiation phase of tumorigenesis.
Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rg5 showed statistically significant reduction of lung cancer, and Rh2 tended to decrease the incidence Yun et al. Panwar et al. ginseng extract inhibited lung adenoma induced by benzo[a]pyrene and decreased the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei.
Another study showed that Rh2 had an antiproliferative effect on human lung adenocarcinoma A cells with G1 arrest by downregulation of cyclin proteins and kinases and further apoptosis mediated by caspase-8 Cheng et al.
Dietary administration of KRG suppressed colon carcinogenesis induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine with inhibition of cell proliferation, acting on aberrant crypt foci in the colon mucosa Fukushima, Wanibuchi, and Li In addition, an anticarcinogenic effect of KRG on the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats was identified in preventive and curative events Wu, Zhu, and Li Ginsenoside Rh2 was shown to inhibit cell growth at low concentrations, to induce apoptosis at high concentrations, and, interestingly, to act either additively or synergistically with chemotherapeutic drugs on cancer cells, especially breast cancer cells to paclitaxel Jia et al.
Panaxadiol PD enhanced the anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil 5-FU in human colorectal cancer cells by inducing apoptosis Li et al. The enhancement of S-phase arrest and the increased susceptibility to apoptosis are synergistic effects of PD on 5-FU.
One of the major obstacles to the effective treatment of human malignancy is the acquisition of broad anticancer drug resistance by tumor cells.
This phenomenon is called multidrug resistance. MDR is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy, and it is correlated with the overexpression of P-glycoprotein Pgp in the plasma membrane of resistant cells Gotteeman and Pastan Ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd were found to have a moderate inhibitory effect on the drug efflux pump in MDR mouse lymphoma and to increase intracellular drug accumulation Molnar et al.
Ginsenoside Rg3, among several ginseng components, was shown to have the most potent inhibitory activity on MDR human fibroblast carcinoma KBV20C Park et al. Rg3 treatment of drug-resistant KBV20C cells specifically inhibited Pgp-mediated drug accumulation and further increased life span in mice implanted with adriamycin-resistant murine leukemia P cells in vivo Kim et al.
Subsequent studies demonstrated that Rg3 was cytotoxic against a multidrug-resistant human fibrocarcinoma KBV20C cells but not against normal WI cells in vitro, and Rg3 also promoted the accumulation of rhodamine in adriamycin-resistant murine leukemia P cells in vivo by mediating decreased membrane fluidity, thereby blocking drug efflux Kwon et al.
The protective influence and the complementary therapeutic potential of ginseng for cancer treatment have been shown by extensive laboratory, preclinical, and epidemiological studies. Additional clinical studies are needed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of ginseng on chemoprevention and complementary therapy of cancers.
Diabetes, affecting almost 3. The root of P. ginseng has been used to treat diabetes and has been given as a tonic for chronic use without adverse effects.
In this section, we focus the effects of ginseng on type 2 diabetes rather than type 1 diabetes. Animal studies support that the roots of P. ginseng and other ginseng species, including American ginseng, possess antihyperglycemic activity Kimura et al.
It has been documented that ginseng therapy decreased fasting glucose, lowered body weight Sotaniemi, Haapakoski, and Rautio , and increased glucose utilization and insulin regulation in diabetic patients Vulksan et al. Furthermore, American ginseng has the ability to attenuate postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals Vulksan et al.
Recently, it was observed that oral administration of P. ginseng root had the ability to improve insulin resistance in rats receiving a fructose-rich diet Liu, Liu, and Cheng These observations suggest that ginseng is beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes and for nondiabetic subjects to prevent development of diabetes.
Ginseng might mediate its antidiabetic action through a variety of mechanisms, including actions on the insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells and the target tissues that take up glucose Xie, Mehendale, and Yuan Korean white ginseng KWG and KRG, one of the heat-processed Korean ginsengs, have a long history as herbal remedies with antidiabetic effects.
KWG has been reported to stimulate glucose-induced insulin release from pancreatic islets as a potentiator Kimura et al. The mode of the insulinotropic action of KRG was to act as an initiator for insulin release, not in a glucose-dependent manner. In general, the heat-processed KRG has been reported to have more potent pharmacological activities than nonprocessed KWG Kim et al.
These findings suggest that P. ginseng has beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes at least in part via the stimulation of insulin release.
Antihyperglycemic and antiobese effects of P. ginseng berry extract have been observed; its major constituent is ginsenoside Re Attele et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Park, Ha, and Chung and was further metabolized to ginsenoside Rh2 by human intestinal bacteria, which seems to be more effective Bae et al.
Intravenous injection of ginsenoside Rh2 into rats decreased plasma glucose and increased plasma insulin by activation of muscarinic M3 receptors in pancreatic β-cells via acetylcholine ACH release from cholinergic terminals Lee, Kao et al. PPD ginsenoside potentiated an insulin secretion stimulated by a low concentration of glucose, and C-K, a final metabolite of PPD ginsenoside, showed the most potent insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells through action on the K ATP -channeldependent pathway.
These observations were confirmed in an oral glucose tolerance test in ICR mice Han et al. Both Rh2 and C-K appear to have some therapeutic value for the treatment of diabetes and might be useful candidates for the development of new antidiabetic drugs. There are numerous reports of ginseng root improving diabetic conditions in both human and animal studies.
In animal studies, orally administrated ginseng root was able to counteract the effect of high fructose-induced insulin resistance in rats after 4 weeks, decreasing glucose concentration and inhibiting insulin resistance Liu, Liu, and Cheng Ethanol extract of wild ginseng root prevented weight gain and elevated fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and high free fatty acid levels in a high fat-induced hyperglycemia mouse model Yun et al.
Ginsenoside Re decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels as well as decreased oxidative stress in the eye and kidney of diabetic rats Cho et al. It is suggested that ginseng is useful for the prevention of diabetes in healthy people and for improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients Luo and Luo Clinical studies have reported that American ginseng lowers blood glucose in diabetic patients Vulksan et al.
In these studies, both type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects were shown to benefit from intake of American ginseng in terms of stabilizing postprandial glycemia.
ginseng has been shown to increase glucose transport-2 protein in the liver of normal and hyperglycemic mice Lee Recently, Shang et al. In adipocytes, Rb1 promoted GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane and further increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, protein kinase B, and stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3 P13 -kinase activity in the absence of the activation of the insulin receptor.
AMPK is considered a master switch, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and an enzyme that works as a fuel gauge that is activated in conditions of high-energy phosphate depletion. Collectively, the findings provide insight into the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties of ginseng and ginsenosides and their potential to provide beneficial treatment for diabetes.
Obesity is a major obstacle to human health because it predisposes individuals to various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Two major proteins regulate adipocyte differentiation: AMPK and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR; Yin, Mu, and Birnbaum ; Zhang, Lavan, and Greggore Both AMPK and PPAR-γ are major regulatory proteins involved in both obesity and diabetes.
PPAR-γ is activated under conditions of adipocyte differentiation Nedergaard et al. AMPK plays a role in intracellular energy homeostasis. The AMPK signaling pathway is induced by genistein, epigallocatechin gallate, and capsaicin and by decreasing 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation Hwang et al.
Ginsenoside Rh2 effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation via PPAR-γ inhibition and activated AMPK in 3T3 L1 adipocytes Hwang et al. Another study showed that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 suppress triglycerides accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by activating PKA with increased intracellular cAMP Park, Ahn et al.
However, the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was enhanced by Rb1 and Rg1 via activation of Pkinase, and these ginsenosides promoted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and cell viability in Min6 cells through PKA, which was associated with insulin response substrate 2 expression to insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling.
Some ginsenosides in ginseng improve insulin resistance by decreasing intracellular triglycerides accumulation. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces rat liver triglycerides Park et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 was effective in inhibiting 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through PPAR-γ induction by rosiglitazone and also was effective in activating AMPK Hwang et al.
The antiobesity effects of ginseng and ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2, and Rb1 may involve the AMPK and PPAR-γ signaling pathways.
Further studies on the connection between the AMPK and PPAR-γ signaling pathways may be desirable to understand the antiobesity qualities of ginseng and its use in antidiabetic treatment. Learning is the acquisition and storage of information as a consequence of experience, and memory is the relatively permanent storage form of the learned information, although it is not a single, unitary phenomenon.
Ginsenoside, the active principle in P. ginseng root, has been demonstrated to show both neurotrophic effects in memory and learning and neuroprotective actions for the prevention of neuron degeneration.
Various memory-impairment models have been used to evaluate the effects of ginseng and its active ingredients on learning and memory. In passive avoidance test, ginsenoside Rg1 improved learning and memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, indicating that Rg1 can improve all stages of memory Zhang et al.
To study the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory loss induced by β-amyloid, passive avoidance and performance in the Morris water maze were assayed after the final treatment. Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly decreased latency and swimming distance, improved corresponding changes in search strategies in the Morris water maze, and increased step-through latency Wang and Zhang In another study, Rg1 significantly improved memory deficits in aged rats, ovariectomized rats, and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats Qiu et al.
Results showed that ginseng extract and ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 facilitated acquisition and retrieval of memory. Moreover, these ginsenosides also antagonized memory loss and cognitive deficit under various pathological conditions, such as cerebral ischemia and dementia Qiu et al.
Among the mechanisms underlying the positive impact on brain aging related to impairment of cognitive function and memory, ginsenosides might potentiate the cholinergic system in CNS.
ACH is a very important neurotransmitter in the brain, and its scarcity often leads to learning and memory impairment. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 were found to enhance the functions of the cholinergic system by increasing the density of central M-cholinergic receptors and increasing the level of ACH in the CNS Zhang et al.
Glutamate, another neurotransmitter, is also important for learning, memory, and cognitive function. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 facilitate the release of glutamate evoked by 4-aminopyridine, a potassium channel blocker that depolarizes nerve terminals in vitro Chang et al.
Further study of this group showed that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 enhanced glutamate exocytosis from rat cortical nerve terminals by affecting vesicle mobilization through the activation of protein kinase C Chang and Wang Apoptosis is a process by which a cell actively commits suicide under tightly controlled circumstances, and it plays a fundamental role in the development of multicellular organisms, maintenance of homeostasis, and numerous pathophysiological processes.
However, defective control of apoptosis might play a role in the etiology of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. It was first reported that ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited apoptosis induced by withdrawing serum from the culture system of primary cortical neurons Li, Zhang, and Zhang An antiapoptotic effect of Rg1 was shown in aged rats in vivo.
Further studies demonstrated that mechanisms of Rg1 on apoptosis involved decreasing NO content and NOS activity, reducing intracellular calcium concentration and enhancing superoxide dismutase activity.
Li et al. NO played a role in the acceleration of senescence, and the inhibitory effect of Rg1 on NOS activity may be related to its antiaging function.
Other studies on the antiapoptotic effect of Rg1 on neurons suggest that the effect of Rg1 may contribute to enhancing the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax protein and inhibiting activation of caspase-3 Chen et al. Among 11 ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 , Rg3 was the most effective ginsenoside in terms of inhibitory activity of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid NMDA on hippocampal neurons Kim, Kim et al.
Selective blockers of the active glycine site on NMDA receptors are considered to be promising therapeutics that may decrease the devastating effects of excitotoxicity Lee, Zipfel, and Choi It was demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 significantly protects neurons from NMDA-induced neurotoxicity by blocking the glycine-binding site.
Homocysteine could exert its excitotoxicity through NMDA receptor activation. It was shown that ginsenoside Rg3 significantly and dose-dependently inhibits homocysteine-induced hippocampal cell death.
Ginsenoside Rg3 not only significantly lowered homocysteine-induced DNA damage, but also in vitro attenuated caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner Kim, Cho et al.
In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 dose-dependently inhibited homocysteine-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing NMDA receptors Kim, Cho et al. These results collectively suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 protects from homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus; this effect is likely to be due to inhibition of homocysteine-mediated activation of NMDA receptors.
Ginsenoside Rh2 was identified as an active ingredient of ginseng that can act at the hippocampal NMDA receptors Lee, Kim et al. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 protects neurons in vitro from NMDA-induced neurotoxicity and in vivo ginsenoside Rh2 protects from ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.
The neuroprotective activity of these ginsenosides can be attributed to the specific inhibition of NMDA-induced receptor activation.
It was reported that Rg3 effectively decreased inflammatory cytokine expression in Abetatreated murine BV-2 microglial cells, inhibited the binding of NF-κB p65 to its DNA consensus sequences, and significantly decreased expression of TNF-α in activated microglia.
Results suggest that inhibition of the inflammatory repertoire of microglia, neuroprotection, and increased macrophage scavenger receptor type A expression induced by Rg3 may at least partly explain its therapeutic effects in chronic neurodegenerative diseases Joo et al.
In addition, the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the metabolism of Abeta40 and Abeta42 was investigated in SK-N-SH cells transfected with Swedish mutant β-amyloid precursor protein Yang et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide PACAP is introduced as a neurotrophic factor to promote cell survival.
Ginsenoside Rh2 stimulated PACAP gene expression and cell proliferation in type 1 rat brain astrocytes RBA1 cells and ameliorated the RBA1 growth inhibition of Abeta.
These results suggested that Rh2 can induce an increase in PACAP to activate PAC1 and thereby lead to attenuating Abeta-induced toxicity Shieh et al.
Thus, it is suggested that ginseng is useful in the prevention of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. To summarize this section, ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, and Rh2 were shown to be effective in potentiating learning and memory acquisition, enhancing releases of ACH and glutamate, inhibiting apoptosis, and protecting neurons from neurotoxic insults.
Ginseng and ginsenosides seem to be beneficial for immunity, cancer, diabetes, CNS functions, and other conditions. Although a single ginsenoside is demonstrated to be beneficial regarding some effects or conditions, it remains to be determined whether a single component or mixtures of components derived from ginseng can maximize benefit across several diseases and conditions.
Therefore, more research works concerning the structure-activity relationship between ginseng constituents, acting individually or synergistically in a mixture, are required for predicting and ensuring physiological and pharmacological efficacy.
In addition, as many steps must be taken to standardize the usage of ginseng root through isolating specific ginsenosides, the formulated standardization of ginseng extract and ginsenoside isolation is clearly required to have constant results and desirable efficacy in animal and human experiments.
Finally, large-scale, controlled clinical studies are needed to validate the results in terms of their applicability to humans to extend those reported experiments that have been performed using animal models. Turn recording back on. National Library of Medicine Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure.
Help Accessibility Careers. Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation. Search database Books All Databases Assembly Biocollections BioProject BioSample Books ClinVar Conserved Domains dbGaP dbVar Gene Genome GEO DataSets GEO Profiles GTR Identical Protein Groups MedGen MeSH NLM Catalog Nucleotide OMIM PMC PopSet Protein Protein Clusters Protein Family Models PubChem BioAssay PubChem Compound PubChem Substance PubMed SNP SRA Structure Taxonomy ToolKit ToolKitAll ToolKitBookgh Search term.
Show details Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Search term. Chapter 8 Biological Activities of Ginseng and Its Application to Human Health Jae Joon Wee , Kyeong Mee Park , and An-Sik Chung. FIGURE 8. S tructural C onversion of G insenosides Ginsenosides undergo structural conversion under high temperature conditions, such as the decoction and steaming of ginseng, and in the acidic conditions in the stomach or due to metabolism by the intestinal bacteria.
O ther C onstituents in G inseng Ginseng contains several valuable nonsaponin components, including essential oils, antioxidants, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids, polysaccharides, and vitamins. I mmunomodulating E ffects of A queous E xtracts of G inseng Aqueous extracts of ginseng contain amino acids, minerals, saponins, and various water-soluble low- and high-molecular weight compounds.
I mmunomodulating E ffects of S aponin F raction Dendritic cells DCs play a pivotal role in the initiation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, making them an attractive cellular adjuvant for use in cancer vaccines.
I mmunomodulating E ffects of P olysaccharide F ractions Polysaccharide fractions of ginseng are high-molecular weight compounds obtained from the water-soluble and ethanol-insoluble fractions of ginseng. E ffect on T umor C ell C ytotoxicity and D ifferentiation Saponin and nonsaponin compounds have been reported to show cytotoxic activities against various kinds of cancer cell lines in culture.
A ntitumor P romotion R elated to I nflammation Considerable effort has been made to develop chemopreventive agents that could inhibit, retard, or reverse multistage carcinogenesis Weinstein A ntimetastatic E ffecr and I nhibition of A ngiogenesis Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis of F16 melanoma cells without impairing cell growth and proliferation of tumor cells Mochizuki, Yoo, and Matsuzawa A nticarcinogenic A ctivities and S ynergistic E ffect in C ombination with C hemical T herapeutic A gents Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ginseng on carcinogenesis induced by various chemical carcinogens.
R educing M ultidrug R esistance One of the major obstacles to the effective treatment of human malignancy is the acquisition of broad anticancer drug resistance by tumor cells.
M odulation of I nsulin S ecretion Ginseng might mediate its antidiabetic action through a variety of mechanisms, including actions on the insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells and the target tissues that take up glucose Xie, Mehendale, and Yuan C ontrol of B lood G lucose L evel and G lucose T ransport There are numerous reports of ginseng root improving diabetic conditions in both human and animal studies.
R egulation of A dipogenic T ranscriptional F actor PPAR-γ and AMPK Obesity is a major obstacle to human health because it predisposes individuals to various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Learning and Memory Various memory-impairment models have been used to evaluate the effects of ginseng and its active ingredients on learning and memory. N eurodegenerative D iseases Apoptosis is a process by which a cell actively commits suicide under tightly controlled circumstances, and it plays a fundamental role in the development of multicellular organisms, maintenance of homeostasis, and numerous pathophysiological processes.
Z, Kim S. I, Lee Y. Acetyl panaxydol and panxydolchlorohydrin, two new polyenes from Korean ginseng with cytotoxic activity against L cells. Arch Pharm. Attele A. S, Zhou Y. P, Xie J. T, editors. et al. Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identificationof an effective component.
Bae E. A, Han M. J, Choo M. K, Park S. Y, Kim D. Metabolism of 20 S - and 20 R -gensenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vivo biological activities. Biol Pharm Bull. Chang Y, Huang W.
J, Tien L. T, Wang S. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 enhance glutamate release through activation of protein kinase A in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol. Chang Y, Wang S. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 enhance glutamate exocytosis from rat corticalnerve terminals by affecting vesicle mobilization through the activation of protein kinase C.
Chen X. C, Chen Y, Zhu Y. G, Fang F, Chen L. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against MPTP-induced apoptosisin mouse substantia nigra neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Chen J, Gong Y. S, Zhang J. Effects of 17 estradiol and total ginsenoside on the spatial learning and memory impairment of ovariectomy rats.
Chin Pharm J. Cheng C. C, Yang S. M, Huang C.
We include products we think are useful for ginxeng readers. If you buy through links on suppleement page, we may Natural ginseng supplement HbAc levels explanation small commission. Medical News Nafural only shows you Natural ginseng supplement and products that we stand behind. Possible benefits of ginseng range from improving thinking to treating erectile dysfunction and lowering blood sugar. It also may help to reduce inflammation. Ginseng refers to 11 different varieties of a short, slow-growing plant with fleshy roots. It has a light-colored, forked-shaped root, a relatively long stalk, and green leaves in an oval shape. Official websites use. zupplement A. shpplement Natural ginseng supplement Natkral to an official government Natural ginseng supplement Blood sugar monitoring system the United States. gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.
Ich denke, dass Sie nicht recht sind. Geben Sie wir werden besprechen.
die Befriedigende Frage