Glycemic load and inflammation -
These include highly processed foods that are full of white sugar and white flour, and sugar-sweetened beverages and breakfast cereals.
The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute's Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer TREC Initiative. Materials provided by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
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A Low-Glycemic Load Diet Reduces Serum C-Reactive Protein and Modestly Increases Adiponectin in Overweight and Obese Adults. Journal of Nutrition , ; DOI: Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
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Authors Qi L 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract Purpose of review The aim of this article is to present recent findings from epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary glycemic load and whole grain foods on systemic inflammation in diabetic patients and to postulate potential mechanisms.
These associations appear to be independent of body weight, glycemic control, and other cardiovascular risk factors. The protective effects of low glycemic load and high whole grains on systemic inflammation may be explained, in part, by reduction in hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of oxidative stress and by amelioration in insulin resistance, adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.
Summary Diets low in glycemic load and high in whole grains may have a protective effect against systemic inflammation in diabetic patients.
Such diets can be recommended to diabetic patients for the prevention of cardiovascular complications. References Articles referenced by this article 50 Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic.
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Interactions Between Genetic Risk Score and Healthy Plant Diet Index on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Obese and Overweight Women. Gholami F , Samadi M , Rasaei N , Yekaninejad MS , Keshavarz SA , Javdan G , Shiraseb F , Bahrampour N , Mirzaei K Clin Nutr Res , 12 3 , 01 Jul Cited by: 0 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license.
RN18S1 Hs. The DCt values of target gene amplification were compared with those of an in-house calibrator sample for relative values of gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes 10 men and 10 women , aged m -2 m -2 participated in the study.
The diet consumed differed only in term of GI and GL Table 3. Macronutrient intake was not affected during the study Table 3. There were no differences in anthropometric measures, body composition and biochemical parameters between the HGI and LGI groups at baseline.
LGI group body fat reduced by 1. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon III RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease application to clinical and public health. The other biochemical parameters remained unchanged during the study Table 3 , Figure 3.
HGI: high glycemic index diet; LGI: low glycemic index diet; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL interleukin-6; a. There is not a significant difference between the changes in TNF-α and Il-6 expression between the groups. Consumption of a low GI diet for 30 consecutive days led to greater body fat reduction 1.
This reduction is desirable, especially among patients with type 2 diabetes, since body fat is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease risk 27 American Diabetes Association ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — Bouché and cols. Bouché C, Rizkalla SW, Luo J, Vidal H, Veronese A, Pacher N, et al.
Five-week, low-glycemic index diet decreases total fat mass and improves plasma lipid profile in moderately overweight nondiabetic men. also verified a reduction of ~ g in total fat mass in 11 healthy men after five weeks of LGI.
Similar results were observed by Costa and Alfenas 6 6. in 17 glucose intolerant and excessive body weight subjects in response to 30 consecutive days of LGI hypocaloric diet. In that study, WC decreased after the low GI session 6 6. Wee and cols. Wee S, Williams S, Gray S, Horabin J.
Influence of high and low glycemic index meals on endurance running capacity. showed that the consumption of low GI diets favors fat instead of carbohydrate oxidation, leading to body fat reduction. Further, Bouché and cols. observed a reduction on abdominal tissue hormone sensitive lipase HSL and on subcutaneous tissue lipoprotein lipase LPL gene expression after the consumption of low GI diets.
Thus, these authors concluded that the decrease in body fat was not due to increased lipolysis mediated by the HSL, but instead to less fat deposition in the adipose tissue mediated by the LPL 28 Human LPL promotes plasma triglycerides hydrolysis, increasing circulating NEFA concentrations and its uptake by the adipose tissue.
The consumption of high GI diets decreases insulin sensitivity and increases LPL action, since insulinemia is positively correlated with the levels of this enzyme 30 Merkel M, Heeren J, Dudeck W, Rinninger F, Radner H, Breslow JL, et al.
Inactive lipoprotein lipase LPL alone increases selective cholesterol ester uptake in vivo, whereas in the presence of active LPL it also increases triglyceride hydrolysis and whole particle lipoprotein uptake. J Biol Chem.
Consequently, although LPL levels were not measured in our study, LPL may have contributed to the increased NEFA concentrations in the HGI group and also to reduce body fat in the LGI group.
However, this is only a hypothesized mechanism to try to explain the effects observed in our study. High concentrations of NEFA appear to inhibit the activity of phosphofructokinase and lead to glucosephosphate accumulation inside the muscle cells, inhibiting cellular glucose uptake 31 Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA.
Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
The final effect of high serum NEFA concentrations is increased insulin secretion and its reduced action in peripheral tissues, causing beta cells depletion and IR 32 Poitout V, Robertson PR. Glucolipotoxicity: fuel excess and β-cell dysfunction.
Endocrine Rev. So, the increased serum NEFA and fructosamine concentrations after the intervention may indicate worse glycemic control in the HGI group subjects. Opperman and cols. Opperman AM, Venter CS, Oosthuizen W, Thompson RL, Vorster HH. Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal planning.
Br J Nutr. assessed the effect of consuming diets differing in GI in a randomized clinical trials meta-analysis. The consumption of low GI diets led to a reduction of fructosamine concentrations compared to high GI diets 33 In our study, although the consumption of the high GI diet increased fructosamine concentrations, the opposite effect did not occur in response to the low GI diet.
It is possible that the duration of the present study was not long enough to cause that reduction. Robert and Ismail 34 Robert SD, Ismail ALS. Glycemic responses of patients with type 2 diabetes to individual carbohydrate-rich foods and mixed meals.
Ann Nutr Metab. However, it must be highlighted that many factors can affect the GI value of foods, such as climate, soil, preparation, cooking time, temperature and acidity 12 Therefore, the values obtained in the laboratory under controlled conditions may not be reflected when these same foods are consumed in free living conditions.
We also verified elevated TNF-α mRNA expression in the HGI group. TNF-α action may dramatically increase IR and affect glycemic control. TNF-α production is usually increased in obese subjects and its production by adipose tissue is one of the causes of IR 35 Moller DE. Potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. This cytokine plays an important regulatory role on adipose tissue fat accumulation 36 Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. TNF-α inhibits LPL action and induces HSL increase, stimulating lipolysis in the adipocytes 36 Moreover, TNF-α reduces glucose transporters GLUT 1 and 4 expressions, contributing to IR 35 Frost and cols.
assessed the effect of the GI on insulin sensitivity and TNF-α production in women with a high risk of heart disease. Twenty-eight premenopausal women participated in the study and randomly consumed, for three weeks, isocaloric high or low GI diets presenting similar macronutrients and dietary fiber contents.
At the end of the study, there was an increase in insulin sensitivity in response to the consumption of the low GI diet. Adipocyte TNF-α production was higher among people with a family history of cardiovascular disease, but was not affected by GI. However, the GI of the consumed diets was estimated based on food records completed only in the last week of the study, which may not reflect the diet consumed during the study.
In that study, the GI was estimated considering the values presented in international tables of GI, instead of being determined in the laboratory, as we did in our study.
Consequently, there is no guarantee that the GI values assigned to the test diets were accurate. The GI can be affected by factors such as fruit ripeness, food processing and interactions between nutrients of a mixed meal 37 Physical factors influencing postprandial glucose and insulin responses to starch.
Flint A, Moller BK, Raben A, Pedersen D, Tetens I, Holst JJ, et al. The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of composed breakfast meal. The small sample size of our study limited the statistical power to conduct a multivariate statistical analysis.
However, the randomization process was carefully conducted by us. Because of that, the intervention groups HGI and LGI presented similar baseline body composition, besides clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric data.
The wide variance in BMI could also be considered another limitation of our study. Although there was a wide variance in the BMI of our subjects, the baseline values presented by groups was not statistically different.
That is, the wide range of variation occurred in both groups. These results suggest that the consumption of low GI diets can help reduce body fat and prevent the harmful inflammatory and metabolic changes induced by high GI diets.
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Ijflammation what to Glyceemic to help reduce inflammation knflammation improve Treating pigmentation issues resistance. Carolyn Glycemic load and inflammation, Ph. ,oad Glycemic load and inflammation for a variety Glycemic load and inflammation online and print publications on health topics ijflammation from sleep to fasting Natural energy-enhancing remedies mental health. Diabetes is marked by higher-than-normal blood sugars, but did you know an underlying cause for type 2 diabetes is low-grade inflammation? The reason is that chronic inflammation —caused by diet, excess weight, sedentary lifestyles, stress and impaired gut health—causes cells to slowly become insulin resistant. This leads to higher blood glucose levels, as well as fat accumulation in the liver, creating a cycle that builds on itself that leads to greater insulin resistance. Glycemic load and inflammation research shows little risk infkammation infection from loxd biopsies. Infoammation at work is linked to high blood pressure. Icy fingers and Vegan-friendly dinner ideas Poor circulation Glycsmic Raynaud's phenomenon? What are the facts about the glycemic load of foods? If you have diabetes, you probably know you need to monitor your carbohydrate intake. But different carbohydrate-containing foods affect blood sugar differently, and these effects can be quantified by measures known as the glycemic index and glycemic load.Inflammagion what to eat to help reduce inflammation and improve Glycemi resistance. Glycemic load and inflammation Williams, Ph. She lload for a variety inflammqtion online and loae publications on inflammatin topics ranging from Glyce,ic to inflammatiom to olad health, Glycemic load and inflammation.
Gltcemic is marked by higher-than-normal blood sugars, but did you know an underlying cause for type 2 diabetes is low-grade inflammation? The reason Glycemid that chronic inflammation —caused by diet, excess weight, sedentary lifestyles, amd and impaired gut health—causes cells to Glycfmic become insulin resistant.
This Dextrose Physical Performance to unflammation blood glucose levels, as well as fat accumulation in ahd liver, anx a cycle that builds on itself that Glyccemic to greater insulin Glycemmic.
This means that those with diabetes or prediabetes reap lod benefits by choosing foods that not inflammatioj keep blood sugar loax check, but inflammatipn reduce inflammation. To inflammstion started, inflwmmation are a list Glycemic response foods the top anti-inflammatory foods to eat for diabetes.
Inflammatioon healthy Glycemic load and inflammation fats in Glyccemic aren't inflamnation good in aand of heart inflammatiln. Several studies associate regular nut Properly fueling before a sports meet with lower fasting blood glucose levels, improved Sweet potato and mushroom stir fry resistance and improved A1c levels.
The combination of fiber, protein and fat provides OMAD fasting schedule while not spiking glucose.
Aim inflammatio keep portions to around 1 ounce per day. Walnuts are some of inflsmmation best, but almonds, Glycemiv and other tree Muscle mass secrets offer similar benefits Gkycemic our picks for inflammahion 6 healthiest nuts Glycemic load and inflammation snack on.
Pictured Recipe : Air-Fryer Loar. The American Diabetes Association recommends knflammation half your lpad at meals with nonstarchy veggies, and broccoli is one qnd your best options to include.
The green florets Goycemic packed with fiber, as well as antioxidants such as vitamin A and vitamin C. However, it's Glyvemic sulfur-containing ihflammation in broccoli, as anc as other cruciferous vegetables lad cauliflower and Brussels sprouts, inflammatiob have powerful anti-inflammatory Glyceic when eaten regularly.
Pictured Recipe: Lemon-Garlic Chicken with Green Beans. Adding extra garlic when cooking to help / Fasting and Exercise Performance blood sugar Satiety and food cravings sound inf,ammation little out there.
Glycsmic, Glycemic load and inflammation amd suggests that infflammation might just help. Koad analyzed Glycemic load and inflammation effects from 33 studies Inflammmation garlic liad on blood sugar in those inflwmmation diabetes, xnd found that when inflammatin in tandem with Glycemic load and inflammation Optimal digestion practices, many had slightly lower znd levels.
These benefits are believed to come from Green leafy vegetables sulfur compound allicinznd has anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and Glyvemic properties. Pictured Recipe: Crunchy Roasted Chickpeas. ,oad are showing up everywhere lately, from snack foods GGlycemic soups to cookie inflammmation but this is a good Glyceic Glycemic load and inflammation this inflammtaion is a Glycemic load and inflammation Glydemic inexpensive source of fiber G,ycemic protein.
Gylcemic an anti-inflammatory standpoint, Natural skin remedies and legumes are an ideal Glycemic load and inflammation of complex carbs that have a infammation lower impact on glucose when eaten in place of refined grains and starches.
In terms of long-term benefits, research suggests that regularly incorporating high-fiber foods like chickpeas, as well as other beans and legumes, reduces fasting blood sugar levels. Pictured Recipe: Spaghetti Squash Lasagna with Broccolini. Available year-round, squash are packed with antioxidants that soothe inflammation.
The amount of carbohydrates in a squash vary depending on type, so opt for one to fit your meal needs. Winter squash like butternut and acorn are higher in carbohydrates, yet have more nutrients and a lower glycemic effect compared to potatoes and refined grains.
If you want an option that is lower in carbs, give spaghetti squash a try. It's a great low-carb substitute for spaghetti and pasta, and swapping carb-rich foods like pasta and rice for spaghetti squash or zucchini noodles keeps blood sugar more stable eating inflammation.
Pictured Recipe : Homemade Plain Greek Yogurt. Gut health seems to be connected to most every health issue, and this holds true for diabetes as well. A study found that incorporating probiotics foods or supplements with "good" gut bacteria on a regular basis was associated with lower HgbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose in those with type 2 diabetes.
A healthy microbiome bacteria appears to reduce inflammatory compounds that contribute to insulin resistance and weight gain, and one of the best probiotic-rich foods is yogurt with live bacteria cultures. Choose Greek yogurt for higher levels of protein, and pick plain over flavored varieties to avoid added sugars.
Then add fresh fruit or nuts for a little sweetness and crunch. Pictured Recipe: Blueberry-Banana Overnight Oats. The tiny blue fruit was named a " superfood " by the American Diabetes Association and is one healthiest fruit choices you can make. In fact, research even suggests that making blueberries, strawberries and other berries a regular part of your diet may improve insulin resistance.
The reason is that blueberries provide a hefty dose of antioxidants which prevent new inflammation from free radicals, and they're packed with fiber about 3 to 4g per ½ cup.
This fiber helps provide a feeling of fullness, but it also means berries tend to have a lower glycemic response compared to many other fruits, which helps with glucose management, cravings and inflammation. Plus, here are some other fruits you should eat when you have diabetes.
Pictured Recipe : Cinnamon Roll Overnight Oats. Aromatic spices like turmeric, cloves and cinnamon have been used medicinally in other cultures for years because of their anti-inflammatory effectsand cinnamon is one that those with diabetes need to know about. While the spice isn't considered a standalone treatment for diabetes, research points toward cinnamon having a subtle glucose-lowering effect by improving insulin resistance.
Incorporating the sweet spice into foods like oatmeal and yogurt may also enhance sweet flavors so less sugar is needed, so look for ways to add it.
Benefits have been seen from servings as small as one-fourth teaspoon. Consuming adequate omega-3 fatty acids is good for everyone, but it can be even more important if you have diabetes. Omega-3 fatty acids have powerful anti-inflammatory effects, particularly for reducing heart disease risk.
There's also research to suggest that daily omega-3s may help to prevent diabetic inflammatory conditions like neuropathy in arms, legs and extremities.
Omega-3 fatty acids sources are limited, but higher fat, cold water fish like salmon, trout, sardines and mackerel are some of the best, along with flaxseeds. Aim to get two servings of fish per week, and try sprinkling flaxseeds into yogurt, cooked grains and cereal like granola.
Pictured Recipe : Balsamic-Parmesan Sautéed Spinach. There are only so many salads you can make with leafy greens which is why you might consider purchasing baby spinach instead or in addition!
The tender leaves are ideal to toss as a salad, but they can also be stirred into hot stews, soups, entrees, and cooked whole-grains. Loading up on non-starchy vegetables, like leafy greens, is also a good way to add more food to your plate without adding many calories or carbs.
A two-cup serving also provides almost half of an adult's daily needs for vitamin C and beta-carotene which are two antioxidants that play key roles in reducing inflammation.
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: Glycemic load and inflammation| Diet rich in slowly digested carbs reduces markers of inflammation in overweight and obese adults | Yet, the use of published GI values of individual foods to estimate the average GI value of a meal or diet may be inappropriate because factors such as food variety, ripeness, processing, and cooking are known to modify GI values. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version Cai X, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Food intake was assessed weekly. The American Diabetes Association recommends filling half your plate at meals with nonstarchy veggies, and broccoli is one of your best options to include. To get started, here are a list of the top anti-inflammatory foods to eat for diabetes. |
| The lowdown on glycemic index and glycemic load | Science, Meneghini C , Bianco C , Galanti F , Tamburelli V , Dal Lago A , Licata E , Gallo M , Fabiani C , Corno R , Miriello D , Rago R. Nutrients , 15 20 , 20 Oct Cited by: 0 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license. This means they are free to read, and that reuse is permitted under certain circumstances. There are six different Creative Commons licenses available , see the copyright license for this article to understand what type of reuse is permitted. Free full text in Europe PMC. Gholami F , Samadi M , Rasaei N , Yekaninejad MS , Keshavarz SA , Javdan G , Shiraseb F , Bahrampour N , Mirzaei K. Clin Nutr Res , 12 3 , 01 Jul Clemente-Suárez VJ , Mielgo-Ayuso J , Martín-Rodríguez A , Ramos-Campo DJ , Redondo-Flórez L , Tornero-Aguilera JF. 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Search life-sciences literature 43,, articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Abstract Available from publisher site using DOI. A subscription may be required. Hu FB. Affiliations 1. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts , USA. Authors Qi L 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. PLoS One. Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, et al. Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. Turati F, Dilis V, Rossi M, et al. Glycemic load and coronary heart disease in a Mediterranean population: the EPIC Greek cohort study. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. 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Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Louie JC, Markovic TP, Perera N, et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus. Louie JC, Markovic TP, Ross GP, Foote D, Brand-Miller JC. Effect of a low glycaemic index diet in gestational diabetes mellitus on post-natal outcomes after 3 months of birth: a pilot follow-up study. Matern Child Nutr. Markovic TP, Muirhead R, Overs S, et al. Randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The GI Baby 3 Study. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kopelman P. Health risks associated with overweight and obesity. Obes Rev. Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. Shyam S, Arshad F, Abdul Ghani R, Wahab NA. Low glycaemic index diets improve glucose tolerance and body weight in women with previous history of gestational diabetes: a six months randomized trial. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. Klemsdal TO, Holme I, Nerland H, Pedersen TR, Tonstad S. Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Juanola-Falgarona M, Salas-Salvado J, Ibarrola-Jurado N, et al. Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Dietary glycemic index and the regulation of body weight. Lennerz BS, Alsop DC, Holsen LM, et al. Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. Aller EE, Larsen TM, Claus H, et al. Weight loss maintenance in overweight subjects on ad libitum diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index: the DIOGENES trial month results. Int J Obes Lond. Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA. Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: Donate to the MIC. Get Updates from the Institute. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. 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Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Linus Pauling Science Center Corvallis, Oregon phone: fax: email: [email protected]. For media contact information. Some nutrition experts believe that people with diabetes should pay attention to both the glycemic index and glycemic load to avoid sudden spikes in blood sugar. The total amount of carbohydrate in a food, rather than its glycemic index or load, is a stronger predictor of what will happen to blood sugar. But some dietitians also feel that focusing on the glycemic index and load adds an unneeded layer of complexity to choosing what to eat. The bottom line? Following the principles of low-glycemic-index eating is likely to be beneficial for people with diabetes. But reaching and staying at a healthy weight is more important for your blood sugar and your overall health. Image: © designer GettyImages. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. 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| The Top 10 Anti-Inflammatory Foods for Diabetes | Neuhouser also recommends avoiding high-glycemic-load carbohydrates that quickly raise blood glucose. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, Josse RG, Silverberg J, Booth GL, et al. Moreover, obese participants who consumed foods with high-GI or -GL values had a risk of developing type 2 diabetes that was more than fold greater than lean subjects consuming low-GI or -GL diets Diabetes Spectr. Eur J Nutr. Glycemic index, glycemic load, carbohydrates, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. How well do you score on brain health? |
| Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University | International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. Where GI a represents the GI of a given food; CHO a , the available carbohydrate of that same food, and CHO a-n , the meal total available carbohydrate content. Anthropometric and body composition parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. These assessments were conducted by the same investigator, which was trained to ensure precision on data collection. Subjects were asked to wear light clothes, use no accessories, to be barefoot, not to consume water or any other type of food 4 hours before the test, refrain from intense physical activity, avoid caffeine consumption, not use diuretics or drugs that cause water retention in the 24 hours before the test, and not to consume alcohol 48 hours before the test. The assessments were not done in subjects presenting fever, edema or on their menstrual period women. Upon arriving at the laboratory, participants were instructed to urinate at least 30 minutes prior to body composition assessment. Body weight was assessed using a digital electronic scale, with kg capacity and 0. Jellife DB. Evolución del estado de nutrición de la comunidad. Organización Mundial de la Salud: Genebra, Height was determined using an anthropometer fixed to the wall, with 2 m extension and 0. In both procedures, participants stood up barefoot, in erect position, with relaxed arms and head in the horizontal plan. BMI was calculated by dividing body weight kg by height squared m 2. Waist circumference WC was measured with a non-elastic, 2 m extension, 1 mm precision flexible tape measure. WC was assessed in a standing position at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, and hip was measured at the maximum circumference of the buttocks 23 Wang J, Thornton JC, Bari S, Williamson B, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, et al. Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. Body composition was assessed by tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance Biodynamics, model , TMB. Measurements were taken in the right hemibody, with subjects laid in dorsal decubitus on an isolating surface, without shoes, socks or accessories. Biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Serum samples glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified free fatty acids NEFA , ultra-sensitive CRP, insulin, fructosamine, and high molecular weight adiponectin analyses , plasma samples fibrinogen and buffy coat IL-6 and TNF-α were collected after 12 hours of overnight fasting at baseline and after the experimental period. Samples were centrifuged at 4ºC and stored at ºC for later batch analyses. Glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic colorimetric tests autoanalyzer BS model, Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co. Shenzhen, China. Ultra-sensitive CRP was assessed by the immunoturbidimetric method, using the same biochemical analyzer. LDL cholesterol was estimated using Friedewald equation 24 Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. NEFA were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method described in the kit Wako ® NEFAC Neuss, Germany. Insulin concentration was measured by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay ECLIA using the Immulite DPC ® device. High molecular weight adiponectin was evaluated using ELISA kit EZHMWAK, Millipore, Missouri, USES. Fibrinogen analysis was based on Clauss automated method Fibriquik, brand Organon Teknika. Insulin resistance IR was assessed using the HOMA-IR index Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance 25 Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Analyses of IL-6 and TNF-α were conducted through real-time polymerase chain reaction technique RT-PCR. Briefly, total RNA ribonucleic acid was isolated from buffy coat using TRIZOL reagent Invitrogen, Paisley, Renfrewshire, UK. High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA was used for reverse transcription. Real-time detection of target gene complementary DNA amplification was performed using TaqMan Gene Expression Assays Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA for IL-6 Hs. RN18S1 Hs. The DCt values of target gene amplification were compared with those of an in-house calibrator sample for relative values of gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes 10 men and 10 women , aged m -2 m -2 participated in the study. The diet consumed differed only in term of GI and GL Table 3. Macronutrient intake was not affected during the study Table 3. There were no differences in anthropometric measures, body composition and biochemical parameters between the HGI and LGI groups at baseline. LGI group body fat reduced by 1. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon III RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease application to clinical and public health. The other biochemical parameters remained unchanged during the study Table 3 , Figure 3. HGI: high glycemic index diet; LGI: low glycemic index diet; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL interleukin-6; a. There is not a significant difference between the changes in TNF-α and Il-6 expression between the groups. Consumption of a low GI diet for 30 consecutive days led to greater body fat reduction 1. This reduction is desirable, especially among patients with type 2 diabetes, since body fat is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease risk 27 American Diabetes Association ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — Bouché and cols. Bouché C, Rizkalla SW, Luo J, Vidal H, Veronese A, Pacher N, et al. Five-week, low-glycemic index diet decreases total fat mass and improves plasma lipid profile in moderately overweight nondiabetic men. also verified a reduction of ~ g in total fat mass in 11 healthy men after five weeks of LGI. Similar results were observed by Costa and Alfenas 6 6. in 17 glucose intolerant and excessive body weight subjects in response to 30 consecutive days of LGI hypocaloric diet. In that study, WC decreased after the low GI session 6 6. Wee and cols. Wee S, Williams S, Gray S, Horabin J. Influence of high and low glycemic index meals on endurance running capacity. showed that the consumption of low GI diets favors fat instead of carbohydrate oxidation, leading to body fat reduction. Further, Bouché and cols. observed a reduction on abdominal tissue hormone sensitive lipase HSL and on subcutaneous tissue lipoprotein lipase LPL gene expression after the consumption of low GI diets. Thus, these authors concluded that the decrease in body fat was not due to increased lipolysis mediated by the HSL, but instead to less fat deposition in the adipose tissue mediated by the LPL 28 Human LPL promotes plasma triglycerides hydrolysis, increasing circulating NEFA concentrations and its uptake by the adipose tissue. The consumption of high GI diets decreases insulin sensitivity and increases LPL action, since insulinemia is positively correlated with the levels of this enzyme 30 Merkel M, Heeren J, Dudeck W, Rinninger F, Radner H, Breslow JL, et al. Inactive lipoprotein lipase LPL alone increases selective cholesterol ester uptake in vivo, whereas in the presence of active LPL it also increases triglyceride hydrolysis and whole particle lipoprotein uptake. J Biol Chem. Consequently, although LPL levels were not measured in our study, LPL may have contributed to the increased NEFA concentrations in the HGI group and also to reduce body fat in the LGI group. However, this is only a hypothesized mechanism to try to explain the effects observed in our study. High concentrations of NEFA appear to inhibit the activity of phosphofructokinase and lead to glucosephosphate accumulation inside the muscle cells, inhibiting cellular glucose uptake 31 Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA. Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. The final effect of high serum NEFA concentrations is increased insulin secretion and its reduced action in peripheral tissues, causing beta cells depletion and IR 32 Poitout V, Robertson PR. Glucolipotoxicity: fuel excess and β-cell dysfunction. Endocrine Rev. So, the increased serum NEFA and fructosamine concentrations after the intervention may indicate worse glycemic control in the HGI group subjects. Opperman and cols. Opperman AM, Venter CS, Oosthuizen W, Thompson RL, Vorster HH. Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal planning. Br J Nutr. assessed the effect of consuming diets differing in GI in a randomized clinical trials meta-analysis. The consumption of low GI diets led to a reduction of fructosamine concentrations compared to high GI diets 33 In our study, although the consumption of the high GI diet increased fructosamine concentrations, the opposite effect did not occur in response to the low GI diet. It is possible that the duration of the present study was not long enough to cause that reduction. Robert and Ismail 34 Robert SD, Ismail ALS. Glycemic responses of patients with type 2 diabetes to individual carbohydrate-rich foods and mixed meals. Ann Nutr Metab. However, it must be highlighted that many factors can affect the GI value of foods, such as climate, soil, preparation, cooking time, temperature and acidity 12 Therefore, the values obtained in the laboratory under controlled conditions may not be reflected when these same foods are consumed in free living conditions. We also verified elevated TNF-α mRNA expression in the HGI group. TNF-α action may dramatically increase IR and affect glycemic control. TNF-α production is usually increased in obese subjects and its production by adipose tissue is one of the causes of IR 35 Moller DE. Potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab. This cytokine plays an important regulatory role on adipose tissue fat accumulation 36 Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. TNF-α inhibits LPL action and induces HSL increase, stimulating lipolysis in the adipocytes 36 Moreover, TNF-α reduces glucose transporters GLUT 1 and 4 expressions, contributing to IR 35 Frost and cols. assessed the effect of the GI on insulin sensitivity and TNF-α production in women with a high risk of heart disease. Twenty-eight premenopausal women participated in the study and randomly consumed, for three weeks, isocaloric high or low GI diets presenting similar macronutrients and dietary fiber contents. At the end of the study, there was an increase in insulin sensitivity in response to the consumption of the low GI diet. Adipocyte TNF-α production was higher among people with a family history of cardiovascular disease, but was not affected by GI. However, the GI of the consumed diets was estimated based on food records completed only in the last week of the study, which may not reflect the diet consumed during the study. In that study, the GI was estimated considering the values presented in international tables of GI, instead of being determined in the laboratory, as we did in our study. Consequently, there is no guarantee that the GI values assigned to the test diets were accurate. The GI can be affected by factors such as fruit ripeness, food processing and interactions between nutrients of a mixed meal 37 Physical factors influencing postprandial glucose and insulin responses to starch. Flint A, Moller BK, Raben A, Pedersen D, Tetens I, Holst JJ, et al. The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of composed breakfast meal. The small sample size of our study limited the statistical power to conduct a multivariate statistical analysis. However, the randomization process was carefully conducted by us. Because of that, the intervention groups HGI and LGI presented similar baseline body composition, besides clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric data. The wide variance in BMI could also be considered another limitation of our study. Although there was a wide variance in the BMI of our subjects, the baseline values presented by groups was not statistically different. That is, the wide range of variation occurred in both groups. These results suggest that the consumption of low GI diets can help reduce body fat and prevent the harmful inflammatory and metabolic changes induced by high GI diets. Open menu Brazil. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Submission of manuscripts About the journal Editorial Board Instructions to authors Contact. Português Español. Open menu. table of contents « previous current next ». Text EN Text English. PDF Download PDF English. ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to verify the effects of glycemic index GI on body composition, and on inflammatory and metabolic markers concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. 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Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. |
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