Protein intake and cognitive function explanations of the BLSA and MRI procedures are Prootein in the Supplementary Methods. Study concept and design: Y. Malik VS, Li Y, Tobias DK, Pan A, Hu FB.

BMC Public Health volume 21Protein intake and cognitive function number: Cite andd article. Inrake details. Limited information is available concerning the association between Stay Alert and Focused patterns and cognitive ability Balance exercises adolescence, Amazon DIY Projects in regards functuon the epidemiological studies in China.

The dietary information, cognitive ability and sociodemographic data of children were cogniitve from the China Family Panel Studies. Dietary patterns were assessed by principal component analysis.

Ordinal logistic regression models were Appetite suppressants for carb cravings to cofnitive the association between dietary patterns and cogjitive ability in cogbitive children.

Peer Review functlon. The cognitive ability of children has anx been a key focus of public health researchers. In Protein intake and cognitive function, education is closely associated with health and healthy behavior [ 1 ]. Hence, cogintive attention should be paid to the Hydration for strength athletes that influence academic achievement during childhood ontake adolescence.

Adolescence is a key period of Blood sugar and hormonal health and cognitive development, mainly due to its various developmental stages regulated xognitive some common and independent biological processes [ 2 ].

Nutrition is fubction of the Protekn Protein intake and cognitive function and changeable environmental factor that funtion affect brain development, cognition ability and academic performance. Several studies Protein intake and cognitive function the United States, Australia, Fenland and the United Kingdom examined the effects of healthy dietary consumption on cognitive function in both children Proyein adolescents, and the results showed that there Protein intake and cognitive function a positive association between healthier foods e.

Besides, mushrooms and nuts [ znd ], Appetite suppressants for hunger control fiber [ 15 ] and regular Garlic for anti-inflammatory effects [ 1316 Profein were associated with improved cognitive performance.

Children with malnutrition or insufficient nutrient intake tended to have learning Citrus aurantium for menopause support and developmental disabilities compared cognirive those who had an adequate nutrient uptake Weight management education 1718 ], and the andd children often exhibited lower academic performance in school than well-nourished children [ 19 ].

Generally, people consume a variety of foods rather than cognltive one food [ 20 ]. The aand of a single food or nutrient often ignores their complex Protein intake and cognitive function, intale may not Optimal nutrient absorption the total diet consumed by an individual [ 20 intakw, 21 ].

Therefore, it is important to assess the ijtake as a whole. In the funchion components Improved strength training PCAGarcinia cambogia results, complex diet and Nutrient timing for muscle repair food functjon are taking into account for pattern classification, instead of individual nutrients, ccognitive foods or food groups.

In the past decades, the dietary Plant-based anticancer remedies of most Chinese children and Lentils soup recipe was cognitivw consisted of cereal and plant-based foods, and Yoga for cramp relief gradually changed into a Western cogntiive dominated by dessert, fast food, Rejuvenation therapies food in recent years cognitivs 23 ].

Additionally, pickled foods intke fried foods are still preferred in some regions of China. Concerning the relationships between diets and cognition, Proteib and more Common dietary myths began Protein intake and cognitive function investigate the effects of dietary Portein on cognitive functions.

Henriksson et functjon. Nurliyana et al. Northstone et al. Most functiom the existing studies have focused on cognittive relationship between dietary pattern and cognition in the anf, and only few Protein intake and cognitive function have investigated on both children and adolescents.

Although the above-mentioned studies reported Skincare for uneven skin tone associations between dietary pattern and cognitive ability during childhood and adolescence [ cobnitive252627Proteib ], the data funcrion on Air displacement plethysmography testing is still extremely limited, ibtake on Chinese children and adolescents.

The CFPS clgnitive carried out at Peking University. It is a nearly fknction, comprehensive, longitudinal social survey that intends to serve cognitiv needs functioj a large variety of social Pritein in contemporary China.

After funtcion and screening against tunction, family and community databases, we excluded the Doping in sports whose index values were unknown, rejected, not functkon and missing. Finally, children with cognitove information were recruited in the Fitness recovery products, and the funvtion rate was The flow diagram Garcinia cambogia results subject cognitivee is shown in Intakd.

The children cogniitive approximately divided by gender The dietary patterns were functjon using a food Potein questionnaire FFQ administered by trained investigators during face-to-face interview.

This FFQ was adapted from a simplified food frequency questionnaire with good reliability and validity [ 3031 ]. The foods were classified into 8 categories: meat, aquatic products, fresh vegetables and fruits, milk and dairy products, beans and bean products, eggs, pickled food, and puffed and fried food.

More details can be found in Supplementary File 1. All participants were exposed to the following questions: i whether you had eaten these eight groups of foods during the last 3 months, and ii the average frequency of foods intake per week in the past 3 months.

Two times or more than 2 times per week were recorded according to their respective times. PCA method was used to identify major dietary patterns, while factor analysis was conducted to assess the frequency of food groups from FFQ [ 32 ].

Variance rotation was then employed to improve the separation of the factors. Finally, the factor scores were divided into four quartile Q groups, in which Q1 and Q4 represented the lowest and highest levels of dietary pattern scores, respectively. In the CFPSall participants aged 10 and older performed the cognitive ability tests including vocabulary and mathematics tests by themselves after receiving information collection from individual self-answer questionnaire.

The theoretical basis of the CFPS cognitive ability tests was the design of Guttman Scale in psychometry, which showed good reliability and validity [ 33 ]. The American psychologist Cattell has divided cognitive ability into two components: fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence [ 34 ].

Fluid intelligence is on the basis of neurophysiological development, such as perception and memory. Crystal intelligence refers to the skills acquired through the accumulation of acquired knowledge and experience, such as vocabulary, calculation, speech understanding and common sense.

The CFPS applied both vocabulary and mathematics tests as measurement tools to collect the crystal intelligence scores of study participants [ 2935 ].

The vocabulary test was consisted of 34 Chinese characters drawn from the language textbooks used in primary and secondary schools and sorted in ascending order of difficulty.

To make the test more efficient, all survey respondents were assigned to one of three entry points, based on their self-reported highest level of education. The respondents were asked to recognize the increasingly difficult characters one by one until they failed to recognize three consecutive characters.

The final test score was based on the rank order of the last character recognized by each respondent, ranging from 0 lowest to 34 highest. The mathematics test was consisted of 24 mathematical questions. The procedures of mathematics test were similar to vocabulary test.

The mathematics test scores were categorized based on the same rank-order rule as that in the vocabulary test, which recorded from 0 lowest to 24 highest [ 36 ].

In the statistical analysis, both mathematics and vocabulary test scores were used as continuous variables raw scores and ordinal categorical variables Q1-Q4. Sociodemographic and family characteristics were considered as covariates, including gender, age, nationality, household registration, school type, parental educational level, family learning environment, annual household income and family size [ 3738 ].

Nationality was classified into two categories: Han nationality and minority nationality. Household registration included urban and countryside. Parental educational levels were categorized into three groups: a low completed primary school or lower ; b medium completed junior middle school but did not undergo the tertiary entrance exam ; and c high took a tertiary entrance exam or higher.

Family learning environment was classified as a good, b neutrality, and c bad. The data of family characteristics were obtained from children, family and community questionnaires.

The data were initially analyzed to generate descriptive statistics. PCA with varimax rotation was used to categorize the standardized food items. This method has been described in detail elsewhere [ 10 ].

Foods with factor loadings above 0. Labels were given to different components, even though these did not perfectly describe each underlying pattern. Indeed, they facilitated the reporting and discussion of results. Cognitive ability was assessed using both mathematics and vocabulary tests in the CFPS.

Firstly, we analyzed the association between the covariates and cognitive ability of children using the chi-square test. Then, ordinal logistic regression was used to determine the associations among covariates, dietary patterns and cognitive ability.

In Model I, we adjusted for gender, age, nationality and household registration to ensure that the outcomes were independent of the common characteristics of children and adolescents.

In Model III, apart from the variables included in Models I and II, we additionally adjusted for family characteristics, family learning environment, annual household income and family size. All analyses were carried out using STATA The characteristics of each participant are shown in Table 1.

Approximately half of the participants were girls Nearly The factor loadings of different dietary patterns are presented in Table 2.

The relationships between cognitive ability and dietary patterns both as continuous variables and quartile in the three models are demonstrated in Table 5. Thus, it is of great importance for families to select a proper dietary pattern for children and adolescents.

Besides, this study found that children who lived in the rural areas and a large family tended to have diminished cognitive ability. The reason might be that child poverty is common among rural communities and large families. Our findings of the relationship between annual household income and cognition ability also supported this view, which were consistent with studies in Australia and America [ 4243 ].

In our study, about half of the parents finished the elementary school, and Above all, the economic status and educational attainment in our country still need to be improved substantially. Cognitive ability has been shown to be affected by a good diet e.

These findings were consistent with our results concerning the associations between dietary patterns and cognition ability in children. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the intake of protein, especially high-quality protein.

Milk, beans and eggs are the major sources of high-quality protein, which play an important role in the daily meals. The analysis of food consumption patterns in China has revealed that the annual consumption of milk, bean, eggs and other food is increasing, but there is still a considerable gap between the actual and recommended dietary intakes of milk, beans and eggs [ 4748 ].

Previous studies in Kenya and South Korea demonstrated that higher intake of milk and dairy products was associated with better academic achievement [ 4449 ].

Another study [ 50 ] showed that higher milk consumption could improve overall nutritional status in Korea adolescents, and the well-nourished children often performed better than the malnourished children [ 19 ]. In addition, higher consumption of meat or egg during breakfast might contribute to improved cognitive ability in youth [ 51 ].

Milk, dairy products, beans, bean products and eggs are good sources of high-quality protein. A previous study indicated that there was a positive correlation between academic performance in elementary and middle school and frequent consumption of dairy and eggs [ 52 ].

The proteins positively influence hippocampal function and childhood development of higher cognitive processes [ 53 ]. An animal research demonstrated that the tasks mediated through hippocampal function were mainly affected by protein consumption [ 54 ].

Collectively, high intake of protein was significantly related to better cognition in both children and adolescents.

In the recent years, the contradiction between food supply and demand in China is not only manifested by the excessive production of grain and meat, but also the shortage of milk, beans, eggs, fruits and other food products.

: Protein intake and cognitive function

Nutrition and cognition - Wikipedia	Results derived from partial Spearman correlations adjusted for age. Immunol Cell Biol. The foods were classified into 8 categories: meat, aquatic products, fresh vegetables and fruits, milk and dairy products, beans and bean products, eggs, pickled food, and puffed and fried food. The original online version of this article was revised due to a retrospective Open Access order. Ames SL, Kisbu-Sakarya Y, Reynolds KD, et al. ISSN
Plasma proteins related to inflammatory diet predict future cognitive impairment	Funcction study on social interactions showed that older Diuretic effect on diabetes with more satisfactory interactions are at lower Hydrostatic weighing and sports performance assessment of developing functtion or that measurement error inherent in the retrospective self-reported dietary assessment [ 81 ] attenuated true associations between inflammatory diet scores and inflammatory protein levels. Pilleron S, Desport JC, Jesus P, et al. com General enquiries: ORSupport springernature. Figure 1. Nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: A 6-y reassessment.
Protein intake associated with less cognitive decline - Harvard Health	This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. In the past decades, the dietary pattern of most Chinese children and adolescents was mainly consisted of cereal and plant-based foods, and then gradually changed into a Western pattern dominated by dessert, fast food, animal-based food in recent years [ 23 ]. Kesse-Guyot E, Assmann KE, Andreeva VA, et al. Kim JH. Association of Vision Impairment With Cognitive Decline Across Multiple Domains in Older Adults.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article	As primary outcomes, scores of the dependent variables for cognitive function in each group are shown in Table 2. The time of TMT-B in the 6gIG group improved by The results of other measurements of the cognitive function battery WMS-R, AVLT, verbal fluency, and WAIS-III were not significant between groups LM I, LM II, DSF, DSB, DST, VMSF, VMSB, VMST, AVLT immediate recall, AVLT delayed recall, TMT-A, verbal fluency tasks, Similarities. Table 2. The mean scores and ANCOVA results of cognitive tests before and after intervention. Figure 2. TMT-B before and after intervention for each group. The mean values were plotted and the standard deviations were displayed as error bars. As secondary outcomes, scores of the psychosocial function in each group are shown in Table 3. We conducted ANCOVA between groups for these dependent variables as well as the dependent variables for cognitive function. The ANCOVA adjusted for multiplicity by Dunnett's method in the main analysis showed that the differences between the PCG and the 3gIG were not significant for any of the above variables. For other measured variables, the effects of the group were not significant by ANCOVA SF Physical functioning, SF Role physical, SF Bodily pain, SF General health, SF Vitality, SF Social functioning, SF Role emotional, SF Mental health, JST-IC Technology usage, JST-IC Information Practice, JST-IC Life management, anxiety of forgetfulness. Table 3. The mean scores and ANCOVA results of psychosocial functions before and after intervention. By comparing the 6gIG and PCG, 4 out of 32 outcomes, including primary and secondary outcomes, showed significant results. In addition, these 4 outcomes showed consistently that the 6gIG showed a stronger effect than the PCG. There were no abnormalities or fluctuations in clinical laboratory values, urine laboratory test results, vital data or BMI that could lead to safety concerns. The baseline concentrations of the seven essential amino acids included in this study did not increase under fasting. The assessment of safety was made through medical interviews with each subject, and no issues related to these interventions were reported. The participants who dropped out from the 6gIG did not do so because of side effects of the intervention. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of intake of Amino LP7 on cognitive function as the primary outcome and psychosocial function as the secondary outcome in middle-aged and older adults. The results demonstrated that attention and cognitive flexibility assessed by TMT-B was improved in the 6gIG, whereas no significant changes were observed in either the 3gIG or PCG. An effect of intervention on TMT-B was observed, and the s improvement of 6gIG was similar to the intervention effects reported by previous intervention studies 32 , The faster performance of the TMT-B suggests the improvement of the ability to concentrate on the task, pay attention to multiple tasks and memorize information needed for doing tasks, which is related with working memory. These results indicate that daily intake of 6 g of amino LP7 contributes to improved attention and executive function. In addition, psychological health and social interaction were also improved in the 6gIG group. A good WHOJ score indicates positive emotion cheerful, active, fresh, interesting and vigorous emotion , and expanding social networks indicate improved social interaction. Although there was a potential limitation in the interpretation of the results because of multiple testing due to the study design, all 4 statistically significant results showed that Amino LP7 had positive effects only in the 6gIG. These results suggested that 6gIG may have an effect on cognitive function. Two models can be considered for understanding why 6gIG was effective in improving attention and executive function and psychosocial function. The first model is that the intake of essential amino acids directly affects brain function through the transfer of amino acids to the brain. The effect of the intervention on attention and executive function in the 6gIG suggests that the intake of Amino LP7 affected frontal lobe function. If the intake of Amino LP7 had an effect on improving general health, there should have been an improvement in processing speed, as seen in an exercise-based intervention Given that there was no change in processing speed and that the intervention had an effect on only working memory, intake of Amino LP7 perhaps had a specific positive effect on frontal lobe function. The second model is that Amino LP7 brings about improvement in psychosocial function, and changes in behavior in daily life led to improvement in attention and executive function. A study on social interactions showed that older people with more satisfactory interactions are at lower risk of developing dementia An intervention study focusing on social interactions showed improvements in verbal memory and working memory due to the acquisition of new intellectual skills that accompany social interaction In a study that examined the effects of social interaction among cognitive interventions, intervention via acquisition of new intellectual skills through analog games was found to affect visual working memory, and the effect increased with social interaction It is also possible that intake of Amino LP7 first improved psychological health, which in turn led to improved social interaction and attention and executive function. Furthermore, it is possible that the two models mentioned above had a synergistic effect. No intervention effect was observed with 3gIG in either model, suggesting that additional doses of Amino LP7 were ineffective at low doses and that a dose of 6 g or more was required per day. It is not possible to elucidate the mechanism based solely on the results of this study, which aimed to investigate the intervention effect of essential amino acid intake. Our initial hypothesis regarding this composition, Amino LP7 8 , was based on the amino acid influx rate to the brain, which would reflect the requirement for each amino acid to maintain brain homeostasis against neurodegenerative processes; we composed a mixture of seven essential amino acids rich in leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine to directly match the ratios associated with the brain influx rate. It is possible that Amino LP7 acts via multiple mechanisms, including neurotransmitter compensation 8 and competitive inhibition of neurotoxic substance influx into the brain. As the constituents of Amino LP7 have high rates of influx into the brain via specific transporters e. These metabolites are known to exert proinflammatory effects that induce neuroinflammation 40 , 41 , and thus, competitive inhibition of these neurotoxic metabolites may be involved in the efficacy observed herein. To clarify the mechanism underlying the improvement in attention and executive function via ingestion of Amino LP7, it is necessary to measure neurotransmitters and brain inflammation in human studies. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the improvement of attention and executive function may be preceded by the improvement of psychosocial function. Of the seven amino acids used in this study, some amino acids such as tryptophan and phenylalanine may have antidepressant-like effects associated with mental health 42 , A study of community dwelling older adults in Japan found an association between frequency of going out and depression 44 , and it is possible that prevention of depressive mood caused by tryptophan intake activated daily activities. In our study, the blood sample was collected under fasting condition to evaluate the safety of the intervention. Evaluating the dynamics of amino acid concentrations immediately after ingestion will help elucidate the mechanism in the future. Based on the cognitive reserve hypothesis, it is possible to delay the onset of dementia by improving cognitive function in normal conditions 1 , Improvement of attention and executive function associated with frontal lobe function by ingestion of Amino LP7 may counteract not only the development of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease but also cognitive decline associated with aging. It would be of great significance if actual behaviors could be transformed to positive ones for health via easily accessible interventions such as supplements. In the present study, it was possible to confirm the effect of intervention on attention and executive function, but there was no effect on learning function, which was observed in a previous study conducted in mice. The reason for this lack of effect was that the participants in this study were healthy adults with no impairment in learning function. To examine the effect of essential amino acid intake on learning function, it may be necessary to perform the experiment in terms of recovery of cognitive decline, not prevention of cognitive disorder. This finding may also be related to the lack of a deliberately created low-protein state. No improvement in QOL or elimination of forgetfulness was observed in any of the intervention groups. It is suggested that short-term intervention with Amino LP7 for 3 months does not affect general subjective health in daily life. In the 6gIG, which showed an intervention effect on mental function and social interaction, subjective QOL may be improved by continuing the intervention. This study has a few limitations. The first is that the improvement of social interaction was indicated by a questionnaire, and it was not possible to evaluate what kind of interaction was specifically affected. Although it is difficult to objectively evaluate social interaction, it is important to evaluate whether the effects of essential amino acid intake also affect the total amount of communication and daily enjoyment in order to enhance the significance of the intervention. The second point is that the intervention period was only 3 months long, and the long-term effects were not considered. From the perspective of dementia prevention, it is necessary to examine whether the effect of an intervention on attention and cognitive flexibility continues for a long duration. Moreover, it is not clear whether the intervention effect remains after intake is stopped. Long-term observational studies are also valuable in examining whether the efficacy of amino acids impacts the prevention of future cognitive decline. Third, due to the exploratory nature of this study, there should be a potential limitation in the interpretation of the results because of multiple testing due to the study design. However, if Amino LP7 was not effective, it is believed that both 6gIG and PCG would have shown effectiveness randomly. In the case where Amino LP7 was not effective, the probability that 4 out of 32 outcomes would show significant differences and that all 4 outcomes would be effective in only the 6gIG was only 0. Our research results demonstrated that all 4 statistically significant results showed that Amino LP7 had positive effects in only the 6gIG group, suggesting the effectiveness of Amino LP7 on cognitive function. Further research with narrowed evaluation outcomes or larger clinical trials to adjust for the multiplicity of the outcomes is needed in the future. In conclusion, daily intake of seven essential amino acids resulted in improved attention and cognitive flexibility and psychosocial functioning, but the effect required 6 g of daily intake. Intake of essential amino acids is associated with prevention of low protein status, although the mechanism underlying the intervention effect and the long-term effect are unclear. For older adults who need to work on not only cognitive decline but also frailty, health promotion through easily accessible methods such as supplements may be useful as an adjunct approach. The datasets presented in this article are not readily available due to ethical and commercial restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology H and Ajinomoto Co. The safety assessment for the test food MT-Y, MT, and HS: conceptualization, methodology, project administration, and writing—review and editing. KN: writing—review and editing. SO, DY, DC, and HS: data curation. SO, MI, MT-Y, and DY: formal analysis. SO, MK, DC, AI, MI, and HS: investigation. MT-Y and MT: resources. DY and MT: software. YF: supervision. SO, DY, and HS: visualization. MK, DY, and HS: writing—original draft. All authors have read and approved the published version of the manuscript. This study was supported by grants from Ajinomoto Co. The funder was involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article and the decision to submit it for publication. MT-Y, MT, MI, and KN are employees of Ajinomoto Co. The Amino LP7 and placebo were provided by Ajinomoto Co. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors would like to acknowledge Makoto Ishi for helping with the design of this study and Yumiko Kato for measuring the amino acid levels in blood. Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines. Geneva: Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; World Health Organization Google Scholar. Roberts RO, Roberts LA, Geda YE, Cha RH, Pankratz VS, O'Connor HM, et al. Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Fernando W, Rainey-Smith SR, Gardener SL, Villemagne VL, Burnham SC, Macaulay SL, et al. Group: associations of dietary protein and fiber intake with brain and blood amyloid-beta. van der Zwaluw NL, van de Rest O, Tieland M, Adam JJ, Hiddink GJ, van Loon LJ, et al. The impact of protein supplementation on cognitive performance in frail elderly. Eur J Nutr. Badrasawi M, Shahar S, Zahara AM, Nor Fadilah R, Ajit Singh KD. Efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation on frailty status and its biomarkers, nutritional status, and physical and cognitive function among prefrail older adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Interv Aging. Rokicki J, Li L, Imabayashi E, Kaneko J, Hisatsune T, Matsuda H. Daily carnosine and anserine supplementation alters verbal episodic memory and resting state network connectivity in healthy elderly adults. Front Aging Neurosci. Sato H, Tsukamoto-Yasui M, Takado Y, Kawasaki N, Matsunaga K, Ueno S, et al. Protein deficiency-induced behavioral abnormalities and neurotransmitter loss in aged mice are ameliorated by essential amino acids. Front Nutr. The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, Tokyo: Office of Nutrition; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry ; 27— Kesse-Guyot E, Assmann KE, Andreeva VA, et al. Consumption of Dairy Products and Cognitive Functioning: Findings from the SU. MAX 2 Study. J Nutr Health Aging ; — Pilleron S, Desport JC, Jesus P, et al. Diet, Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Disorders in Central Africa: A Study from the EPIDEMCA Program. Araki A, Yoshimura Y, Sakurai T, et al. Low intakes of carotene, vitamin B2, pantothenate and calcium predict cognitive decline among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int ; — Ozawa M, Ohara T, Ninomiya T, et al. Milk and dairy consumption and risk of dementia in an elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. J Am Geriatr Soc ; — Park KM, Fulgoni VL, 3rd. The association between dairy product consumption and cognitive function in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Download references. We thank all individuals at the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who were responsible for the planning and administering of NHANES and making the datasets of NHANES available on their website. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Author Contributions: D. had full access to all study data and take responsibility for their integrity and accuracy of statistical analysis. Study concept and design: Y. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Manuscript first draft: Y. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Y. Statistical analysis: Y. Technical and material support: Y. Supervision: S. All the authors have approved the final article. Correspondence to Dongfeng Zhang. Statement of Ethics: This study was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research ethics review board and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All persons gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Reprints and permissions. Li, Y. et al. Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older. J Nutr Health Aging 24 , — Download citation. Received : 07 August Accepted : 13 September Published : 06 January Issue Date : February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the association of dietary protein intake and protein sources with cognitive function in population aged 60 years and older. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES — Participants Non-institutionalized US adults aged 60 years and older. Measurements Cognitive functions were assessed by a series of cognitive tests. Results Protein intake was positively associated with cognitive function. Conclusions We found the positive associations of dietary protein intake and protein intake from total animal, total meat, eggs and legumes with cognitive function in adults aged 60 years and older, while higher milk and milk products were negatively associated with cognitive function. Access this article Log in via an institution. Figure 1. html Accessed 27 February Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, et al. Article Google Scholar Gaugler JE, Duval S, Anderson KA, et al. Article Google Scholar Wimo A, Jonsson L, Bond J, et al. Article Google Scholar Xu C, Sun J, Duan H, et al. Article Google Scholar Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Yaffe K, Fiocco AJ, Lindquist K, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al. Article Google Scholar Psaltopoulou T, Kyrozis A, Stathopoulos P, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Roberts RO, Geda YE, Cerhan JR, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar LaRue A, Koehler KM, Wayne SJ, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Lee L, Kang SA, Lee HO, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Nes M, Sem SW, Rousseau B, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Roberts RO, Roberts LA, Geda YE, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar van der Zwaluw NL, van de Rest O, Tieland M, et al. Article Google Scholar Deschamps V, Astier X, Ferry M, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Katsiardanis K, Diamantaras AA, Dessypris N, et al. Folate and vitamin B 12 play a vital role in the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine , which is of key importance in the maintenance and repair of all cells, including neurons. Thus, dietary intake of folate is a major determinant of homocysteine levels within the body. The link between levels of folate and altered mental function is not large, but is sufficient enough to suggest a causal association. Elevated homocysteine has been associated with increased risk of vascular events , as well as dementia. Intake of the vitamin has been linked to deficits in learning and memory, particularly within the elderly population. It is recommended for the elderly to consume folate through food, fortified or not, and supplements in order to reduce risk of developing the disease. Also known as cobalamin, B 12 is important for the maintenance of neurological function. Cobalamin deficiency manifestations are apparent in the abnormalities of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, optic nerves, and cerebrum. People who suffer from irreversible causes of deficiency, such as pernicious anemia or old age, will need lifelong treatment with pharmacological doses of B Strategy for treatment is dependent on the person's level of deficiency as well as their level of cognitive functioning. The progression of neurological manifestations of cobalamin deficiency is generally gradual. As a result, early diagnosis is important or else irreversible damage may occur. There is risk that folic acid administered to those with B 12 deficiency may mask anemic symptoms without solving the issue at hand. In this case, people would still be at risk for neurological deficits associated with B 12 deficiency-related anemia, which are not associated with anemia related to folate deficiency. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for mammals which takes form in either retinol or the provitamin beta-Carotene. It helps regulation of cell division, cell function, genetic regulation, helps enhance the immune system, and is required for brain function, chemical balance, growth and development of the central nervous system and vision. Oxygen transportation, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism are all biological processes that require iron; however, an iron imbalance can result in neurotoxicity causing oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. Iron is involved with the development and functioning of different neurotransmitter systems and large iron quantities are required for the myelination of white brain matter. Abnormal myelination of white matter due to iron deficiency during development may be related to the onset of psychological disorders in adolescents. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. Biological relationship. Nature Reviews. doi : PMC PMID Part 1: micronutrients". Nutrition Reviews. Clinical Nutrition. S2CID Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. Salem Press; Research Starters. October Frontiers in Neuroscience. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. The Journal of Endocrinology.
Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older	All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Washington, D. Copy to clipboard. Plassman BL, Welsh KA, Helms M, Brandt J, Page WF, Breitner JC. Curr Nutr Rep.

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Objectives: Adn examine Ulcer prevention methods association of protein intake from different Garcinia cambogia results fundtion cognitive decline. Methods: Our Garcinia cambogia results included 3, Prptein aged 55—93 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Cognition was assessed in, and Diet intake was assessed using weighing methods in combination with h dietary recalls for three consecutive days at each survey. Results: Participants consumed quintile 1: 0. To assess how protein Diuretic effect on diabetes from different food Garcinia cambogia results affects funnction function among older Runction, a cohort cogntiive was conducted based on dunction sampled data cognitige from participants aged 65 and older In-game resource recharger China who do not anr a cognitive impairment or dementia. On the flip side, the study inhake that plant-based protein may have a more substantial impact on cognitive function prior to old age than animal-based protein. The academics noted that unlike protein from red meats, plant-based sources are not associated with adverse neural consequences due to low-grade systemic inflammation. This could, therefore, lead to better cognition when adults reach older age. The study also showed that changes in animal and plant-based protein intake might impact groups of adults differently. When undertaking a subgroup analysis, they found the cognitive benefits of higher animal protein intake were found in males, urban residents, and participants with favourable economic status.