Nutrition periodization for older adults -
Associations between multidimensional frailty and quality of life among Dutch older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Lu Y, Niti M, Yap KB, Tan CTY, Zin Nyunt MS, Feng L, et al. Assessment of sarcopenia among community-dwelling at-risk frail adults aged 65 years and older who received multidomain lifestyle interventions.
JAMA Netw Open. Giuliano C, Karahalios A, Neil C, Allen J, Levinger I. The effects of resistance training on muscle strength, quality of life and aerobic capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a metanalysis. Int J Cardiol. Abizanda Soler P. Medicina geriátrica. Barcelona: Elsevier; Izquierdo M.
Prescripción de ejercicio físico: el programa Vivifrail como modelo. Nutr Hosp. Liu J, Kor P, Lee P, Chien W, Siu P, Hill K. effects of an individualized exercise program plus behavioral change enhancement strategies for managing fatigue in older people who are frail: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.
Phys Ther. Louzada A, Mota J, Furtado V, Clodoaldo A. Multimodal HIIT is more efficient than moderate continuous training for management of body composition lipid profile and glucose metabolism in the diabetic elderly. Int J Morphol. Rocha C, Guimarães A, Maia B, Santos C.
Effects of a week concurrent training program on bone metabolism in elderly women. Anton S, Manini TM, Milsom VA, Dubyak P, Cesari M, Cheng J, et al. Effects of a weight loss plus exercise program on physical function in overweight, older women: a randomized controlled trial.
Armamento-Villarreal R, Aguirre L, Napoli N, Shah K, Hilton T, Sinacore DR, et al. Changes in thigh muscle volume predict bone mineral density response to lifestyle therapy in frail, obese older adults.
Osteoporos Int. Armamento-Villarreal R, Aguirre LW, Qualls C, Villareal DT. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the hormonal profile of frail, obese older men. J Nutr Health Aging. Arrieta H, Hervás G, Rezola-Pardo C, Ruiz-Litago F, Iturburu M, Yanguas JJ, et al.
Serum myostatin levels are higher in fitter more active, and non-frail long-term nursing home residents and increase after a physical exercise intervention. Avila J, Gutierres J, Sheehy M, Lofgren I, Delmonico M.
Effect of moderate intensity resistance training during weight loss on body composition and physical performance in overweight older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. Bouchonville M, Armamento-Villareal R, Shah K, Napoli N, Sinacore DR, Qualls C, Villareal DT.
Weight loss, exercise or both and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese older adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes Lond. Cebrià M, Balasch M, Tortosa M, Balasch S. Effects of resistance training of peripheral muscles versus respiratory muscles in older adults with sarcopenia who are institutionalized: a randomized controlled trial.
J Aging Phys Act. Coelho-Júnior HJ, de Oliveira Gonçalvez I, Sampaio RAC, Sewo Sampaio PY, Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, et al. Periodized and non-periodized resistance training programs on body composition and physical function of older women.
Exp Gerontol. Colleluori G, Aguirre L, Phadnis U, Yarasheski K, Qualls C, Villareal D. Aerobic plus resistance exercise in obese older adults improves muscle protein synthesis and preserves myocellular quality despite weight loss. Cell Metabolism. Cunha P, Ribeiro AS, Tomeleri CM, Schoenfeld BJ, Silva AM, Souza MF, et al.
The effects of resistance training volume on osteosarcopenic obesity in older women. J Sports Sci. Irving B, Lanza I, Henderson G, Rao R, Spiegelman B, Sreekumaran K.
Combined training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity independent of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Marsh A, Miller M, Rejeski W, Hutton S, Kritchevsky S. Lower extremity muscle function after strength or power training in older adults.
Prieto J, Del Valle M, Nistal P, Méndez D, Barcala-Furelos R, y C. Relevancia de un programa de equilibrio en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de mujeres adultas mayores obesas. Prieto J, Del Valle M, Nistal P, Méndez D, Abelairas C, Barcala R.
Repercusión del ejercicio físico en la composición corporal y la capacidad aeróbica de adultos mayores con obesidad mediante tres modelos de intervención. Stengel S, Kemmler W, Engelke K, Kalender W. Effect of whole-body vibration on neuromuscular performance and body composition for females 65 years and older: a randomized-controlled trial.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. Verreijen A, Engberink M, Memelink RG, van der Plas SE, Visser M, Weijs P. Nutr J. Villareal D, Banks M, Sinacore D, Siener C, Klein S. Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults.
Arch Intern Med. Villareal D, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, et al. Weight loss exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults.
N Engl J Med. Villareal D, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Colombo E, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. Nogueira A, Álvarez G, Russo F, San-José B, Sánchez J, Barril G. Ayala A, Pujol R, Forjaz M, Abellán A. Comparación de métodos de escalamiento de actividades de la vida diaria en personas mayores.
Gaceta Sanitaria. Redín M, Aldaz P, Casas A, Gutiérrez M, Martínez N. Heterogeneidad en el cribado poblacional de la fragilidad. Anales Sist San Navarra. Ramírez-Vélez R, Pérez-Sousa MA, Venegas-Sanabria LC, Cano-Gutierrez CA, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Rincón-Pabón D, et al.
Normative Values for the Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB and their association with anthropometric variables in older Colombian adults. The SABE Study. Front Med. Pereira-Payo D, Failde-Lintas N, Durán-Cano E, Adsuar Sala JC, Pérez-Gómez J.
Seis semanas de ejercicio físico mejoran la capacidad funcional y la composición corporal en pacientes con Alzheimer. Cossio Bolaños M, Vidal-Espinoza R, Campos LF, Sulla-Torres J, Urra Albornoz C, Gatica-Mandiola P, et al.
Validez de ecuaciones y propuesta de valores referenciales para estimar la masa grasa de adultos mayores. Rev Med Chile. Olivares P, Hernández M, Merellano E, Gusi N, Collado D. Análisis de la edad sobre la fiabilidad de pruebas fitness en mayores. Rev Int Med Cienc Act Fís Deport.
Leiva AM, Troncoso-Pantoja C, Martínez-Sanguinetti MA, Nazar G, Concha-Cisternas Y, Martorell M, et al. Personas mayores en Chile: el nuevo desafío social, económico y sanitario del siglo XXI. Theodorakopoulos C, Jones J, Bannermanb E, Greig C.
Effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions to improve body composition and muscle strength or function in sarcopenic obese older adults: a systematic review.
Nutr Res. Chacón-Valenzuela E, Morros-González E, Vargas-Beltrán MP, Venegas-Sanabria LC, Gómez-Arteaga RC, Chavarro-Carvajal D, Cano-Gutiérrez CA. Fragilidad cognitiva: un desafío en evolución.
Univ Med. De Santacruz C, Chavarro D, Venegas L, Gama A, Cano C. Reid KF, Pasha E, Doros G, Clark DJ, Patten C, Phillips EM, et al. Longitudinal decline of lower extremity muscle power in healthy and mobility-limited older adults: influence of muscle mass, strength, composition, neuromuscular activation and single fiber contractile properties.
Eur J Appl Physiol. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Trombetti A, Reid KF, Hars M, Herrmann FR, Pasha E, Phillips EM, et al. Age-associated declines in muscle mass, strength, power, and physical performance: impact on fear of falling and quality of life.
Osteoporos Int. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Maresova P, Javanmardi E, Barakovic S, Barakovic Husic J, Tomsone S, Krejcar O, et al. Consequences of chronic diseases and other limitations associated with old age - a scoping review. BMC Public Health. Umegaki H. Sarcopenia and diabetes: hyperglycemia is a risk factor for age-associated muscle mass and functional reduction.
J Diabetes Investig. Ruegsegger GN, Booth FW. Health benefits of exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Bertera EM. Physical activity and social network contacts in community dwelling older adults.
Act Adapt Aging. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance.
J Acad Nutr Diet. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Phillips SM. Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes. Br J Nutr. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults.
Br J Sports Med. Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr. Knuiman P, van Loon LJ, Wouters J, Hopman M, Mensink M. Protein supplementation elicits greater gains in maximal oxygen uptake capacity and stimulates lean mass accretion during prolonged endurance training: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Bell KE, Seguin C, Parise G, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Day-to-day changes in muscle protein synthesis in recovery from resistance, aerobic, and high-intensity interval exercise in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Zampieri S, Pietrangelo L, Loefler S, Fruhmann H, Vogelauer M, Burggraf S, et al.
Lifelong physical exercise delays age-associated skeletal muscle decline. Brach JS, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Newman AB, Health AaBCSRG. The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the health, aging and body composition study.
Biolo G, Tipton KD, Klein S, Wolfe RR. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab. Article CAS Google Scholar. Moore DR, Tang JE, Burd NA, Rerecich T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM.
Differential stimulation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis with protein ingestion at rest and after resistance exercise. J Physiol. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA, Hector AJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Josse AR, et al.
Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, et al. Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, Breen L, Burd NA, Tipton KD, et al. Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, et al.
Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Atherton C, McNaughton LR, Close GL, Sparks A.
Post-exercise provision of 40 g of protein during whole body resistance training further augments strength adaptations in elderly males. Res Sports Med. Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Gu Q, Ogden CL. Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among adults: United States, — Through — National Health Statistics Reports; Bauer J, Morley JE, Schols A, Ferrucci L, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dent E, et al.
Sarcopenia: a time for action. An SCWD Position Paper. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DW, Broad EM, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis.
Service AR. Nutrient intakes from food and beverages: mean amounts consumed per individual, by gender and age, in the United States, What We Eat in America, NHANES — In: Agriculture USDo, editor. Smeuninx B, Greig CA, Breen L.
Amount, source and pattern of dietary protein intake across the adult lifespan: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. Farsijani S, Morais JA, Payette H, Gaudreau P, Shatenstein B, Gray-Donald K, et al.
Relation between mealtime distribution of protein intake and lean mass loss in free-living older adults of the NuAge study. Kreider RB. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations.
Mol Cell Biochem. Google Scholar. Devries MC, Phillips SM. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E, Greenhaff PL. Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol.
Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Hinkley JM, Cornnell HH, Standley RA, Chen EY, Narain NR, Greenwood BP, et al.
Older adults with sarcopenia have distinct skeletal muscle phosphodiester, phosphocreatine, and phospholipid profiles. Aging Cell. Aguiar AF, Januario RS, Junior RP, Gerage AM, Pina FL, do Nascimento MA, et al.
Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women. Candow DG, Vogt E, Johannsmeyer S, Forbes SC, Farthing JP. Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA, Kazachkov M, et al. Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Chilibeck PD, Kaviani M, Candow DG, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis.
Open Access J Sports Med. Willoughby DS, Rosene JM. Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J.
Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men. Muscle Nerve. Philpott JD, Witard OC, Galloway SDR. Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance. Wall BT, Morton JP, van Loon LJ. Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics.
Eur J Sport Sci. Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Harvey DJ, Watts A, Newsholme EA. Incorporation of fatty acids by concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes and the effect on fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity. Biochemical Journal. Lewis NA, Daniels D, Calder PC, Castell LM, Pedlar CR. Are there benefits from the use of fish oil supplements in athletes?
A systematic review. Adv Nutr. Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia-hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women.
Clin Sci Lond. Philpott JD, Donnelly C, Walshe IH, MacKinley EE, Dick J, Galloway SDR, et al. Adding fish oil to whey protein, leucine, and carbohydrate over a six-week supplementation period attenuates muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in competitive soccer players.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults.
Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, Meakin JR, Greig CA, Aspden RM, et al. Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial.
Cornish SM, Myrie SB, Bugera EM, Chase JE, Turczyn D, Pinder M. Omega-3 supplementation with resistance training does not improve body composition or lower biomarkers of inflammation more so than resistance training alone in older men. Nutr Res. Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, et al.
Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Jones AM, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Vanhatalo A. Dietary nitrate and physical performance. Annu Rev Nutr. Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise.
Acta Physiol Oxf. Bailey SJ, Winyard P, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, Dimenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans.
J Appl Physiol Rammos C, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Sobierajski J, Bernard A, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Dietary nitrate reverses vascular dysfunction in older adults with moderately increased cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol.
Matz R, Schott C, Stoclet J, Andriantsitohaina R. Age-related endothelial dysfunction with respect to nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and cyclooxygenase products.
Physiol Res. van der Avoort CMT, Jonvik KL, Nyakayiru J, van Loon LJC, Hopman MTE, Verdijk LB. A Nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kabir A, Azizi F, Ghasemi A.
The nitrate-independent blood pressure-lowering effect of beetroot juice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M. NCT Take notes. Trial design 14 participants in 3 patient groups.
Nonperiodized resistance training. Experimental group. The Nonperiodized group performed was an intervention based on resistance exercise program with a constant intensity. Daily undulating periodized. The Daily undulating periodized program was an intervention based on daily alterations on exercise load.
Control group. No Intervention group. The control group remained their regular habits of life during all study period, without engaging in physical exercise programs.
This systematic periodziation summarizes Strength training effect of Inflammation and autoimmune diseases exercise and adklts Inflammation and autoimmune diseases on muscle mass and muscle function. A total of periodizatioj RCTs were identified. Results indicate that physical exercise has a positive impact on muscle mass and muscle function in subjects aged 65 years and older. However, any interactive effect of dietary supplementation appears to be limited. InDenison et al.Sports Medicine - Open volume 9Article number: 67 Fod this article. Metrics Nutritiob. Resistance training RT is one of the most effective avults available to oolder adults wishing to slow the progressive loss fof muscle size and strength known to occur with age.
Less is known about the ability of RT perioduzation resist periocization onset of an equally problematic condition related to increased Nutrition periodization for older adults obesity.
The objective of this scoping Nutirtion was periodizzation characterize current research associated with RT and weight loss Nutrution older adults, including protocols, feasibility, and foor in current knowledge.
We Inflammation and autoimmune diseases six Childhood obesity and glycogen storage disease using variations aduts Inflammation and autoimmune diseases terms periodizahion training," "weight loss," and "older adults" for plder or quasi-experimental studies published in the year or later.
Of the references identified by the initial database search, 24 were retained for analysis. Significant olfer heterogeneity was observed in the RT characteristics researchers ;eriodization optimal for improving body composition measures in older adults. Changes in body composition, rather than total body mass, were periodizatikn to be the essential variables to consider when evaluating the effectiveness of an RT intervention aimed at reducing chronic disease in older Antioxidants in human health. Weight oldsr alone appears to be an periodisation and problematic outcome measure Nutrtion older adults, with changes perioduzation body Nutritlon ratio of fat mass to lean mass being the more appropriate variable to High-intensity exercise tips in this population.
However, it is important to note that adulys one study, showing questionably reproducible findings, found a significant lean body mass gain.
Nutrotion lack of abundant high-quality evidence demonstrating combined Nutritio and a healthy diet can lead to significant fat loss and lean body mass gain, Inflammation and autoimmune diseases with high attrition rates observed in many of the studies reviewed, highlight the need for oldef rigorous Muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness. Changes in body composition, rather than total BM, are the essential variables to consider when evaluating the periodizatiob of an RT intervention aimed at attenuating the onset of chronic disease Promote overall happiness older adults.
Significant heterogeneity exists across the available literature regarding RT characteristics thought to be most effective at fkr body composition measures in older adults. Nutgition completely arresting the progression of strength and muscle mass losses with age is currently impossible, exercise provides a fo vehicle for significantly delaying the point at which Maintaining a positive attitude become acults critical threat to an individual's capacity for independent living.
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass pfriodization function, termed sarcopenia, is associated with physical frailty and Safe weight reduction risk of disability and morbidity. It can aptly be pdriodization as a 'gateway condition' aeults, if left unchecked, can lead to olde constellation of debilitating Vitamins for eye health diseases such as hypertension, periodjzation, hyperlipidemia, type Wild salmon fishing regulations diabetes, hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease.
Termed periodozation obesity SOfof two contributing conditions sarcopenia and obesity often olver synergistically to create a more significant overall negative health impact than the total of the two combined [ 5 ].
Accordingly, the two highest periodizationn outcomes for an obese older adult's exercise program aults to increase Nutrjtion thus attenuating sarcopenia and decrease FM thus resisting obesity.
To date, substantial research has been conducted on how forr to achieve the Social support for diabetes prevention objective in older adults, loder little is known about how best to address the second, olxer how best to adulgs RT.
Oldwr implication adu,ts this information adulst exercise professionals, and subsequently the reason for this review, is that exercise interventions for obese older adults that target periodizatjon reductions in BM may perioduzation unintended harm if said losses Causes of obesity from a Nutritkon in both FM and LBM.
In other words, novel exercise interventions olrer facilitate significant reductions in BM in obese older adults are only valuable insofar Gluten-free gym supplements they are reductions in FM.
This explains why body peridization evaluations are a staple outcome measure in almost all applied exercise studies on this adutls. Despite an apparent recognition of this fact in the available literature, surprisingly few studies have investigated the optimal qdults to include RT Nutriition an exercise program focused on periodizaation loss Nutrifion in obese older adults.
Metabolism and body temperature regulation body of the literature addressing how best to incorporate RT into Nitrition loss programs for older adults is sparse peridoization heterogeneous concerning optimal parameters with which to apply it.
Delineating Nutrition periodization for older adults current state of knowledge on this topic is crucial as peeiodization will illuminate the areas most in perioodization of study and provide an overall blueprint oldsr enquiry Nutrution researchers to Nutrrition knowledge on the subject. Periodizahion which modes of RT are likely olfer have the most significant effect Enhanced germ resistance are also tolerable and feasible in periofization adults is an essential fod toward improving the health of these perioddization.
This scoping review aims to identify and characterize existing okder on asults use of RT exercise interventions as a modality axults promote weight pediodization in older peeriodization with the goal of knowledge translation Savory lentil dishes making recommendations about further areas of study.
Specifically, we will describe populations that have been studied, how RT has been Nutfition, what can be deduced about the feasibility and tolerability of RT used in said leriodization, Nutrition periodization for older adults primary outcomes have been addressed ror what gaps in the current Easy post-workout recipes have become evident, Immune supportive caffeine extract.
Scoping periodizatin can be creatively described in simple Nutrition periodization for older adults as the less-complex younger sibling of meta-analyses and systematic literature reviews.
As the name suggests, scoping reviews are a way to obtain an initial 'lay of the land' of the existing literature on a given topic and often serve as precursors to more thorough and precisely defined meta-analysis or systematic review.
The research question was as follows: What is known in the literature about RT and WL in older adults, including dominant protocols, outcomes, feasibility and safety concerns, and what are the current gaps in the knowledge? We searched six databases Scopus, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar for articles published up to May Search terms included combinations and variations of the following terms: "resistance training," "strength training," "weight loss," "older adult," and "senior.
These searches identified potential studies. Of these, references were removed as duplicates. Titles and, if necessary, the abstract of the remaining studies were revised for obviously disqualifying information such as the phrase "systematic review" in the title, a publication date prior topublication forum other than a peer-reviewed academic journal.
Guided by the methodology reported in a recent scoping review on a similar topic by colleagues at a Canadian partner university, [ 9 ] eligible studies were grouped into four sub-groups for analysis.
Data from these studies were extracted and charted by AB, including the population s studied, the study design, and the primary outcomes measured.
Details of the RT protocol intervention were also charted. If noted, information related to participants' perceptions of exercise feasibility and tolerance was also extracted. The initial search yielded references.
After removing duplicate studies and two screening stages, 24 studies were identified for inclusion in the analysis.
We present a detailed overview of the study selection procedure in Fig. We placed no limitations on the number of sub-groups to which a study could be allocated, provided the criteria for inclusion were satisfied. We report details about the experimental design, sample size, population sand baseline characteristics of the included studies in Table 1.
The mean ages of the study participants ranged from Twenty studies were randomized controlled, or crossover designs and 4 were quasi-experimental.
Tables 2345 detail each study's exercise protocols and relevant WL-related outcome measures. Feasibility and tolerability information is provided if reported.
Studies are grouped according to the four general categories of investigation present in the literature. Intervention lengths ranged from 8 weeks [ 14 ] to one year [ 11 ] at a frequency of either 2 or 3 training sessions per week in almost every case. Low homogeneity in RT modality utilized across all studies was observed, with methods ranging from elastic tubing and bodyweight exercises [ 13 ] to maximum-intensity efforts on computerized resistance exercise machines.
Numerous methods were used to monitor exercise intensity, including but not limited to: specified percentages of the one-repetition maximum 1RM[ 15 ] ratings of perceived exertion, [ 16 ] number of repetitions completed before failure [ 8 ] and prescribed entirely in advance by the study protocol.
All studies except one [ 13 ] utilized selectorized resistance exercise machines, and common to all investigations was the recognition that WL alone is an inappropriate marker of RT effectiveness in this population and that RT interventions leading to reduced BM are only of value if researchers can demonstrate LBM was preserved in the process.
Accordingly, the gold standard for a RT protocol designed for healthy older adults is one that is oriented to changes in body compositionwhere FM decreases, LMM increases, and total BM might remain unchanged.
An investigation that appears to have most effectively reached this target is that of Gambassi et al. post: Similar to RT programming for healthy older adults discussed above, the guiding principle underlining the gold standard of RT programs designed for older women is not the attainment of BM losses as a sole end goal, but rather the achievement of reductions in FM while maintaining or increasing LBM [ 1012172021 ].
The major distinction between the previous sub-group and the current population is the need to ensure, at minimum, the maintenance of LBM in structured exercise programs is elevated in older women compared to older men. We evaluated 13 RT studies examining WL and body composition changes in older women Table 3.
Heterogeneity concerning RT modality, intervention duration and frequency, body composition, feasibility, tolerance, and adherence mirrored those found in the total cohort. One particular outcome of interest is the finding from Brochu et al.
Their findings underscore the fundamental principle that diet and exercise must be considered in conjunction to create the most effective intervention for older women. Older adults face both an elevated risk of developing sarcopenia as they age as well as developing obesity; a proportion of individuals will develop both conditions.
Rather than the overall health impact of sarcopenic obesity equaling the sum of the two contributing conditions combined, a synergistic negative effect can often occur, leading to an overall health impact greater than the individual sum of its parts.
As with the previous sub-groups, the objective of effective RT programming for obese and sarcopenic obese older adults is to maximize reductions in FM while maintaining or, if possible, increasing LBM.
We present details of the 13 studies included in this sub-group analysis in Table 4. Selectorized resistance exercise machines were the most common RT modality employed, and study durations lasted between 8 weeks [ 16 ] and 18 months.
We reviewed eight studies involving RT in older adults and an element of dietary control or pharmaceutical application Table 5.
Two studies [ 1628 ] investigated differences in body composition between individuals engaged in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DASH diet and individuals engaged in the DASH diet plus RT.
Aguilar and colleagues [ 18 ] investigated the ergogenic effects of creatine phosphate supplementation on LBM responses to RT, while Kritchkevsky and Shea [ 34 ] evaluated the therapeutic impact of pioglitazone on FM losses when RT combined with a structured RT program. Campbell et al.
caloric restriction plus RT on measures of body composition. At the same time, Verrieijin and colleagues [ 31 ] evaluated the degree to which a high-protein diet can attenuate LBM losses in obese older adults participating in a structured RT program while following a hypocaloric diet.
The finding by Beavers et al. It demonstrates how all exercise-induced reductions in BM cannot be considered equal in terms of the overall benefit to health. Results of the caloric restriction plus RT studies [ 101529 ] also highlight the existence of a ceiling-effect concerning the ability of RT-alone to facilitate healthy bodyweight changes.
The finding that creatine supplementation led to significantly greater increases in LBM compared to the placebo in older adults after a period of RT [ 18 ] has apparent implications for future study in this population, given their susceptibility to developing sarcopenia and, in general, slowing the reductions in muscle mass and strength known to occur with age.
Pioglitazone increased visceral fat loss, while the RT element of the study was credited with facilitating the attenuated reductions in skeletal muscle mass. This scoping review characterized the existing literature on RT and weight loss and body composition changes in healthy older adults, healthy older women, older adults with obesity and sarcopenic obesity and the effect of various dietary and therapeutic approaches.
The purpose of this study was to provide a survey of existing literature on the topic, particularly regarding the degree of similarity in methodological approaches used and outcomes reported.
Given the limited high-quality evidence we found showing that resistance training RT coupled with a healthy diet results in substantial fat loss and lean muscle gain, it may be too early to label our findings as an evidence-based strategy for weight loss through RT in older adults.
The main findings and recommendations are summarized below. The main takeaway message from this review is that the true value of RT as it relates to WL is not that it leads to more significant reductions in total BM than other exercise approaches such as AT or circuit resistance training, but rather that it is an adjunct modality leading to the right kind of weight loss, namely reductions in FM only.
As explained throughout this review, older adults are already facing a decline in their skeletal muscle mass and strength, which is critical for these individuals to maintain as they age. The pursuit of body weight reductions via exercise should undoubtedly be recommended to obese and sarcopenic obese older adults.
However, consideration of the form said exercise should take is of critical importance lest individuals inadvertently trade reduction in one age-related chronic disease obesity for the accelerated onset of another sarcopenia. Bodyweight reductions through exercise are undoubtedly an essential objective for obese older adults.
Higher exercise intensities and training volumes facilitate more significant improvements in LBM. Lower-intensity modalities such as body weight, resistance bands and hand weights may not facilitate the same level of improvement in muscular size and strength but have the benefit of being inexpensive, portable and easy to use.
Women are at greater risk for age-related reductions in muscle mass and strength than men [ 2122 ], meaning there is added importance to ensuring exercise modalities that they engage in and are recommended to them take into consideration the need to maintain LBM.
Studies reviewed indicate the existence of multiple suitable approaches in this regard [ 38 ] and the task of exercise professionals is to translate this knowledge out of academic journals and into the broader population. The impact of RT on positive changes in body composition in older women seems greatest at higher intensities and when selectorized exercise machines are used.
Exploring ways to make members of this population group comfortable with the idea of regularly attending an exercise facility for their RT exercise, rather than doing it at home with low-complexity modalities such as body weight and elastic bands, may be worthwhile.
In time, recommendations may expand to include using ergogenic aids such as creatine and pioglitazone. A consequence of a detailed analysis of RT and the most effective implementations to effect positive body composition changes is that it can be easy to lose sight of the fact that exercise is only one-half of the equation necessary to achieve maximum results in this domain.
Multiple studies in this review remind us that regardless of how effective particular RT approaches may be at facilitating healthy body composition changes, there is an upper limit to their effectiveness and that proper dietary habits must also be present to obtain the greatest possible result for changes in body weight.
Beavers et al.
: Nutrition periodization for older adults| Key Points | Multi-component exercise and caloric restriction can be used in older obese adults and are related to improved functionality. The data obtained are useful for planning exercise and nutrition regimens in primary care of obese elderly adults. Keywords: Aging, exercise, overweight, nutrition. Resumen: Las personas mayores son susceptibles de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas con la obesidad, que son factores de riesgo en ancianos frágiles. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los regímenes de ejercicio y nutrición para los ancianos obesos para mejorar la funcionalidad. Esta revisión sistemática cumple con la declaración PRISMA. Se identificaron un total de artículos aplicando los criterios de selección. El ejercicio duró de 8 a 78 semanas. El ejercicio multicomponente y la restricción calórica se pueden utilizar en adultos obesos mayores y están relacionados con una mejor funcionalidad. Los datos obtenidos son útiles para planificar el ejercicio y los regímenes de nutrición en adultos mayores obesos de atención primaria. Palabras clave: Envejecimiento, ejercicio, sobrepeso, nutrición. Currently, older adults are susceptible to obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases, which are risk factors for developing frail elderly and decreasing their functionality 1. The functionality of older adults is altered in the frail elderly, which decreases their strength, endurance, and physiological functions, causes vulnerability, disability falls, long-term care, and mortality. Frail elderly have unintentional weight loss, low functional capacity, exhaustion, weak gripping force, and slow running speed 2. Functionality promotes a better quality of life in older adults and is related to necessary daily life activities such as dressing, using instruments phone, money , and performing advanced tasks travel planning. Better quality of life is associated with functional capacity, normal nutritional status, lower comorbidity rate, and fewer locomotive or psychological problems 3 , 4. Functionality is related to the quality of life and social participation. Functional capacity and social relations between the elderly are necessary 5. Functionality decreases with sarcopenia, which is an accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, and is associated with multiple adverse outcomes such as falls, multimorbidity, deterioration of quality of life, disability, and mortality 6 , 7. Similarly, obesity with sarcopenia has an increased risk in older adults. The programs developed are conservative in intensity, power, volume, and training 9 , Continuous moderate-intensity training significantly improves body weight, subcutaneous body fat, fat distribution, lipid profile, and glucose control. In older adults, high-intensity exercises promote increased cardiovascular capacity, muscle hypertrophy, and bone density. In turn, high-intensity interval training is more effective, faster, and has a more significant effect In addition, resistance training has benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, prevention of disability and falls, because the loss of muscle mass and strength is a determinant of functionality and reduction of quality of life 7. In turn, nutrition is a fundamental part of treating a patient who is considered fragile. Malnourished and frail elderly are not the same entity. With age, there is a decrease in energy intake, secondary to a decrease in functional capacity, along with weight loss, at the expense of muscle mass and functional deterioration, which are fundamental points in the concept of sarcopenia. It is mostly the supply of proteins that allows to reverse malnutrition, in which anabolic resistance is predominant and accompanied by insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. For muscle synthesis, it is essential to reach an amount of protein intake of at least 1. This systematic review respects the PRISMA declaration and Cochrane collaboration. Population: aged, obese; intervention: exercise, diet; comparison: control groups; result: frail elderly; design: a randomized controlled trial. The inclusion criteria for the article search were: 1. Population over 60 years of age with obesity was assessed by body mass index or fat mass percentage; 2. Results in functionality; 3. Clinical trials with a control group; 4. Study with exercise and nutrition; 5. Language of articles: Portuguese, Spanish, and English; 6. Publications until September The exclusion criteria were: 1. Absence of relevant information in the study; 2. Unsuitable design when reading the full text; 3. Data duplicated by the same author; 4. Displays inadequacy when reading the full text; 5. Unsuitable intervention when reading the full text; 6. Body mass index or incorrect fat mass percentage. The following combination of terms MeSH was used: Population: aged, obesity; Intervention: exercise, diet; Results: frail elderly; Design: a randomized controlled trial. Study selection: The research team reviewed the titles and summaries by applying the inclusion criteria. Figure 1 shows the grounds for exclusion. Participants: older obese adults, verifying ethical compliance with research. Intervention: structured body movements that increase energy expenditure, practiced systematically frequency, intensity, and duration , designed to maintain or improve health and supervised by health professionals, with cardiorespiratory or strength exercises, associated or not with a nutritional regimen, focused on energy or protein ratio, changes in macronutrient profile or proportion of additional macronutrients mainly proteins and amino acids , in the form of whole foods orally. Figure 1. PRISMA search diagram. Results measures: search for differences in operating averages, physical work, functional independence, geriatric assessment, activity rate, cardiorespiratory capacity, running speed, balance, gripping force, or leg strength 8. Studies with scores equal to or greater than five can be considered to be studies of high methodological quality and low bias risk. Data extraction: the research team reviewed the full text by extracting the data and performing the synthesis. The main result was the effect on functionality, including its standard deviation, with the descriptive characteristics of the article year and sample , the characteristics of the interventions and the results. Qualitative analysis of the data: the results of the studies were examined, presenting them in a summary table, looking for the means with their standard deviation, which presented statistical significance, in tests that measure functioning, physical work, functional independence, geriatric assessment, activity index, cardiorespiratory capacity, running speed, balance, gripping force, or leg strength. Characteristics of the studies: articles were identified by applying the selection criteria. A total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Figure 1 shows the flowchart and the selection of studies, according to the PRISMA statement 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , Characteristics of the participants: Table 1 presents 19 studies, with a total of participants. Fifty-seven per cent of the studies use body mass index to assess the nutritional status of older adults. The average body mass index of the elderly involved was Table 1. Characteristics of the studies. Characteristics of the interventions: The exercise regimen lasted for 8—78 weeks. Fifty-seven per cent of the studies use multi-component exercise to intervene with older adults i. Thirty-seven per cent of studies use caloric restriction as nutritional intervention. Description of the quality of the studies: Table 2 presents the evaluation of the studies, presenting a moderate methodological quality PEDro 7. The lowest scores on the PEDro scale in the analyzed research are obtained for the method of producing blindness of researchers concerning the subjects they were treating or evaluating, administering the therapy, and measuring a key outcome. Table 2. Evaluation of the quality of the studies Notes: 1. Eligibility criteria were specified; 2. Subjects were randomly allocated to groups in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received ; 3. Allocation was concealed; 4. The groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicators; 5. There was blinding of all subjects; 6. There was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapy; 7. There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcome; 8. The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcome; The study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcome. Estimating the effect of exercise and nutrition: The 19 studies included in the qualitative analysis have different and heterogeneous results. Therefore, it is not possible to perform statistical analysis with meta-analysis. Therefore, a qualitative analysis of the articles was performed, and the results are presented in a summary table. This study aimed to determine the most effective exercise and nutrition planning to improve functionality of older obese adults. A decrease in functional capacity predicts mortality, increased hospital income, and decreased quality of life In the literature, there are different tests to evaluate functional capacity. It is possible to choose those that best fit the population to be evaluated. It may even be necessary to use several of them in combination to perform a complete study. Our review describes different results that are related to functionality and recommends to use the Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB , a test used in geriatrics that allows to evaluate a greater number of patients with a decrease in their functional capacity and who are challenging to evaluate with other physical fitness tests The aging process is often associated with a deterioration in functional capacity, which can often cause problems in daily activities and lead to dependence. The help of another person is required to perform them. Therefore, we use different measures in our review to evaluate the results of interventions in older adults to assess the change in functionality. Functional ability is a combination of daily, raw, instrumental, and advanced activities. Disability problems often start with instrumental activities, which are more complex and require more significant effort and skill to execute. They often end up in those necessary activities that are easier to execute but involve a more significant care burden. Therefore, our results include different measures to evaluate functionality such as the strength of the lower limbs or the gripping force of the upper limb In turn, frail elderly have a vulnerable situation that increases the likelihood of adverse health outcomes It is closely related to age and the consequent loss of functional capacity. A computer-generated list of random numbers was used for allocation of the participants into one of the 3 experimental groups i. A researcher, who was blinded to the characteristics of subjects, performed the randomization before baseline evaluations. Volunteers gave written informed consent according to the Helsinki protocol before entering the study, which was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas. Figure 1. Flowchart of the study. NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; NO, Nitric oxide. During all procedures, including physical training, the temperature in the laboratory was maintained between 21 and 24°C. Volunteers did not receive dietary recommendations. However, they were instructed not to change their dietary habits and activities of daily living during the entire study period. The exercise protocols occurred under the supervision of three experienced researchers. However, the two initials and the two last weeks were dedicated to evaluations. The exercise program was divided into two periods: 1 4-weeks familiarization period and 2 weeks main exercise period, totalizing 22 weeks. In both familiarization and main exercise periods, training sessions occurred twice a week, at a regular time of the day a. The program of exercise was individualized and conducted in pairs, which was accompanied by an exercise physiologist. The familiarization period consisted of nine exercises aimed at exercising the major muscle groups using alternating upper- and lower-body exercises. The exercises were performed exactly in the following order: 1 seated row, 2 leg press, 3 chest press, 4 seated leg curl, 5 lateral arm raise, 6 calf raise, 7 arm curl, 8 rope pushdown, and 9 abdominal crunch. The number of sets was increased during the first month, given that one set was performed in the 1st week; two sets in the 2nd and 3rd weeks; and 3 sets in the 4th week. Exercises were performed with 12—15 submaximal repetitions avoiding fatigue i. The main exercise period was the same for NP and DUP. The volunteers performed the same exercises and the total volume number of sets × number of repetitions was equalized between exercise groups. This period also consisted of nine exercises performed three sets times of 8—10 submaximal repetitions with a 1-min rest interval period been provided between sets. The list of exercises was almost the same of the first month, session training A and B; Training A e. All exercises were performed in the full range of motion and all groups performed a brief warm-up at the beginning of each session, which was based on one set of 12—15 repetitions at easy i. In addition, volunteers were instructed to avoid the Valsalva maneuver during the entire muscle contraction, regardless of the session of exercise. Exercise intensity and the velocity of concentric muscle contraction were modified differently for each group according to the peculiarities of each type of exercise, as recommended by the ACSM Chodzko-Zajko et al. In this sense, the NP group performed the exercise sessions at a difficult i. Exercise cadence was 2 seconds for concentric and eccentric phases. On the other hand, to offer a PT session Cadore and Izquierdo, for DUP, concentric contractions were performed as fast as possible, while the eccentric phase was performed within 2 s during training A. In addition, all exercises were performed at a moderate i. The training B in DUP was the same as that performed by NP 3 sets of 8—10 repetitions at a difficult intensity using machines and free weights. To offer to the volunteers a more favorable physiological environment, the exercise groups performed a regenerative week every 4 weeks i. In this week, the sessions of exercise were based on 3 sets of 12—15 submaximal repetitions of each exercise, at easy i. The design of each group across the intervention may be seen in Figure 2. Training load was adjusted based on the rating of RPE method, using the CR Foster et al. Figure 2. Training load distribution in the Non-periodized A and Daily undulating periodization B programs over 3 weeks. It is possible to observe that the training load remains constant across the non-periodized program, while it is distributed according to a wave shape in the daily undulating periodization program. RPE, Rating of perceived exertion; AU, Arbitrary units; PT, Power training; ST, Strength training. The elastic bands were used to offer to the volunteers the possibility to perform the concentric contraction as fast as possible, avoiding any range-of-motion limitations imposed by the machines, given that elastic bands propitiate large mobility in the achievement of the movement Uchida et al. Elastic bands are portable, inexpensive, reliable, and have high practical application. Moreover, several studies have been showing similar muscular activations across the muscle contraction during single- and multiple joint exercises Aboodarda et al. Therefore, the elastic bands in the present study should be viewed as a tool to provide load and mobility, like machines and free weights, and not an independent variable. Volunteers of the present study performed the exercises using yellow, red and green elastic bands Thera Band, Ohio, USA , which were kept tensioned across the entire muscle contraction, and any kind of slack in the elastics was largely avoided. All the elastic bands were warily used and then store according to the manufacturer's directions Thera Band, Ohio, USA. The CG remained their regular habits of life during the entire study period, without engaging in physical exercise programs. To ensure that the volunteers did not engage a physical exercise program, face-to-face or telephonic contact was performed every 15 days. All subjects were instructed to refrain from physical exercise for 96 h before the tests. All tests were conducted between am. and am. under a controlled temperature of 26°C. In the morning of the experiment, upon arriving at the laboratory, the participants were asked about any basic needs drink water or use the bathroom before the beginning of the experiments and were urged to avoid doing these activities during the experiments. The procedures for measurement of blood pressure were adapted from the VII Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure JNC7 Chobanian et al. In summary, older women remained in a seated position on a comfortable chair for 20 min in a quiet room. After this period, an appropriate cuff was placed at approximately the midpoint of the upper left arm heart level. An automatic, non-invasive, and validated Cuckson et al. During blood pressure recordings, volunteers remained relaxed in the sitting position, with parallel feet at shoulder width, both forearm and hands on the table, supinated hands, back against the chair, without moving or talking. The volunteer did not have access to blood pressure values during the measurement. The evaluation lasted approximately 80 seconds and was performed three times the first measurement was discarded with one minute of rest among the measurements. The size of the arm cuff was selected after measuring the arm circumference of each participant Sanny, São Paulo, Brazil. All evaluations were performed in two non-consecutive days by the same investigator and the mean values of three measurements were used in the final evaluation. Saliva samples were collected at rest. Researchers asked the participants to put a piece of cotton in their mouth and remove it when it became soggy. The samples were transferred to a Falcon tube and frozen immediately until the end of the experiment. The NO pool was considered the mensuration of nitrite NO 2 - levels in saliva. Briefly, a solution containing 0. Saliva samples 50 μL and Griess reagent 50 μL were mixed and transferred to microplates. Absorbance was measured at nm, and sodium nitrite NaNO 2 was used as the standard. Nitrite quantification μM was achieved using a standard curve constructed with NaNO 2 at the concentrations of , 50, 25, Data were analyzed using the Microplate software CA, USA. The biochemical variables measured were fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol. Venous blood samples were collected by trained phlebotomists into sterile vacuum tubes, and plasma levels of the aforementioned lipid fractions and fasting blood glucose were measured using an ACON Laboratories San Diego, CA, USA and an SD Biosensor Chungcheongkuk-do, SK clinical chemistry systems, respectively. Normality of data was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Baseline comparisons between the groups were performed using repeated measures one-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Tukey's posthoc test. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time pre- and post weeks ] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP, and CG pre and post exercise, as the CG had only two measurement moments pre and post. In addition, a second ANOVA [2 × 4, groups × time Baseline, 4th week, 16th week, and 22nd week ] was used to examine differences between NP and DUP over the 4 measurement moments. In both cases, a Dunnet post-hoc test was performed to identify differences among the different times of evaluations and treatments. Cohen's d effect size was calculated to assess the magnitude of the results. The effect size ES was classified according to Rhea for untrained volunteers i. San Diego, California, USA. The intention-to-treat principle was applied to the analysis of the outcomes for all participants based on their assigned treatment. However, due to convenience, 42 volunteers were recruited. All values are shown as mean ± SD, except for ES that is shown as Cohens'd. Subjects did not show adverse events during the sessions of exercise and during any evaluation. They were not absent for more than three sessions of physical exercise. All volunteer reported personal reasons for leaving the protocol. The participation rate for NP and DUP groups were Finally, volunteers did not report any changes in food intake and in the number or class of medications during the whole course of the present study. Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the volunteers before the beginning of the experiments. Body mass index BMI evaluation—according to specific cut-offs for older adults Corona et al. Blood pressure values in CG were classified as Prehypertension, while trained groups showed blood pressure values classified as Stage 1 Hypertension. However, hypothesis tests did not indicate significant differences in any variable. Table 1. Comparison between the groups in relation to morphological and cardiovascular variables. When the analyses were performed by subgroups, CG and NP demonstrated overweight and obese phenotypes, respectively, while DUP showed a normal classification in the Normotensive subgroup. On the other hand, only NP was classified as overweight in the Hypertensive subgroup. Regarding blood pressure values, Normotensive and Hypertensive subgroups showed values according to the proposed cut-offs Corona et al. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated elevated SBP in all Hypertensive groups when compared to Normotensive groups. Figure 3 shows the hemodynamic parameters before i. DBP and MAP were significantly reduced after NP. However, no significant alterations were observed in DUP. In turn, CG presented higher HR values when compared to Baseline, NP, and DUP on the 22 nd week. The ES classification of SBP from small to moderate , DBP, and DP from trivial to small in both increased linearly in NP. A similar pattern was seen in SBP from trivial to small and DBP from small to moderate of DUP. In CG, a moderate classification was attributed to HR. Figure 3. Hemodynamic parameters of experimental groups in the overall sample. Values expressed as mean ± SD. CG in the 22nd week. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP and CG pre and post-exercise. An ANOVA [2 × 4, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP and DUP over the 4 measurement moments Baseline, 4th week, 16th week, and 22nd week. Dunnet was performed as the post-hoc test. When the analyses were performed by subgroups Figures 4 , 5 , NP training demonstrated further benefits in the Hypertensive sample Figure 4 , since a significant decrease in SBP, DBP, and MAP was observed on the 22nd week. On the other hand, a significant increase in HR and DP was demonstrated by CG. DUP did not cause significant alterations in the hypertensive sample. When the comparisons were performed among the groups, lower SBP, MAP, HR, and DP were observed in NP, as well as a lower HR in DUP, when compared to CG on the 22nd week. Evaluations in the Normotensive sample Figure 5 demonstrated that SBP values were lower in NP than in DUP. However, DUP, but not NP, was effective to decrease DBP values. As observed in the overall sample, HR values were elevated in CG when compared to Baseline, NP, and DUP on the 22 nd week. In CG, HR values of Hypertensive and Normotensive samples were classified as large and moderate, respectively. In the Hypertensive subgroup, ES classification was in concordance with the hypothesis test, because SBP reached a Large classification in NP. Regarding the Normotensive sample, comparisons between NP and DUP did not confirm ANOVA results because the trained groups showed small and moderate classifications on SBP and DBP values, respectively. However, the highest ES classification on DBP was reached by the NP. Lastly, the exercise groups demonstrated lower classifications on HR than CG. Figure 4. Am J Physiol. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Hinkley JM, Cornnell HH, Standley RA, Chen EY, Narain NR, Greenwood BP, et al. Older adults with sarcopenia have distinct skeletal muscle phosphodiester, phosphocreatine, and phospholipid profiles. Aging Cell. Aguiar AF, Januario RS, Junior RP, Gerage AM, Pina FL, do Nascimento MA, et al. Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women. Candow DG, Vogt E, Johannsmeyer S, Forbes SC, Farthing JP. Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA, Kazachkov M, et al. Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Chilibeck PD, Kaviani M, Candow DG, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med. Willoughby DS, Rosene JM. Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J. Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men. Muscle Nerve. Philpott JD, Witard OC, Galloway SDR. Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance. Wall BT, Morton JP, van Loon LJ. Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics. Eur J Sport Sci. Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Harvey DJ, Watts A, Newsholme EA. Incorporation of fatty acids by concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes and the effect on fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity. Biochemical Journal. Lewis NA, Daniels D, Calder PC, Castell LM, Pedlar CR. Are there benefits from the use of fish oil supplements in athletes? A systematic review. Adv Nutr. Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia-hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women. Clin Sci Lond. Philpott JD, Donnelly C, Walshe IH, MacKinley EE, Dick J, Galloway SDR, et al. Adding fish oil to whey protein, leucine, and carbohydrate over a six-week supplementation period attenuates muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in competitive soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, Meakin JR, Greig CA, Aspden RM, et al. Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Cornish SM, Myrie SB, Bugera EM, Chase JE, Turczyn D, Pinder M. Omega-3 supplementation with resistance training does not improve body composition or lower biomarkers of inflammation more so than resistance training alone in older men. Nutr Res. Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, et al. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Jones AM, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Vanhatalo A. Dietary nitrate and physical performance. Annu Rev Nutr. Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise. Acta Physiol Oxf. Bailey SJ, Winyard P, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, Dimenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol Rammos C, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Sobierajski J, Bernard A, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Dietary nitrate reverses vascular dysfunction in older adults with moderately increased cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. Matz R, Schott C, Stoclet J, Andriantsitohaina R. Age-related endothelial dysfunction with respect to nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and cyclooxygenase products. Physiol Res. van der Avoort CMT, Jonvik KL, Nyakayiru J, van Loon LJC, Hopman MTE, Verdijk LB. A Nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kabir A, Azizi F, Ghasemi A. The nitrate-independent blood pressure-lowering effect of beetroot juice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M. Medium-term effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. Phillips B, Williams J, Atherton P, Smith K, Hildebrandt W, Rankin D, et al. Resistance exercise training improves age-related declines in leg vascular conductance and rejuvenates acute leg blood flow responses to feeding and exercise. Kouw IW, Cermak NM, Burd NA, Churchward-Venne TA, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, et al. Sodium nitrate co-ingestion with protein does not augment postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in older, type 2 diabetes patients. Impey SG, Hammond KM, Shepherd SO, Sharples AP, Stewart C, Limb M, et al. Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes. Physiol Rep. Williams C, Rollo I. Carbohydrate nutrition and team sport performance. Sports medicine Auckland, NZ. Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. Rollo I, Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, van Loon LJC, Williams C. Primary, secondary, and tertiary effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. Sports Med. Backhouse SH, Ali A, Biddle SJ, Williams C. Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise: impact on affect and perceived exertion. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Sharda M, Jain P, Gupta A, Nagar D, Soni A. Correlation and comparison of various anthropometric measurements of body fat distribution and sagittal abdominal diameter as a screening tool for cardio metabolic risk factors and ischaemic heart disease in elderly population. J Assoc Physicians India. PubMed Google Scholar. Fazelzadeh P, Hangelbroek RW, Tieland M, de Groot LC, Verdijk LB, Van Loon LJ, et al. The muscle metabolome differs between healthy and frail older adults. J Proteome Res. Jonvik KL, Nyakayiru J, Pinckaers PJ, Senden JM, van Loon LJ, Verdijk LB. Nitrate-rich vegetables increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lower blood pressure in healthy adults. J Nutr. Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Van Vliet S, Shy EL, Abou Sawan S, Beals JW, West DW, Skinner SK, et al. Consumption of whole eggs promotes greater stimulation of postexercise muscle protein synthesis than consumption of isonitrogenous amounts of egg whites in young men. Benelam B. Satiety and the anorexia of ageing. Br J Community Nurs. Mioche L, Bourdiol P, Monier S, Martin JF, Cormier D. Changes in jaw muscles activity with age: effects on food bolus properties. Physiol Behav. Hicks GE, Shardell M, Alley DE, Miller RR, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, et al. Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline in older adults: the InCHIANTI study. Diem SJ, Lui LY, Langsetmo L, Taylor B, Cawthon PM, Cauley JA, et al. Effects of mobility and cognition on maintenance of independence and survival among women in late life. Scarmeas N, Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M. Nutrition and prevention of cognitive impairment. The Lancet Neurology. Kulzow N, Witte AV, Kerti L, Grittner U, Schuchardt JP, Hahn A, et al. Impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on memory functions in healthy older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. Turner CE, Byblow WD, Gant N. Creatine supplementation enhances corticomotor excitability and cognitive performance during oxygen deprivation. J Neurosci. Wightman EL, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Thompson KG, Blackwell JR, Winyard PG, Forster J, et al. Dietary nitrate modulates cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Download references. Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. SYO prepared the original draft of the manuscript. TDB, IR, and LvL contributed to the editing and preparation of the final manuscript. Correspondence to Sara Y. SYO and IR are employees of the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, a division of PepsiCo, Incorporated. TDB is an employee of PepsiCo, Incorporated. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team. Oikawa, S. et al. Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults. GeroScience 43 , — Download citation. Received : 26 February Accepted : 06 July Published : 20 July Issue Date : October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Skeletal muscle mass losses with age are associated with negative health consequences, including an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and the loss of independence. Dietary Protein Considerations to Support Active Aging Article Open access 30 October International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise Article Open access 20 June Growing older with health and vitality: a nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition Article Open access 15 February |
| Introduction | Nevertheless, both training groups seem to have a cardio protective effect, since both training modes prevented the increase in HR reported in the experimental period in CG. More research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which various nutrients may induce favourable changes in skeletal muscle and determine the quantities and timing of nutrient intake to support active aging. Nitrite quantification μM was achieved using a standard curve constructed with NaNO 2 at the concentrations of , 50, 25, Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest Gonzalez, Javier T. However, reductions in appetite [ 71 ] and difficulties with mastication [ 72 ] may reduce the ability of older people to consume adequate levels of anabolic nutrients through food sources. Arch Osteoporos. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA, Kazachkov M, et al. |
| Background | This study performed in accordance with periodizztion Declaration gor Helsinki. A total of 29 Immune supportive caffeine extract also assessed Immune supportive caffeine extract impact of combined perodization activity and dietary supplementation on physical performance. Lifelong physical exercise delays age-associated skeletal muscle decline. Mioche L, Bourdiol P, Monier S, Martin JF, Cormier D. brodrigues gmail. Phillips SM. Results The search strategy identified 21 additional RCTs giving a total of 37 RCTs. |
| Periodization Strategies in Older Adults: Impact on Physical Function and Health | Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, et al. Population: aged, obese; intervention: exercise, diet; comparison: control groups; result: frail elderly; design: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr — You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The programs developed are conservative in intensity, power, volume, and training 9 , Qatar Med J. |
Aller ist nicht so einfach, wie es scheint