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Building Community with CDC’s National Diabetes Prevention Program Wupport of the best Colon cleanse detox diets to predict how well Social support for diabetes prevention will dixbetes their diabetes: how much prevrntion they get from family and friends. Socixl diabetes Detox body cleanse fr a lot to suppodt, from Detox body cleanse meds, injecting insulin, and checking blood sugar to eating healthy foodbeing physically activeand keeping health care appointments. Your support can help make the difference between your friend or family member feeling overwhelmed or empowered. Know the lows. Hypoglycemia low blood sugar can be serious and needs to be treated immediately. If your family member or friend has hypoglycemia several times a week, suggest that he or she talk with his or her health care team to see if the treatment plan needs to be adjusted.Social support for diabetes prevention -
Barnes MD, Hanson CL, Novilla LB, Magnusson BM, Crandall AC, Bradford G. Family-Centered Health Promotion: Perspectives for Engaging Families and Achieving Better Health Outcomes.
J Health Care Organ Provision Finan. Dan Grabowski D, Reino MB, Andersen TH. Mutual Involvement in Families Living with Type 2 Diabetes: Using the Family Toolbox to Address Challenges Related to Knowledge, Communication, Support, Role Confusion, Everyday Practices and Mutual Worries.
Kreider KE. Diabetes Distress or Major Depressive Disorder? A Practical Approach to Diagnosing and Treating Psychological Comorbidities of Diabetes. Diabetes Ther.
dOI Peña-Purcell N Cutchens L, McCoy T. J J Transcultural Nurs, doi American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — Anjali M, Khapre M, Kant R, Asha TJ.
How Well a Culturally Adapted Diabetes Self-Management Education Program DSME Improves the Glycemic Control and Distress Among Diabetes Patients? J Cardio Diabetes Metab Disord.
Rosland AM, Piette JD, Trived R, Kerr EA, Shelley Stoll S, Tremblay A, Heisler M. Engaging family supporters of adult patients with diabetes to improve clinical and patient-centered outcomes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. This project was supported, in part by grant number 90CSSG from the U.
Administration for Community Living, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D. Grantees undertaking projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their findings and conclusions.
Points of view or opinions do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Administration for Community Living policy. Get information on prevention and how to manage ongoing health conditions focused on physical and mental health.
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Some ideas include:. Carve out family time and work on a healthy lifestyle together. Take advantage of your family bond to make needed lifestyle changes together- such as eating a healthy diet, doing regular exercise, and adopting other positive behaviors.
The whole family can benefit from eating a healthy diet, increasing activity and getting more sleep! If everyone in the family is on the same page you can help motivate each other with less temptation to go off track on your meal plan or put off doing exercise.
Try group exercise sessions like biking or hiking, and taking time out to relax as a family with upbeat activities like a family game night or a dance party. These are just a few of many ways to spend quality time to bond together as a family and strengthen your relationships.
Making an effort to maintain love and social connections is key to maintaining the support network that is so beneficial to your mental and physical health.
It is important to allow yourself time on a regular basis to do this and schedule time to connect with your loved ones and friends.. Its incredible what just a few moments of enjoying time with people you care about can do for your mental health.
If you are constantly experiencing stress about trying to manage your diabetes or tension continues to develop between you and your partner or with other family members, then you may want to consider going to a professional for help. Learning healthy ways to cope and how to create stronger and healthier relationships can help with your blood sugars and overall health.
Going together to counseling can be a way to spend time working on problems together, where you are all engaged and involved.
There has been substantial improvement in the management of type 2 diabetes, but the overwhelming increase in disease incidence means that there are still more people developing diabetes-related complications.
For example, patients from lower SES are less likely to achieve glycemic targets. In the Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs-2 study, psychosocial issues negatively affected self-management behaviors among patients with diabetes and their families. Collectively, these studies identified a strong link between psychosocial issues relating to self-management and the presence of significant gaps in the psychosocial aspects of diabetes management.
Such recognition further confirms the important role of social support in empowering individuals with diabetes to perform self-care and disease management more effectively. A recent study 16 examined the association between diabetes burden and diabetes stress, including social support as a moderating factor.
Our study aimed to decipher the associations between perceived social support and diabetes-related distress; we hypothesized that higher perceived social support captured by the total Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] scores would be associated with lower diabetes-related distress exhibited by the Problem Areas In Diabetes [PAID] scores while controlling for age, HbA1c, SES, Diabetes Complications Severity Index DCSI , ethnicity, and gender.
This cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted at Solano County Family Health Services Clinics in Vallejo and Fairfield, California. This health care system comprises 3 federally-qualified health centers FQHCs and serves people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as they are Medi-Cal recipients Medi-Cal benefits—California's version of the Medicaid program—are only given to low-income individuals.
The study was approved by Touro University California Institutional Review Board and the Steering Committee at Solano County Family Health Services. Patients who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, were between 40 and 80 years old, and had a medical appointment in the clinic s at least once between December and December were included in this study.
Patients were excluded if they could not understand or speak English and patients whose primary care clinicians declined their participation in the study. Consent forms were given to participants in the clinical setting at the time of care and before starting the surveys.
Most of the recruited participants presented to the clinics for diabetes consultation services; some were recruited via primary care visits. Each potential participant was screened via the electronic medical record before they presented to the clinic for their medical appointment, and those who fitted the inclusion criteria were approached at the end of their medical visits to be included.
The survey instrument in paper form was then administered. After PAID and MSPSS surveys were administered, clinical data eg, HbA1c, serum creatinine, and urine protein for each participant were retrieved from electronic medical records EMR. The dates of clinical data noted in the EMR were within 1 year of the survey data collected.
The results of this item survey are calculated based on a Likert scale from 0 to 4, indicating no problem 0 , minor problem 1 , moderate problem 2 , somewhat serious problem 3 , or serious problem 4. The MSPSS questionnaire is a widely used, self-reported measure that assesses 3 dimensions of perceived social support: family, friends, and significant others.
To capture the support from each source, a mean score is calculated for each subscale by summing 4 items and dividing the total by 4. A high total mean score on any subscale would indicate a high level of perceived social support from that source.
For the total perceived social support score, each individual score from the 12 questions is added together and then divided by 12 to obtain a mean score. A mean score ranging from 1 to 2. The DCSI incorporates laboratory data and diagnostic codes using the International Classification of Diseases, 9 th or 10 th Revision ICD-9 or ICD to quantify the long-term complications resulting from consistently elevated A1c levels.
Both ICD-9 and ICD codes were used because updates in the EMR system occurred during our data collection period. The number of diagnoses, however, does not indicate the number of complications or severity level.
For instance, if a participant had background retinopathy, diabetic ophthalmologic disease, and diabetic nephropathy, it would be considered a severity level of 2, even though there were 3 diagnoses, because background retinopathy and diabetic ophthalmologic disease are both classified under retinopathy and therefore were only counted as 1 point on the diabetes complication severity index.
Thus, this index has a possible score ranging from 0 to 8. The Nam-Powers-Boyd Occupational Status Scores, developed in , were used as a proxy to measure and represent an individual's socioeconomic status, which is defined by occupation, income, and education.
Primary outcomes examined the associations between perceived social support captured by MSPSS questionnaire, total, and subscales and diabetes-related distress reflected by PAID questionnaire. Secondary outcomes evaluated the associations between perceived social support and HbA1c, between perceived social support and diabetes complication severity captured by the diabetes complication severity index , and between diabetes-related distress and diabetes complication severity.
For multiple linear regression models, testing primary outcomes ie, age, HbA1c levels, DCSI scores, SES [via occupational index scores], ethnicity, and gender were included to adjust for variability in study participants. These 6 baseline characteristics were considered potential confounding factors, possibly affecting both psychologic and social measures captured by the PAID survey and the MSPSS questionnaire, respectively.
The rationale behind including HbA1c levels and DCSI scores was that suboptimal social support might hinder the outcomes of diabetes self-management behaviors, which may elevate A1c levels and increase the risks of hospitalization, all of which can intensify diabetes-related distress.
The PAID and MSPSS survey instruments were completed by participants. Sociodemographic, psychologic, and clinical data of the study participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics and are summarized in Table 1.
The mean SD age of patients was Seventy-five participants The mean SD occupational status score was As a whole, the study participants lived in diverse communities; according to the United States Census Bureau in , the population of Solano County, California, was For psychosocial characteristics, the mean SD total MSPSS score was 5.
The mean SD total PAID score was Twenty-one study participants In terms of clinical characteristics, the mean HbA1c of participants was 8. Table 2A shows the association between the total MSPSS scores and the total PAID scores determined by a multiple linear regression model controlling for age, HbA1c, DCIS, SES, ethnicity, and gender.
For every unit of increase in perceived social support captured by the MSPSS, there was a 0. No such associations were observed between the friend or significant other subscale scores and the total PAID scores; those results are shown in Table 2B and Table 2D , respectively.
a Covariates included in this multiple linear regression model are age, HbA1c, SES, DCSI, ethnicity, and gender. Abbreviations: DCSI, Diabetes Complications Severity Index; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PAID, Problem Ares in Diabetes; SES, socioeconomic status.
The associations between MSPSS total and subscales and HbA1c, between MSPSS total and subscales and DCSI, and between DCSI and total PAID scores were also examined Table 3. a Covariates included in this multiple linear regression model are age, SES, DCSI, ethnicity, and gender.
Abbreviations: DCSI, Diabetes Complications Severity Index; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes; SES, socioeconomic status. This study evaluated the associations between perceived social support and diabetes-related distress in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes and a low SES.
The mean age among all study participants was Study participants in this age group may have been responsible for taking care of multiple generations within the family, contributing to the high total and subscale scores from the MSPSS questionnaire.
A strong sense of connection with people in their lives might have been translated into the strong perceived social support from family, friends, and significant others. Incorporating psychosocial assessments, such as the PAID questionnaire and the MSPSS, and integrating the family and support systems into diabetes management would be a model for individualized treatment approaches.
Acknowledging and recognizing the essential role of social support in diabetes management encourages clinicians to select appropriate interventions when interacting with both people with diabetes and their family members.
According to the mean PAID score indicated in Table 1 , the study participants as a group expressed a moderately low level of diabetes-related distress PAID score average, The relatively strong support from family, friends, or significant others perceived by participants might have been a neutralizing factor for diabetes-related distress.
Despite the moderately low level of mean PAID scores relating to the management of and coping with diabetes, a wide range of PAID scores was expressed and captured, ranging from 0 to Previous studies have shown that diabetes distress scores were generally higher in an ethnically diverse sample.
With the use of the DCSI instrument and the ICD codes, validity may have been affected because the DCSI was initially designed for use with ICD-9 codes; however, in a recently published study, 20 the researchers reported that neither the original nor new DCSI models included all the possible complications or comorbidities associated with diabetes.
Inconsistencies in charting eg, documenting medical histories and medical code selection were potential limitations of the present study. Despite the possible varying interpretations of what constituted family, friends, or significant others, statistically significant associations were discovered in multiple linear regression models—controlling for covariates—between total perceived social support scores and levels of diabetes-related distress.
Furthermore, these significant associations extended between the family subscale scores from the MSPSS questionnaire and the data collected by the PAID questionnaire Table 2. As the perceived total and family social support captured by the MSPSS questionnaire went up, the diabetes-related distress was reduced by the indicated number of points measured by the PAID questionnaire, signified by the negative coefficients.
In our study, data from the friends and the significant other subscales did not show equally significant associations with the PAID scores collected.
The PAID scores and other data should have been monitored during the data collection process as a means to obtain the most immediate feedback while the study was being conducted. This study had many limitations. A potential limiting factor in this study was the timing in which HbA1c levels were collected.
The HbA1c level used for each study participant was the most recent result collected in the time period before the collection of psychosocial data via the survey instrument, which collected mostly self-reported data.
Some of the latest HbA1c levels were collected within a 3-month interval after the last HbA1c check, whereas others were collected within a 6-month interval, depending on the previous glycemic control.
HbA1c levels used in this cross-sectional study created a problem because the levels were included as a snapshot in time without considering the trend and the time interval in which the levels were collected.
This discrepancy might have been another reason why no statistically significant associations were identified in secondary outcomes involving HbA1c levels Table 3. The use of HbA1c levels might have been more appropriate if the trends were included instead of the latest levels.
As in any cross-sectional study, causality cannot be established between studied variables from the results. Because depression is often a comorbid condition with diabetes distress, our survey instrument did not include a validated instrument to capture any levels of depression in study participants.
Also, the results from this study can only be applied to people aged 40 to 80 years with type 2 diabetes who have a lower SES. As mentioned earlier, the definition of family may have varied greatly among participants.
Future studies are needed to standardize the definition of each category ie, family, friends, and significant others on the MSPSS questionnaire to maintain the consistency and quality of data, even though this survey instrument has been validated. Given the strong role of social support has on diabetes-related distress, clinicians are highly encouraged to focus not only on people with diabetes but also on their support system to optimize diabetes management outcomes and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.
Educating the support team and identifying their roles can positively affect health outcomes. Evaluations of diabetes-related distress and social support are critical in achieving optimal diabetes self-management and should be integrated into routine diabetes care as suggested by the psychosocial care position statement.
This is especially important in the context of an osteopathic medical model of care, where it has been well-documented that osteopathic approaches to patient care include biomechanical, respiratory-circulatory, metabolic-energy, neurologic, and behavioral.
The statistical significance of the amount of perceived social support experienced by people aged 40 to 80 years with type 2 diabetes and lower SES in our study can provide insights into understanding and helping to identify levels of diabetes-related distress. Among the 3 MSPSS subscales, perceived support received from family members was found to be significantly associated with PAID scores.
Future longitudinal research is needed to determine whether higher levels of perceived social support help people with type 2 diabetes reduce their diabetes-related distress. Along with the results from previous studies, osteopathic physicians are encouraged to incorporate psychosocial assessments into clinical practice for strengthening type 2 diabetes management and improving outcomes clinically, psychologically, and socially.
Metrics Behavioural weight control. Diabetes is a chronic illness which requires Social support for diabetes prevention self-care prrevention. The diabtes of the prevenion research was to investigate the association of self-efficacy, Social support for diabetes prevention and social support with adherence prevengion diabetes self-care behavior. In this cross-sectional study conducted indiabetic patients of Zarandieh, Iran participated. They were evaluated by valid and reliable questionnaires comprised of items on diabetes self-care, self-efficacy in dealing with problems, social support and attitude towards self-care. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 applying t test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that patients with higher self-care scores had better self-efficacy, social support, and attitude towards self-care.
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