Anyone you share the following link with will be tevhnique to read this content:. William Ciozda, Ilan Kedan, … Asher Kimchi. Kidney Int Suppl ; 5: 2—7.

Body volume assessment technique -

Mehmet Kanbay Mehmet Kanbay. d Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. mkanbay ku. Blood Purif 46 1 : 34— Article history Received:. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest.

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of volume evaluation methods. View large. View Large. There is no conflict of interest by the authors. Arikan AA, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Naipaul A, Jefferson LS, Loftis LL: Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children.

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Onofriescu M, Hogas S, Voroneanu L, Apetrii M, Nistor I, Kanbay M, et al: Bioimpedance-guided fluid management in maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

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Like the waist circumference, the waist-to-hip ratio WHR is also used to measure abdominal obesity. Equations are used to predict body fat percentage based on these measurements.

BIA equipment sends a small, imperceptible, safe electric current through the body, measuring the resistance. The current faces more resistance passing through body fat than it does passing through lean body mass and water.

Equations are used to estimate body fat percentage and fat-free mass. Individuals are weighed in air and while submerged in a tank. Fat is more buoyant less dense than water, so someone with high body fat will have a lower body density than someone with low body fat.

This method is typically only used in a research setting. This method uses a similar principle to underwater weighing but can be done in the air instead of in water.

Individuals drink isotope-labeled water and give body fluid samples. Researchers analyze these samples for isotope levels, which are then used to calculate total body water, fat-free body mass, and in turn, body fat mass.

X-ray beams pass through different body tissues at different rates. So DEXA uses two low-level X-ray beams to develop estimates of fat-free mass, fat mass, and bone mineral density.

These two imaging techniques are now considered to be the most accurate methods for measuring tissue, organ, and whole-body fat mass as well as lean muscle mass and bone mass.

Measurements of Adiposity and Body Composition. In: Hu F, ed.

Can EkinciMerve KaraborkDimitrie SiriopolNeris Dincer Body volume assessment technique, Assessmet CovicMehmet Kanbay; Effects of Volume Overload and Current Techniques for the Assessment assessmet Fluid Status golume Body volume assessment technique with Renal Disease. Blood Purif 4 May ; 46 1 : 34— Volume overload is an important, may be the foremost, independent prognostic factor determining the outcome of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, it is crucial to measure fluid status of these patients and avoid volume overload. This review aims to evaluate volume overload, its effects on patients with renal diseases and current methodologies measuring volume status in the body.

Asssessment article reviews Bodt published literature that evaluated the reliability and Gelatin of inferior vena Boey IVC parameters measured by ultrasound for volume assessment, as well as those that Organic athletic supplements the potential change in these parameters induced by tecnnique factors.

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Ultrasound IVC measurements are reliable assssment volume assessment to facilitate clinical decision. The Body volume assessment technique of the IVC parameters measured by ultrasound should assfssment done assesssment physicians aware of physiological principle and expected changes in IVC under assessent circumstances.

Zachary Bauman, Victor Coba, … Keith Killu. William Assessmetn, Ilan Kedan, … Asher Kimchi. Silke de Valk, Tycho Joan Olgers, … Fechnique Cornelis volumf Maaten. Assessment of intravascular volume of patients is a challenging and important task in Assssment practice.

Traditional asessment, such as blood pressure, Body volume assessment technique, heart assesssment, skin turgor, capillary Bofy time, and assessmen output, are neither specific assessmment reliable for volume Bofy [ 1 ]. Conventional hemodynamic monitoring was also found unable to detect occult hypovolemia folume the Easy fermented foods period [ 2 ].

Central venous assessmennt CVP is a traditional static pressure based variable for assessing intravascular volume which is still in clinical zssessment today. However, volue a assesxment review, CVP was found to Herbal remedies for prostate health poor volune with measured blood volume and Volhme predictability for hemodynamic responsiveness after fluid challenge [ 3 ].

Another static pressure based variable, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Etchniqueassewsment also been shown not to correlate with changes in stroke volume Asesssment or cardiac output CO after colloid bolus, indicating its inability to voluem change in intravascular volume [ zssessment ].

Apart from this, monitoring PCWP requires a pulmonary volumme catheter placement which can pose additional risks to patients, voluke as hematoma, sepsis, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary artery rupture. However, Dance aerobics method of assessing volume status puts patients at potential risk of fluid overload.

Recently, techniqke increasing availability of bolume ultrasound that can be performed at the techniqe, ultrasound examination of hechnique inferior vena cava IVC has gechnique introduced for assessing volume status [ 7 vooume.

Given the non-invasive nature of ultrasound, a rapid bedside IVC Body volume assessment technique could be techniquw helpful in guiding fluid management in the perioperative period, as well as in resuscitation of trauma and Bdy ill yechnique.

This article reviews the underlying aassessment principle, the technique, clinical assesxment, and practical difficulties aesessment using bedside ultrasound for volume assessment. It lies techniique in the abdominal technisue along the right side technkque the abdominal aorta and passes through the liver technqiue entering the heart.

It distends and collapses with changing blood volume and transmural pressure changes. Consequently, the size of Safe natural weight loss increases gradually to its maximum as the venous compartment fills and varies as intra-thoracic pressure changes Body volume assessment technique respiration.

During spontaneous assessnent, the IVC collapses tfchnique intra-thoracic oBdy decreases aasessment inspiration and distends when intra-thoracic pressure increases during techinque. However, intermittent mechanically positive pressure ventilation reverses this assesment relationship as the IVC distends during inspiration and collapses during expiration Herbal weight loss trends to the voolume in intra-thoracic pressure.

This phasic respiratory variation of IVC will decrease with vllume increase of techique pressure, because the assessjent of changing intra-thoracic pressure asswssment getting Bocy. Ultrasound volumr of the Wssessment is highly practical and reproducible.

It is usually done via the subcostal area just Lifestyle changes for anxiety the xiphoid Volums, or at assfssment right anterior axillary line techhique the liver as fechnique acoustic window. Swimming and calorie burn low frequency phased array transducer should be used for assessmenr.

The Technjque is differentiated assessent the abdominal aorta by its thin tevhnique, collapsibility, and Body volume assessment technique of pulsatile blood flow.

However, the anatomical location asseswment one measures the IVC seems important. Wallace et al. found that IVC collapsibility index CI was affected by the location of the scan in spontaneously breathing adults, either at the junction with atrium or distal to hepatic veins [ 9 ].

The American Society of Echocardiography recommends evaluating the IVC just proximal to the hepatic vein, approximately 0. The IVC can be evaluated both in short-axis or long axis views. The maximum and minimum IVC diameters should be measured perpendicular to the long axis of IVC and at end-expiration and end-inspiration during one respiratory cycle.

M-mode Doppler can also be used for IVC measurements, but this method may introduce error because of the IVC movement relative to the transducer due to diaphragm movement during respiration.

Therefore, it is recommended to use M-mode for evaluation after ensuring IVC visualization in B-mode [ 11 ]. The CI and DI represent the collapsibility of IVC under different ventilation modes.

A short period of training with 20 clinical cases has been shown to significantly improve the diagnosis of vascular overload when performed using hand-carried ultrasound by internal medicine residents [ 12 ].

After a dedicated curriculum of lectures and reading materials and a 3-hour practical training session using echocardiography, trainees showed moderate agreement with board certified cardiologists in IVC diameter and collapsibility assessment [ 13 ]. A study reported high inter-rater reliability for measurements of IVC diameter and lower but still moderate to good inter-rater reliability for estimation of IVC percentage collapse between emergency physicians [ 14 ].

Another study reported moderate inter-rater reliability for IVC diameter measurements between emergency residents [ 15 ].

Patient position was also reported to have little influence on IVC ultrasound metrics [ 8 ]. Ultrasound measurements of IVC diameter and its variation during respiration were recommended for estimating volume status [ 1116 ].

Both the absolute IVC diameter and its respiratory variation have been used to assess volume status [ 7 ]. These parameters were proposed as repeatable and easy to obtain by operators with limited echocardiography experience [ 17 ].

Ultrasound measurement of the IVC has been studied extensively as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in a variety of patients under different circumstances [ 1819 ], and several studies have demonstrated that IVC diameter and its variation are reliable indicators of intravascular volume status [ 20212223 ].

A study reported that inadequate increase in IVC diameter after fluid challenge was more sensitive than blood pressure for identifying hypovolemic trauma patients [ 24 ].

It has been demonstrated that IVC diameter is consistently low in hypovolemic patients and there was a significant increase in IVC size after fluid resuscitation [ 23 ]. A meta-analysis including five observational studies found that maximum IVC diameter was significantly lower in hypovolemic compared with normovolemic patients [ 18 ].

Qualitative assessment of IVC size and its collapsibility have been successfully used for evaluating fluid status in critically ill patients [ 25 ].

The DI has also been validated for predicting fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients [ 2029 ]. A recent meta-analysis of eight studies and patients demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 0. Higher IVC collapsibility suggests a low volume state, especially together with a small maximum IVC diameter; conversely, lower IVC collapsibility with a large maximum IVC diameter indicates a high volume state.

Using IVC respiratory variation for volume assessment needs to measure IVC diameter during respiratory cycle. This parameter was proved to be consistent when measured from different plane and easy to perform in young adults [ 31 ].

IVC ultrasonography has been used to identify patients with congestive heart failure and volume overload [ 33 ], and for helping physicians in the diagnosis of patients with undifferentiated hypotension [ 34 ]. It has been demonstrated that increased IVC diameter in chronic heart failure patients was related to adverse outcome [ 35 ].

A recent study by Zhang et al. found that ultrasound IVC measurements, CI, and maximum diameter, prior to induction of general anesthesia were predictive of subsequent hypotension [ 36 ]. This preliminary study showed that preoperative ultrasound measurements can provide prognostic information for hypotension after induction of general anesthesia.

Another study also found that IVC CI was predictive of significant hypotension developed from propofol after induction [ 37 ]. It is suggested that a rapid ultrasound examination of IVC should be done shortly before general anesthesia to screen for those patients who are at risk of developing hypotension, especially the elderly and those suspected of being hypovolemic.

The ultrasound examination of IVC is not always successful. This limits its application in obese patients and patients with gastrointestinal obstruction.

The absolute IVC size varies widely among individuals, and current evidence did not provide a definitive reference value for IVC measurements when assessing volume status. It is suggested that body size, measured as body surface area, is important to consider when using IVC diameter to assess volume status [ 39 ].

The variation in IVC diameter depends on the intra-thoracic and the intra-abdominal pressure, the CVP, and the compliance of the vessel [ 41 ]. Hence, pathophysiological changes can affect the measurement of IVC, including increase in intra-abdominal pressure and increase in end-inspiratory intra-thoracic pressure due to respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

During mechanical ventilation, pre-set ventilator parameters, such as tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, have different influences on intra-thoracic pressure and thus change the IVC measurements.

The status of patient can affect the respiratory variation of IVC when spontaneously breathing. For example, a young and fit patient will generate much greater change in intra-thoracic pressure during inspiration, compared with an elder and frail patient.

The IVC variation also has to be interpreted with caution in patients with known right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, severe tricuspid regurgitation as right atrial overload tends to cause IVC distention.

All these situations should be taken into consideration when interpreting the IVC measurements. Although the IVC ultrasonography is recommended for volume assessment, it is still difficult to apply its use in the perioperative period for consistent monitoring.

There is an inability to monitor IVC change before and after tracheal intubation under general anesthesia, because positive pressure ventilation that is initiated after tracheal intubation will change IVC diameter and the IVC respiratory variation is reversed by switching from spontaneous respiration to mechanical ventilation.

Furthermore, general anesthetics could also affect the IVC. Bedside IVC ultrasonography is rapid, easy to acquire, and provides reliable indicators for volume assessment.

With greater availability of high definition point-of-care ultrasound equipment, it is becoming increasingly practicable to incorporate quick ultrasound scanning into daily practice to facilitate clinical decision, especially in the perioperative, intensive care and emergency settings.

However, one should be aware of that IVC ultrasonography is burdened with limitations. Hence, the measurements should be done using standard procedure, and the results should be interpreted with adequate knowledge of physiology.

The clinical context and pathophysiological state are important when using ultrasound IVC measurements to assess volume status. Vincent JL, Weil MH. Fluid challenge revisited. Crit Care Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar.

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Int J Color Dis. Article Google Scholar. Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Wiesenack C, Prasser C, Keyl C, Rödīg G.

Assessment of intrathoracic blood volume as an indicator of cardiac preload: single transpulmonary thermodilution technique versus assessment of pressure preload parameters derived from a pulmonary artery catheter.

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Michard F, Teboul JL.

: Body volume assessment technique

What ways are there to measure body fat?	Google Scholar. Alves Junior CA, Mocellin MC, Gonçalves ECA, Silva DA, Trindade EB. William Ciozda, Ilan Kedan, … Asher Kimchi. Received: 17 January ; Accepted: 18 January ; Published: 31 January Related Topics volume. View Large.
Measuring Obesity | Obesity Prevention Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health	And finally, studying preterm-born preschoolers with very low birth weight, Fernandes et al. verified the impact of a continuous early home-based intervention program on body composition. The study showed that an early intervention protocol from the newborn intensive care unit NICU to a home program performed by mothers of preterm with very low birth weight VLBW children from low-income families has a small effect on fat-free mass. As mentioned, this Research Topic also published a systematic review and meta-analysis that surveyed diagnostic studies to identify the optimal cutoff value for the waist-to-height ratio WHtR to predict central obesity in children and adolescents. The 12 articles included in the meta-analysis led to the conclusion that 0. In summary, the results of the studies and the review in this volume bring a substantial amount of relevant data on body composition assessment techniques in their different uses. Thus, these manuscripts contribute to a better understanding and better using different techniques for estimating body components in clinical and field situations to optimize dietary and physical exercise programs. All authors participated in the elaboration, writing, revision and approval of the final document of this editorial. We thank all the authors who submitted their manuscripts to this Research Topic, contributing substantially to the production of knowledge in the field of Body Composition Assessment. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Campa F, Toselli S, Mazzilli M, Gobbo LA, Coratella G. Assessment of body composition in athletes: a narrative review of available methods with special reference to quantitative and qualitative bioimpedance analysis. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Kuriyan R. Body composition techniques. Indian J Med Res. Mazzoccoli G. Body composition: where and when. Eur J Radiol. Borga M, West J, Bell JD, Harvey NC, Romu T, Heymsfield SB, et al. Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling. J Investig Med. Fosbøl M, Zerahn B. Contemporary methods of body composition measurement. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research. Am J Clin Nutr. Abe T, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS. An ultrasound prediction equation to estimate DXA-derived body fatness for middle-aged and older caucasian adults. J Frailty Aging. Adler C, Steinbrecher A, Jaeschke L, Mähler A, Boschmann M, Jeran S, et al. Validity and reliability of total body volume and relative body fat mass from a 3-dimensional photonic body surface scanner. PLoS ONE. Costa RF. Silva AM, Cabral BGdAT, Dantas PMS. Development and cross-validation of predictive equations for fat-free mass and lean soft tissue mass by bioelectrical impedance in Brazilian women. Eur J Clin Nutr. Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, Orav EJ, Rimm EB, Sun Q, et al. Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Br J Nutr. Lemos T, Gallagher D. Current body composition measurement techniques. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Sign in Don't already have an account? Individual Login LOGIN TO MY KARGER. Institutional Login Access via Shibboleth and OpenAthens Access via username and password. Digital Version Pay-Per-View Access. BUY THIS Chapter. Print Version. Fluid Overload. Buy Token. Related Topics volume. Email alerts Latest Book Alert. Related Book Content Use of Bioimpedance Vector Analysis in Critically Ill and Cardiorenal Patients. Bioelectric Impedance Measurement for Fluid Status Assessment. Fluid Assessment and Management in the Emergency Department. Use of Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Bioimpedance to Guide Therapy in Heart Failure Patients. Fluid Overload as a Biomarker of Heart Failure and Acute Kidney Injury. Technical Aspects of Extracorporeal Ultrafiltration: Mechanisms, Monitoring and Dedicated Technology. How to Manage Cardiorenal Syndromes in the Emergency Room. Apex Cardiography. Bioimpedance and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Related Articles Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Hemodialitic Treatment. Fluid Management in the Intensive Care Unit: Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis as a Tool to Assess Hydration Status and Optimal Fluid Balance in Critically Ill Patients. A Comparison of Attenuation Compensated Volume Flow Based Doppler Echocardiography and Impedance Cardiography in Healthy Volunteers. Determination of Cardiac Output in Pulmonary Hypertension Using Impedance Cardiography. Pannus stomach occurs when excess skin and fat hang down from the abdomen. Pregnancy and weight loss can cause pannus stomach. Find out more. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. What ways are there to measure body fat? Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M. Skinfolds Circumference Scales DEXA Hydrodensitometry Air displacement plethysmography 3D body scanners Healthy ranges Summary There are various ways to measure body fat. Skinfold measurements. Share on Pinterest A person can estimate their body fat percentage by measuring the thickness of skinfolds in different areas of the body. Circumference measurements. Body fat scales. Share on Pinterest There are a number of bathroom scales available that can estimate body fat percentage. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DEXA. Air displacement plethysmography. Healthy ranges. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it. How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission. Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. What are body fat scales, and how accurate are they? Read on to learn about how they work and their… READ MORE. How to calculate BMI in men and what the results mean. Here, learn about body fat scales and the best… READ MORE.
How to measure body fat: Accurate methods and ranges	Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu. Contributions to Nephrology. Fluid Overload : Diagnosis and Management. Edited by. Ronco ; C. This Site. Google Scholar. Costanzo ; M. Bellomo ; R. Maisel A. Subject Area: Cardiovascular System , Emergency Medicine , Further Areas , Nephrology. Book Series: Contributions to Nephrology. Publication date:. Book Details. Chapter Navigation. Book Chapter. Frank Peacock W. Frank Peacock. Emergency Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Karina M. Soto Karina M. Publication history 0 Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Sign in Don't already have an account? In: Hu F, ed. Obesity Epidemiology. New York City: Oxford University Press, ; 53— Skip to content Obesity Prevention Source. Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Home Obesity Definition Why Use BMI? Waist Size Matters Measuring Obesity Obesity Trends Child Obesity Adult Obesity Obesity Consequences Health Risks Economic Costs Obesity Causes Genes Are Not Destiny Prenatal and Early Life Influences Food and Diet Physical Activity Sleep Toxic Food Environment Environmental Barriers to Activity Globalization Obesity Prevention Strategies Families Early Child Care Schools Health Care Worksites Healthy Food Environment Healthy Activity Environment Healthy Weight Checklist Resources and Links About Us Contact Us. The most basic method, and the most common, is the body mass index BMI. Doctors can easily calculate BMI from the heights and weights they gather at each checkup; BMI tables and online calculators also make it easy for individuals to determine their own BMIs. Strengths Easy to measure Inexpensive Standardized cutoff points for overweight and obesity: Normal weight is a BMI between This technique can also be inaccurate in patients with morbid obesity, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumectomy, or pleurisy. Since the rapid evaluation and fluid management are very important in critically ill patients, different techniques have been developed to optimize the fluid resuscitation therapy. One of the earliest methods was PAC, which has been used for almost half of a century especially in emergency departments and intensive care units [ 79, 80 ]. However, since this method was inconvenient, time-consuming and invasive, innovative techniques like ultrasound evaluation started to replace the PAC. Studies with esophageal Doppler ED to detect changes in aortic flow time suggested a value in interpretation of volume status. However, these studies also indicated that ED was still somewhat invasive, almost only applicable for intubated patients and required great experience, which also made it quite subjective [ ]. Due to aforementioned reasons, using carotid artery CA as a substitute seemed feasible, since the CA is slightly distal to the aorta by providing very similar characteristics to the CA. Also, since CA is more superficial, evaluation requires less experience compared to ED or other methods like echocardiography and it was easier to perform in severely ill patients highlighting its value in the emergency situations [ 84, 85 ]. Blehar et al. Although Mackenzie et al. Hossein-Nejad et al. A study done by Stolz et al. Therefore, they indicated that common carotid Doppler flow measurement is a valuable technique due to several merits especially in the emergency settings [ 88 ]. Marik et al. They concluded that changes in FTc following passive leg raise might be a novel method for evaluating fluid responsiveness in hemodynamically unstable patients [ 89 ]. Similarly, Shokoohi et al. In contrast, this relationship was not significant in a study recently done by Peachey et al. They indicated that while there was a fall in IVCCI, and increase in stroke volume and cardiac output, no significant change was observed in carotid Doppler velocity suggesting a possible superiority of IVCCI evaluation over CA Doppler [ 90 ]. However, they also concluded that since they did not measure the CA diameter by assuming no change would be present with passive leg raise, results might be representing a false negative finding; another possible explanation was that they performed the carotid Doppler velocity measurement at the end of their protocol, raising the possibility that effects of passive leg raise maneuver might have already disappeared [ 90 ]. Although there are some contradictions, most of the literature supports the use of CA Doppler especially in the emergency settings at which it will probably provide the maximum benefit. However, since this is a brand new technique, there are some limitations restricting its validity. First and foremost, there is a need for a study investigating the normal values and cutoff points of FTc indicating a volume responsiveness in a normal population, since there is no study present about this matter yet. Also, since this is a brand new technique, more studies should be performed to see its applications not just in emergency departments but within all units of the hospitals in which fluid management is important. Blood volume monitoring BVM , which has been around a century now [ 91 ], is another method proposed to estimate dry weight through measuring intradialytic changes in the blood volume. These new devices either measure hematocrit Ht levels by measuring hemoglobin levels using an optic spectroscopic technique [ 94, 95 ], which is also called Crit-Line method, or by measuring velocity of ultrasonographic waves traveling within the blood, which depends on the concentration of the total blood proteins [ 92, 96 ]. As the fluid is removed, Ht or concentration of total blood proteins will rise mimicking the percent reductions in blood volume [ 97 ]. Today, RBV monitoring is a standard feature of most of modern dialysis devices [ 98 ]. There are quite a few studies, including very recent ones, showing the value of BVM in assessment of dry weight [ 94, ]. A recent study by Kron et al. Another recent study by Balter et al. However, they did not find any significant change in post-HD weight and intradialytic weight gain. As a major limitation to their study, they did not have any control group; instead they compared their data with preexisting clinical records that might be missing or inadequate for the data analysis [ ]. Candan et al. They found significant decreases by 0. On the other hand, Steuer et al. They were able to increase ultrafiltration in 8 of these 10 patients and 6 of those 8 responded with decreased dry weight. Therefore, they concluded that with RBV monitoring, additional fluid removal can be achieved even in the absence of hypovolemic symptoms [ ]. Similar conclusion has been stated by Merouani et al. About morbidity and mortality, 2 studies found favorable results [ , ]. In pediatric patients, Goldstein et al. Gabrielli et al. However, the study had several weaknesses due to its short duration 6 weeks , lack of wash-out period in their study, each patient served as their own control and they used standard HD for 6 weeks then RBV monitoring in the following 6 weeks , and potential bias risk since funded by an industrial corporation [ ]. Intradialytic hypotension IDH is an important subject during dialysis for which some studies indicated the benefit of RBV monitoring [ , ]. IDH is associated with an increase in overall morbidity and mortality [ ]. Therefore, keeping dry weight as low as possible without causing IDH should be the primary aim. However, it is not as easy as it sounds, since RBV is not just affected by ultrafiltration but by many other factors, vascular refilling being the foremost. Vascular refilling, on the other hand, is affected by 2 main factors including ultrafiltration rate and patient specific parameters, which include volume overload, transcapillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients, and capillary wall characteristics [ ]. However, there is a recent study suggesting that vascular refilling is independent of fluid overload in HD patients with moderate volume excess [ ]. When the rate of vascular refilling is less than the rate of ultrafiltration, RBV will decline and this might lead to IDH. Therefore, balancing vascular refilling and rate of ultrafiltration may enable us to remove more fluid without causing IDH. There are also studies indicating the limitations and unfavorable outcomes of RBV monitoring [ 93, 97, , ]. First of all, as mentioned before, RBV is not just affected by ultrafiltration but by many other factors and it is difficult to achieve the balance between vascular refilling and rate of ultrafiltration [ ]. With vascular refilling, not only intravascular compartment, which RBV estimates, but also extracellular compartment is included in the equation. Therefore, to maximize the fluid removal without causing IDH, continuous RBV monitoring predialysis, during dialysis, and postdialysis and adjusting the ultrafiltration rate accordingly might be helpful. This adjustment is particularly very important in patients with significant comorbidities such as heart disease and diabetes mellitus for whom chronic hypervolemia might further compromise their health status, while the same risk is present with IDH, as well. Rodriguez et al. Krepel et al. They concluded that RBV monitoring was limited in prevention of IDH due to high intra- and inter-individual variability [ ]. Dasselaar et al. Therefore, it was not even possible to set a standard for an individual. As another limitation, they stated that although RBV monitoring relies on a uniform mixing of Ht or total plasma proteins throughout the whole circulation, this is not the case in reality; even worse, this non-uniform distribution may change with exercise, heat stress, and standing for a long time. They also suggested that the decrease in the frequency of IDH was not due to a significantly different plasma volume reduction between RBV monitoring and classical HD but possibly due to a favorable effect of RBV monitoring by avoiding rapid fluctuations in RBV [ 93 ]. In a large observational study including patients, Andrulli et al. They did not find a significant relationship between BP and RBV, thereby suggesting that RBV monitoring had a relatively low power in the detection and prediction of IDH. They stated that major causes of differences in BP were related to differences in individual cardiovascular regulatory systems instead of the differences in RBV reductions [ ]. Maduell et al. They described the sensitivity of RBV monitoring curve as the shape of a bathtub, having the least sensitivity in the middle moderate volume excess followed by low volume excess and best at high volume excess [ ]. Another study reporting unfavorable outcomes with RBV monitoring was one of the largest randomized studies done in HD patients and took place in 6 centers including patients over a 6-month period. In their study, Reddan et al. They reported no significant differences in estimated dry weight or pre- and post-dialytic systolic and diastolic BPs, whereas they found significantly higher hospitalization both non-access and access-related and mortality rates in Crit-Lane methods compared to conventional monitoring. Although as they indicated the results might have been different with a longer observation period, due to its high power with a relatively large sample size, this study is one of the foremost studies that brings out the validity of RBV monitoring to question [ ]. To conclude, while there are ongoing discussions questioning the validity of RBV monitoring, with the recent favorable outcomes [ ], it is still one of the most commonly used methods in HD settings to assess volume status today. However, there is definitely need for randomized controlled studies with large sample sizes to solve the conflict about the validity of RBV monitoring. The conflicts about the reliability and the results of RBV monitoring could be solved by new techniques that allow the estimation of absolute blood volumes [ ]. Although there are a lot of unsolved disputes about RBV monitoring, it is definite that this area is an active area of research promoting scientists to take part in. The use of electrical bioimpedance to assess hydration status is an up-and-coming method that has been increasingly used due to its alluring features as being simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive [ ]. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA actually came to light in the mids with commercial availability of impedance analyzers [ , ]. At first, BIA use took a great extent in nutritional assessment [ ], but in time its use also expanded into the area of health monitoring among the general population [ , ]. Although there are varying types and methods of measurement, today the fundamental principles of BIA remain the same. High-frequency current can flow through both spaces, while low-frequency current can only flow through the ECW space [ , ]. BIA can be used in various forms as single- or multiple-frequency and segmental or whole body analysis. Only one alternating current frequency is provided in a single-frequency technique, whereas a range of frequencies are supplied in the multiple-frequency method [ ]. On the other hand, the difference between whole body and segmental bioimpedance is that only a part of the body particularly the calf is used for the segmental bioimpedance, whereas the current is administered to the entire body in the whole body bioimpedance technique [ ]. However, in reality, the composition of body parts are not distributed equally [ ]. The single-frequency BIA has shown beneficial effects by guiding HD patients toward normohydration and providing a better BP control [ , ]. Furthermore, the single-frequency approach is simpler and cheaper compared to the multiple-frequency BIA [ ]. However, the single-frequency approach cannot report the ideal dry weight, only the relative changes in fluid status can be detected. The multiple-frequency approach seems to be more accurate, since there is an attempt to incorporate underlying physical principles into equations [ ]. Whole body BIA spectroscopy has now been widely used in the clinical settings for the management of ESRD patients [ ]. Chamney et al. More importantly, there are also studies indicating that BIA has been shown to predict mortality in ESRD patients [ , , ]. BIA is thought to be an objective fluid status assessment method, which is shown superior to classical methods such as BP monitoring and weight control in many studies [ , , , , ]. There is evidence supporting the fact that whole-body BIA is in excellent agreement with all gold standard comparisons for both healthy and HD patient groups [ , ]. In their randomized controlled study, Onofriescu et al. Wabel et al. In their study, they concluded that whole-body bioimpedance is an objective method for obtaining clinical fluid balance especially when combined with physiological tissue model [ , ]. In another study, Marcelli et al. Siriopol et al. On the other hand, in an older study, the same group had found that risk prediction for death by assessing fluid status was improved only by using BIA but not by using LUS [ 76 ]. Although the majority of the previous observational studies showed a reduction in mortality in ESRD patients, in a recent meta-analysis that included only randomized controlled trials, BIA was not associated with a significant improvement in survival, showing only a better BP control [ 25 ]. Arroyo et al. By using BIS, they compared the fluid status in patients with either full or empty peritoneal cavity and found that fluid overload was overestimated in patients with dialysate in the peritoneal cavity. This overestimation was greater in younger, nourished poorer, or less overhydrated patients. Therefore, they suggested that for more accurate measurements, the peritoneal cavity should be drained before performing BIS [ ]. In another study, Davies et al. This causes progressive tissue overhydration in patients with muscle-wasting, which is a common abnormality seen in HD patients. They also add that if continuous weight loss is sustained according to the ECW assessment by BIA, this may further compromise the already damaged kidney functions, since the expansion of ECW may not be equal to plasma volume expansion. At last, they suggested that combining BIA with biomarkers like BNP may be helpful to reach the target dry weight [ ]. This technique has several limitations. Its accuracy is limited in children, pregnant women, or subjects wearing a pacemaker. The BIA assessment could also be affected by extreme obesity or eating, intense physical activity, and fluid intake before the evaluation. Importantly, BIA does not accurately estimate fluid change during HD [ ]. Measuring left atrial volume is a method used to evaluate volume status. There are also some other parameters that are used in echocardiography to evaluate fluid status such as left ventricular thickness, left ventricular mass and diameters, the ejection fraction, and parameters of diastolic dysfunction [ , ]. However, Ozdogan et al. Although echocardiography might be considered a reliable method, its application might have some challenges. In severely ill patients, performing an echocardiography might be challenging due to difficulties in repositioning the patient and also because there is a requirement of a set of skills [ 84 ]. Therefore, it might be unfeasible to perform an echocardiography by any physician in intensive care units or emergency departments. PAC is another less commonly used method to evaluate volume status. Although it was successfully used before to evaluate volume status especially in critically ill patients [ 79, 80, ], it is now almost completely abandoned mainly due to its invasive nature. There are also meta-analyses questioning the accuracy of this technique to determine volume responsiveness [ , ]. Therefore, other objective methods should be preferred over PAC for the evaluation of volume status. Another rarely used method is measuring aortic blood flow by using ED monitoring. By using respiratory variations in aortic blood flow, fluid status can be evaluated especially in mechanically ventilated patients [ ]. Although this method is less invasive compared to PAC, it is still invasive in comparison to other objective methods like CA ultrasonography or bioimpedance analyses techniques. Suprasternal Doppler monitorizing ascending or descending aorta has been used since the s [ , ]. Although monitoring cardiac output via suprasternal Doppler was feasible, Elwan et al. Elwan et al. Although the bioimpedance method gave better results, they emphasized that lower readings in suprasternal Doppler might have resulted from operator dependence [ ]. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to establish reference standards for Suprasternal Doppler monitorization. Blood viscosity can be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille formula and is a determinant of blood flow rate [ ]. There are studies suggesting that blood viscosity correlates with intravascular volume changes. In these studies, the blood viscosity method is mainly compared to BVM technique measuring the Ht levels [ ]. Although both methods successfully achieved to manage fluid status, blood viscosity monitoring had some drawbacks. Blood viscosity monitoring was more inconvenient and the results were affected by the shear-rate [ ]. Although a later study showed that changes in Ht levels correlated with the changes in shear-rate [ ], there is a need for further studies to consolidate the efficacy of blood viscosity monitoring. Volume overload and congestion are very serious problems causing morbidity and mortality in HD patients [ ]. Therefore, it is quite important to avoid volume overload and maintain dry weight in HD patients. Although clinical evaluation methods are still the most commonly used ones [ 22 ], recent studies show that objective methods are being preferred more day by day. Particularly, bioimpedance, RBV monitoring, and lung ultrasonography techniques look more promising in the future compared to the other objective methods in light of recent publications. Among these, the multi-frequency BIS technique is especially shining out, since it can provide far more information including ECW and TBW. However, there is still a need for further randomized control studies, especially the ones comparing these objective methods although they are increasing in number recently. Sign In or Create an Account. Search Dropdown Menu. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Blood Purification. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 46, Issue 1. Clinical Evaluation of Volume Overload. More Objective Techniques to Assess Volume Overload. Lung Ultrasonography. Carotid Artery — Corrected Flow Time. Blood Volume Monitoring. Less Commonly Used Objective Methods. Disclosure Statement. Article Navigation. Review Articles April 12 Effects of Volume Overload and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Fluid Status in Patients with Renal Disease Subject Area: Nephrology. Can Ekinci ; Can Ekinci. a School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey. This Site. Google Scholar. Merve Karabork ; Merve Karabork. Dimitrie Siriopol ; Dimitrie Siriopol. Neris Dincer ; Neris Dincer. c Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Adrian Covic ; Adrian Covic. Mehmet Kanbay Mehmet Kanbay. d Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. mkanbay ku. Blood Purif 46 1 : 34— Article history Received:. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of volume evaluation methods. View large. View Large. There is no conflict of interest by the authors. Arikan AA, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Naipaul A, Jefferson LS, Loftis LL: Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med ; — Hassinger AB, Wald EL, Goodman DM: Early postoperative fluid overload precedes acute kidney injury and is associated with higher morbidity in pediatric cardiac surgery patients.
Measuring Obesity	They should use a tape measure to do this. To get a more accurate estimation, measure the circumference of the neck and waist. Females should also measure the circumference of the hips. Take measurements at the widest point, and ensure that the tape measure does not compress the skin. Some bathroom scales estimate body fat percentage. They use a method called bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA. BIA involves passing a very weak electrical current through the body to measure its resistance to the current. Body fat is particularly resistant, meaning that it conducts electricity less effectively than other tissues and substances within the body. Therefore, measurements that show a greater resistance indicate a higher body fat mass. Scales can use this measurement and information about gender, age, and height to estimate body fat percentage. According to a study , BIA can give a reasonable estimate of body fat percentage. However, it is not the most accurate method available. A DEXA scan uses X-rays to precisely measure body fat, lean muscle, and mineral composition in different parts of the body. The scan is similar to any X-ray and only takes a few minutes. The amount of radiation that the scan emits is low. Typically, researchers use DEXA scans to measure body fat percentage in research settings. The test is not readily available to the general public. There are no specific guidelines about who should undergo DEXA scanning for body fat analysis. However, researchers suggest that the scans may help with treatment for the following groups:. This helps with assessing body fat composition. In order to determine body density, a person must divide body weight, or mass, by body volume. The volume of an object is how much space it takes up. Hydrodensitometry involves submerging a person in water and measuring the volume of water that they displace. This displacement indicates body volume. Following hydrodensitometry, a person can use body mass and volume measurements to calculate body density with an equation. A further equation converts body density into body fat percentage. During ADP, a person sits inside an enclosed device called a Bod Pod. Scales inside the Bod Pod measure body mass, while air pressure sensors measure the amount of air displaced by the person. The volume of air displaced indicates body volume. A 3D body scanner uses lasers to create a 3D image of the body. The scanner rotates to take pictures of the body from different angles, and the scan is quick, taking only a few seconds. A computer then combines the individual pictures to form the 3D image. With this image, it is possible to determine body volume. Dividing body mass by body volume can indicate body density. Below are body fat ranges for males and females, according to the American College of Sports Medicine :. There are various ways to accurately measure body fat percentage. Some methods are simple and inexpensive, while others are more complicated and costly. Some of these methods, including DEXA scans, hydrodensitometry, and ADP, are only available at specialized facilities. However, a person can estimate their body fat composition at home by other means. A doctor or personal trainer can offer additional advice on taking accurate body measurements. Body fat scales are devices that estimate the relative percentages of fat and muscle inside the body. Read on to learn about how they work and their…. BMI is one measure of body size. Learn about how to calculate BMI for men, the recommended BMI range, and the limitations of BMI as an indicator of…. Body fat scales can be an easy way to track body composition, but research debates their accuracy. Here, learn about body fat scales and the best…. Sustainable weight management involves eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and engaging in stress-reducing techniques. Learn more. Pannus stomach occurs when excess skin and fat hang down from the abdomen. Pregnancy and weight loss can cause pannus stomach. Find out more. Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling. J Investig Med. Fosbøl M, Zerahn B. Contemporary methods of body composition measurement. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research. Am J Clin Nutr. Abe T, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS. An ultrasound prediction equation to estimate DXA-derived body fatness for middle-aged and older caucasian adults. J Frailty Aging. Adler C, Steinbrecher A, Jaeschke L, Mähler A, Boschmann M, Jeran S, et al. Validity and reliability of total body volume and relative body fat mass from a 3-dimensional photonic body surface scanner. PLoS ONE. Costa RF. Silva AM, Cabral BGdAT, Dantas PMS. Development and cross-validation of predictive equations for fat-free mass and lean soft tissue mass by bioelectrical impedance in Brazilian women. Eur J Clin Nutr. Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, Orav EJ, Rimm EB, Sun Q, et al. Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Br J Nutr. Lemos T, Gallagher D. Current body composition measurement techniques. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. Dehghan M, Merchant AT. Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies? Nutr J. Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, Sumner AE, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, et al. A better index of body adiposity. Dhawan D, Sharma S. Abdominal obesity, adipokines and non-communicable diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Zeng Q, Wang L, Dong S, Zha X, Ran L, Li Y, et al. CT-derived abdominal adiposity: distributions and better predictive ability than BMI in a nationwide study of 59, adults in China. Kong M, Xu M, Zhou Y, Geng N, Lin N, Song W, et al. Assessing visceral obesity and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in healthy populations based on computed tomography: a large multicenter cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. Gallagher D, Andres A, Fields DA, Evans WJ, Kuczmarski R, Lowe WL. Obes Rev. Csiernik B, Edgar M, DeGraauw C, Howitt S, Hogg-Johnson S. The utility of bioelectrical impedance analysis in the diagnosis of sarcopenia: a systematic review. J Can Chiropr Assoc. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. van der Scheer JW, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Blauwet C, Brooke-Wavell K, Graham-Paulson T, Leonard AN, et al. Assessment of body composition in spinal cord injury: A scoping review. Hirose S, Nakajima T, Nozawa N, Katayanagi S, Ishizaka H, Mizushima Y, et al. Phase angle as an indicator of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cachexia in inpatients with cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Med. Lukaski HC, Talluri A. Phase angle as an index of physiological status: validating bioelectrical assessments of hydration and cell mass in health and disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. Alves Junior CA, Mocellin MC, Gonçalves ECA, Silva DA, Trindade EB. Anthropometric indicators as body fat discriminators in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, et al. Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lopez P, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Newton RU, Nonemacher ER, Wendt VM, et al. Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Keywords: body composition, fat free mass FFM , fat mass, anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA , bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA , comput eriz ed tomography, air displacement plethsymography. Citation: Costa RF, Nogueira RC, Fisberg M and Ferrari G Editorial: Body composition assessment techniques in clinical and epidemiological settings: Development, validation and use in dietary programs, physical training and sports. Received: 17 January ; Accepted: 18 January ; Published: 31 January Edited and reviewed by: Mauro Serafini , University of Teramo, Italy. Copyright © Costa, Nogueira, Fisberg and Ferrari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Body Composition Assessment Techniques in Clinical and Epidemiological Settings: Development, Validation and Use in Dietary Programs, Physical Training and Sports. Export citation EndNote Reference Manager Simple TEXT file BibTex. Check for updates. EDITORIAL article. Keywords: body composition, fat free mass FFM , fat mass, anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA , bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA , comput eriz ed tomography, air displacement plethsymography Citation: Costa RF, Nogueira RC, Fisberg M and Ferrari G Editorial: Body composition assessment techniques in clinical and epidemiological settings: Development, validation and use in dietary programs, physical training and sports.

Editorial tecunique the Research Bdy Body composition assessment techniques in clinical and epidemiological vilume Development, validation and use in dietary programs, Body volume assessment technique training and volkme. Body composition assess,ent is essential in both clinical aseessment Body volume assessment technique settings to Boosting energy before workouts describe and monitor nutritional status for a variety of medical Body volume assessment technique and physiological processes. Assessmenh with cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, as assessment as sick and malnourished rechnique, pregnant women, assesament mothers, and the elderly, are a few examples among several other diseases that can be assessed by body composition. Body composition outcomes help evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional interventions, the alterations associated with growth and disease conditions, and it contributes to the development of personalized physical training programs 1 — 3. There are several techniques for assessing body composition, from simple body indices based on anthropometric measurements to sophisticated laboratory methods such as magnetic resonance imaging 4with the ability to assess different body compartments at different levels 56. Thus, many studies have been conducted in order to develop and validate techniques, which can be extremely useful for health professionals to estimate body composition components such as fat mass, muscle mass, bone mass, and residual mass, or simply fat mass and fat-free mass 7 —

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