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It was developed with the input of an expert panel, health information providers, and patients in collaboration with the National Health Service, British Library, and Oxford Research and Development Programme. The DISCERN instrument questions are divided into three categories: the reliability of the publication, the specific details of the information about treatment choices, and the overall quality rating of the source of information.

It is important to note that DISCERN instrument cannot be used to assess the accuracy of scientific evidence, as this would necessitate checking the information against other sources.

Rather, the DISCERN instrument is used to assess the reliability of the website as a source for consumer health information. Furthermore, the DISCERN instrument cannot be used to assess the presentation of information readability, graphics, layout, etc. as many assessment tools already exist for this purpose.

Instead, the DISCERN instrument fills a gap by examining what consumer health information is being provided, rather than how it is being provided. Through 15 quality criteria, the DISCERN instrument helps pinpoint common causes of inaccurate or unreliable information such as bias.

Additional details about the DISCERN instrument can be found at: www. Prior to conducting data extraction and quality assessing eligible websites using the DISCERN instrument, a pilot test designed by JYN was completed by two independent reviewers — SA and CJZ. In this pilot test, data pertaining to three separate websites was extracted and assessed using the DISCERN instrument; both SA and CJZ met with JYN to discuss the data extraction and the scoring of each DISCERN instrument item in detail to standardize its use.

After completing the pilot test, SA and CJZ independently completed the data extraction and quality assessment of eligible websites using the DISCERN instrument. SA and CJZ then met with JYN to compare their scores and discuss discrepancies.

Next, the means and standard deviations for each DISCERN instrument item, as well as the mean and standard deviation across all 16 items were calculated and assessed. Unique URLs that led to the same website were collapsed into one search result for the purpose of quality assessment using the DISCERN instrument.

Thus, assessment criteria were applied to each full website, not just a single webpage. Of the websites retrieved across all searches, duplicates were removed. The 87 websites that remained were deemed eligible for assessment. This process is depicted in Fig. The 87 eligible websites were categorized into six groups.

The most common category was commercial websites, with 41 results. All eligible websites discussed at least one of the four categorizations of DHSs by the U.

Food and Drug Administration FDA : vitamin and mineral products, botanical and herbal products, amino acid products, and enzyme supplements [ 21 ].

Some common examples of these products found on commercial websites included ephedra, glucomannan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Seventy-five websites discussed only DHS therapies, while only 12 websites discussed non-DHSs therapies, such as surgical procedures and pharmaceutical medications.

Some commonly discussed examples of these included bariatric surgery and orlistat. Fifty-five websites appeared in more than one search. General characteristics of eligible websites are displayed in Table 1.

The mean total DISCERN instrument score across all assessed websites was The mean overall DISCERN instrument score Question 16 of each individual website was 2.

Large variability was present, with individual overall scores ranging from 1. Question 1, 2, and 10 of the DISCERN instrument had the highest mean total scores of 4.

Question 1 asks whether the aims are clear, question 2 asks whether the website achieves its aims, and Question 10 asks whether the website describes the benefits of each treatment.

Question 12 and 13 of the DISCERN instrument had the lowest mean total scores of 1. Question 12 asks whether the website describes what would happen if no treatment is used, and Question 13 asks whether the website describes how the treatment choices affect overall quality of life.

A summary of DISCERN instrument ratings by website category is presented in Table 2. The DISCERN instrument scores for each individual website included and assessed in this study is available in Supplementary File 1. Question 10 whether the website describes the benefits of each treatment had the highest mean total score across all DISCERN instrument items, with 82 websites scoring a 4.

Similarly high scores were not observed for Question 11 whether the website describes the risks of each treatment , which was especially pronounced among commercial websites. Question 1 whether the aims clear and Question 2 whether the website achieves its aims had the next highest mean total scores across all DISCERN instrument items.

Sixty-three and 71 websites scored a 4 or above for Question 1 and Question 2, respectively. This resulted in consistently high scores for Question 1 and 2 across most websites. Question 12 whether the website describes what would happen if no treatment is used and Question 13 whether the website describes how treatment choices affect overall quality of life had the lowest mean total scores across all DISCERN instrument items.

A score of 1. Most websites discussed alternatives to DHSs but did not explicitly mention the effect of having no treatment. While the majority of websites included descriptions of risks and benefits, they failed to mention the overall impact of a treatment choice or choices on day-to-day living, leading to low scores on Question Across all six websites categories, government websites had the highest mean DISCERN instrument score at Government and health portal websites provided appropriate research citations, less biased assessments of DHSs for weight loss, and generally adequately comprehensive DHS information.

In contrast, commercial websites frequently lacked information surrounding the risks and benefits of DHSs for weight loss, and provided more biased assessments of DHSs. Ten out of twelve of the highest scoring websites were health portals and government websites, all with total DISCERN instrument scores above These websites commonly included an abundance of references to primary research literature, and links to additional sources of reading; in contrast; this was rarely present across commercial websites.

Healthcare practitioners may find value in recommending these high-scoring websites to their patients. Additional details surrounding these recommended websites are depicted in Table 3. This study assessed the quality of websites containing DHSs consumer health information for weight loss.

With the increasingly popular use of DHSs and ease of web-based health information access [ 6 , 7 , 11 , 12 ], this study helped to identify the overall quality of information patients may access on this topic. Our findings suggest the importance for healthcare providers to take an active role in understanding the types of websites typically accessed by patients in order to help them navigate mis information and refer them to high-quality resources.

Across 87 unique websites, most succeeded in describing the benefits of DHSs, and detailing and achieving their specified aims, while generally failing to describe the impact of treatment on overall quality of life, as well as the impact of a no treatment option.

The highest-scoring websites were overwhelmingly categorized as health portals and government websites, while the majority of the lowest-scoring websites were commercial websites. While to our knowledge, few studies that have investigated the quality of DHS consumer health information for weight loss have been published over the past 5 years, older studies and studies published on related topics can serve as comparative literature.

In a study [ 22 ], researchers analysed the quality and comprehensiveness of online information related to weight loss. They concluded that web-based weight loss information was often of substandard quality because most comprehensive and high-quality websites ranked too low in the search results.

Researchers attributed this to low search-engine optimization amongst medical, government, and university organization websites [ 22 ]. Previous studies have used the DISCERN instrument to assess web-based information surrounding chronic pain, gastrointestinal diseases, anxiety disorders, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and postherpetic neuralgia [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].

The quality of information found on these websites across all studies were moderate to poor; the vast majority of websites yielded by search results were commercial in nature. These studies also noted that higher-scoring websites tended to cite the research literature and provided a clear statement of purpose.

High DISCERN instrument score variability across websites was also a common trend. All of these patterns similarly reflect what was observed in the present study. One strength included the use of the DISCERN instrument, which has been found to be reliable and valid for assessing the quality of consumer health information on the internet.

Conducting a pilot test standardized the application of the DISCERN instrument between individual reviewers. Another strength included searching in more than one country, which allowed for a more internationally representative sample of websites. This also allowed the results of this study to be more applicable to healthcare practitioners in multiple countries.

A notable limitation i that the internet is dynamic and constantly changing, thus the websites assessed in this study will not necessarily reflect information readily available to patients at another point in time.

Additionally, conducting the pilot test with only three websites may not have been sufficient in standardizing assessments between each independent reviewer. As a result, this may have caused greater variation between DISCERN instrument scores for each website. Furthermore, the present study did not account for non-English language websites.

Another limitation includes the fact that only six search terms were utilized across all regional searches. Therefore, it is very possible that a slight change in the wording of search terms could lead to variation in search results. The purpose of our study was to assess the quality of DHSs consumer health information for weight loss.

High-scoring websites were largely health portals and government websites, while low-scoring websites were overwhelmingly commercial websites. Most websites described treatment benefits, and detailed and achieved their specified aims, but were lacking in their descriptions for overall impact on quality of life, and impact of a no treatment option.

Large variability in DISCERN instrument scores exist between the assessed subset of websites, with a relatively equal distribution between high and low overall scores.

Our findings suggest that the quality of websites being accessed by patients is likely of varying quality, thus healthcare providers need to be actively aware of this to guide patient information-seeking behaviour, as well as safe, effective, and evidence-informed decision making relating to DHSs use.

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Modave F, Shokar NK, Peñaranda E, Nguyen N. Analysis of the accuracy of weight loss information search engine results on the internet. Am J Public Health. Kaicker J, Debono VB, Dang W, Buckley N, Thabane L. Assessment of the quality and variability of health information on chronic pain websites using the DISCERN instrument.

BMC Med. Tangri V, Chande N. Quality of Internet-based information on gastrointestinal diseases. You will lose weight if you burn more calories than you consume. If you cut calories, without considering your health and nutrition, you risk suffering a number of health problems, including:.

Over time, as all the negative health implications of cutting calories and not eating healthily pile up and your metabolism slows down, continuing to lose weight becomes increasingly difficult until it is almost impossible without more damage to your health. The good news is right there in the title.

Among other great points and quotes by registered dietitians and nutritionists in the article, we found one from Malina Linkas Malkani, a registered dietician nutritionist with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, who told the article writer that the quality of what you eat is key for long-term weight management and overall health and wellbeing.

If you have any questions or concerns, stop by, call, or email your Herbal One centre and our qualified counsellors will be happy to give you tips and some great ideas that will help reach your weight loss goals.

Buy one Program and get one FREE! CONTACT US NOW. This site requires JavaScript to be enable. Weight Gain. Weight Loss. Weight Loss Supplements.

Users Tart cherry juice for hydration berberine, Hergal is found Lifestyle changes for blood pressure control a Herrbal of plants, including trendx plants, helps curb Loas and improve blood sugar levels, resulting in weight loss. Herbak is rising in popularity as demand increases Tart cherry juice for hydration medications Hdrbal Ozempic Insulin side effects Wegovy, known for their Heral loss effects. Ozempic and Wegovy are part of a class of drugs called GLP-1 agonistswhich mimic a hormone that helps reduce food intake and appetite. They are highly effective, but they are in short supply in the U. Pieter Cohen, who researches supplement use at the Cambridge Health Alliance in Somerville, Massachusetts. A meta-analysis of 49 studies published last year in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition found berberine may provide metabolic benefits in people, mainly for the heart, although there may be small benefits for weight loss. Methods: Thirty-seven patients aged 18 to 60 from Tart cherry juice for hydration trendw Weifang City, Shandong, Chinaparticipated in a double blinded, frends study. Tart cherry juice for hydration were randomly divided into 2 groups, 18 in treatment and 19 in placebo group. Both groups accepted healthy lifestyle education materials. After a 2-month treatment, the placebo group transferred to open-label treatment after unblinding. Results: These changes were accompanied by increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Enterococcus faeciumand decreased abundance of Proteobacteria in gut microbiota.

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