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How Your Hormones Affect Where You Store Body FatAndroid vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals -
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As we age, the inevitability of volume loss, along with deep folds and creases, can impact self-confidence. Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to this aging March 29, Apples and Pears: The Difference Between Android and Gynoid Obesity. Regardless of the absence of between-group differences, we observed within-group improvements in fasting glucose in the LCHF-EX group.
Others have shown that both LCHF diets and exercise had positive effects and reduced fasting glucose Kirkpatrick et al. While LCHF-EX was the only group to achieve improvements in the current study, it must be emphasized that this group also showed the highest level of fasting glucose prior to the intervention and reached baseline levels comparable the other groups, after the intervention.
On the contrary, Shai et al. The denominator for large improvements in fasting glucose seems to be high glucose at baseline, giving room for more pronounced reduction in response to an intervention and possibly explaining the lack of improvement in the LCHF diet group versus the comparable exercise group LCHF-EX , without between-group differences.
Our protocol included testing towards the lower end for positive effect of exercise, and it is therefore plausible that the only group that achieved positive effect was the one with the most unfavorable baseline levels.
All groups were within the normal reference range prior to the intervention, and improvements in normal values are not decisive for primary T2DM prevention. The intervention did not result in differences between groups, and no improvements were seen within groups.
This is in line with Gilbertson et al. However, Weiss et al. Fasting insulin levels however, are associated with large individual variations without individuals being insulin resistant or having reduced glucose tolerance Festa et al.
LCHF-EX was the only group to attain a significant improvement in HOMA-IR despite equal weight loss in all groups. Nevertheless, LCHF-EX was the only group to exhibit HOMA-IR above cut-off values of 2. The low and non-significant improvements in glucose and insulin in the other groups are reflected in the HOMA-IR, and similar lack of improvement has previously been observed by Gilbertson et al.
Despite the lack of significant improvements within NORM, LCHF and NORM-EX, these groups achieved a reduction in HOMA-IR, with post values below the cut-off point for hepatic insulin resistance Radikova et al.
This demonstrates a beneficial impact on insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic health Hallberg et al.
Figure 4 shows a glucose and b insulin time course for all groups, pre and post intervention. The Matsuda ISI is used to estimate peripheral skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity Matsuda and DeFronzo, The intervention did not result in between-group differences in the Matsuda ISI.
However, w ithin-group improvement was observed in the exercise groups, in addition to the NORM group. In addition, all groups to reached values higher than the cut-off level of 5, which is regarded as appropriate to maintain a healthy insulin sensitivity.
Our results show that weight-loss with or without exercise increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. Yet, due to the lack of between-group differences we cannot state that exercise has superior effect than diet only. Noteworthy, our study was powered for AUC glucose as primary outcome so considering the larger increase in Matsuda ISI the exercise groups, it is plausible that the inclusion of exercise in lifestyle interventions should be preferred to achieve weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity.
The insulinogenic index is used as an index for early phase insulin secretion and is a reasonable surrogate for acute insulin response AIR Aono et al.
However, improvements above the normal baseline levels can be difficult to reach. The disposition index can be used to assess β-cell function during an OGTT and identifies β-cells deficiency and the inability to compensate for insulin resistance. A low disposition index is an early marker of faulty β-cells and predicts a development to T2DM, beyond fasting glucose levels Abdul-Ghani et al.
Previous studies have shown that the disposition index and first-phase insulin are not affected when adjusted for visceral adiposity and BMI Burns et al. After the intervention, between-group comparisons showed larger reductions in android fat mass in LCHF compared to NORM, indicating a positive effect of the LCHF diet.
However, this did not affect the glucose tolerance positively. Differences in android fat mass were observed between NORM and LCHF, but not between NORM-EX and LCHF-EX. Hence, we cannot attribute any positive effects of the LCHF diet on android fat, or on the primary outcome glucose tolerance.
This is supported by previous research where high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets did not differentially influence android visceral fat area Veum et al. Android obesity in females has been related to reduced insulin sensitivity Wiklund et al. Nevertheless, even with substantial improvement in android fat in LCHF, no improvement was observed in glucose tolerance in this group.
Previous research has shown that android and gynoid fat have opposite associations with CVD and other metabolic risk factors Lumish et al. It should be noted that gynoid fat as compartment often reflects a linear relationship with total fatness and increased CVD risk Fox et al.
Indeed, studies of females with normal weight have shown that joint occurrence of elevated android and gynoid fat percentage is associated with higher odds for elevated glucose than high android fat alone Okosun et al.
The present intervention resulted in a substantial reduction in both android and gynoid fat in all groups. However, the persisting high percentage of body fat, likely prevented a significant improvement in glucose tolerance, as gradients of adiposity have been shown to increase the numbers of CVD risk factors Okosun et al.
Data for weight have been published elsewhere Valsdottir et al. This can be explained by several factors, such as overestimating PAL and calorie requirement at baseline and a greater energy intake than assessed by diet records. Previous studies have observed some underreporting, with a greater bias in females and individual who are obese and weight-conscious Schoeller, ; Millen et al.
Recent studies have unveiled a possible link between the gut microbiome and weight gain Aoun et al. Others have suggested that energy deficit results in adaptive reduction in thermogenesis and resistance to losing weight Muller et al. Although the main factor conceded during weight-loss, is adherence to the prescribed energy deficit, the genetic component will influence the ability to respond.
The development of overweight and obesity has a strong genetic component which also can cause resistance to lose weight Lamiquiz-Moneo et al. Further on, Bouchard et al. All aforementioned factors are plausible, but outside the scope of this manuscript.
A reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness after weight-loss without exercise has been observed by others Goran et al. The reduction appears to develop due to reduced body mass that results in lesser cardiorespiratory demand during daily activities.
A similar pattern is evident in women, although not detectable in conservative models. Despite weaker association in women, the potential modifying role of cardiorespiratory fitness on obesity mortality supports the inclusion of sufficient physical activity in lifestyle interventions.
The strengths of this study are the inclusion of females only, and the high compliance with the exercise program.
Another strength is the tight supervision of both diet and exercise. Some limitations must also be acknowledged. In our power calculation we anticipated an improvement in AUC of ± mean ± SD. However, the greatest improvement in AUC was U in LCHF-EX.
Due to this modest improvement, no between-group differences were detected. Hence, it can be argued that this study was underpowered to detect such modest improvements, potentially resulting in type II error. Weiss et al. Unfortunately, this was not possible with the present design, as increased exercise sessions in the exercise groups would induce larger effects on parameters linked to weight-loss and cardiorespiratory fitness.
Another study limitation is that the exercise groups got additional interactions compared to the diet-only groups, as these participants both mingled and met with the staff and researchers three times weekly during exercise sessions.
This study did not control for the greater amount of personal contact time received by the exercise groups relative to the diet-only groups. Moreover, we did not control the timing of testing relative to menstrual phase, which may increase variability in glucose tolerance MacGregor et al.
In view of the positive effect of increased physical activity during the intervention, the lack of monitoring daily physical activity of participants must be considered as a limitation in this study.
Matched weight loss during a week program with diet only, or with a combination of exercise and diet, resulted in improvements exclusively in the exercise groups, in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and AUC insulin.
Collectively, these results emphasize the positive effects and importance of exercise during a weight-loss program. As the current study was designed to compare the effectiveness of the intervention groups, the main conclusion for between-group comparisons showed no superior effect for any of the intervention groups with regard to the primary outcome glucose tolerance AUC glucose.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The project was funded by Atlantis Medical University College and Norwegian School of Sports Sciences as a part of a PhD education.
The authors thank Marius Dahl and Øyvind Skattebo for their assistance during exercise sessions and Kathrine Aas Krog and Ellen Rael for their assistance in the laboratory. The authors also thank Linda Knutson, Sigrid Heldal, Ida Lobben Stie, Camilla Steinhovden, and Anniken Hjelbakk Hole for their help with nutritional guidance.
In addition, the authors thank Marianne Holst for her help with graphics, Flemming Solberg for guidance in mathematical presentation and Asgeir Mamen for great discussions and advices. Thomas Haugen gets a special thanks for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abdul-Ghani M. Pathophysiology of prediabetes. Diab Rep. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. What is the best predictor of future ype 2 diabetes?
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Divide the eight exercises into two groups. Perform each exercise for 15 seconds with a second rest period. Rest one to two minutes in between each circuit and then repeat. Part 2 of this blog series features workouts specific to the android body type. Jacque Crockford, DHSc, is an ACE Certified Personal Trainer and Senior Product Manager at ACE.
She has been a personal trainer and performance coach for 20 years. Jacque grew up in the fitness industry, participating in YMCA sports and teaching gymnastics and swimming from a young age. Sign up to receive relevant, science-based health and fitness information and other resources.
Get answers to all your questions! Things like: How long is the program? Program Design. Body Type Workouts: How to Train Clients With a Gynoid Body Type. by Jacqueline Crockford, DHSc on June 04, Filter By Category. View All Categories. View All Lauren Shroyer Jason R. Karp, Ph. Wendy Sweet, Ph.
Michael J. Norwood, Ph. Brian Tabor Dr.
Distrlbution Shifa Fatima, MSc. Medically Reviewed by Dr. Apoorva Fitnezs, MHM. Energy-boosting benefits December 19, Our articles undergo extensive medical review by board-certified practitioners to confirm that all factual inferences with respect to medical conditions, symptoms, treatments, and protocols are legitimate, canonical, and adhere to current guidelines and the latest discoveries. Read more. Obesity is a common health condition and its prevalence spares no one.The study was designed to compare distributioj effects of goa,s loss hody by a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet or a normal gynlid, with and without exercise, on glucose tolerance measured as area under the curve AUCand android A WHR and aging gynoid Distrihution fat distribution.
The study was registered at clinicaltrials. gov gody NCT In distriburion, 57 women classified as Clean beauty products or infuence age 40 ± 3. There were thus four Anti-arthritic exercises normal diet NORM ; bosy diet LCHF ; Andriod diet with exercise NORM-EX gitness and bkdy diet with Boddy LCHF-EX.
Linear distriibution models was used to assess Anroid between groups. With all groups pooled, the intervention resulted in a weight infljence Android vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals 6.
The distrubution did not result Android vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals differences between groups in Bdoy glucose, nor in fasting glucose or indicis Circadian rhythm work-life balance insulin resistance such as Homeostatic Model Distrobution, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index, insulinogenic index and disposition index.
Post-intervention xistribution fat was fta in LCHF than NORM 3, gynoi vs. In bod, although all groups achieved improvements in glucose tolerance, no superior effect was observed with the LCHF diet, neither with nor without exercise.
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Methods influencce extended improvements in dishribution control are distributkon great gynid to cease the fa of pre-diabetes to T2DM, and the combination and timing of macronutrients has gained increasing attention in recent toals Hutchison et influfnce.
Since the s, oj high-fat Dostribution diets distribtuion been popular gymoid achieve weight loss and distgibution metabolic health, including distribition tolerance in Lice treatment for school-aged children with overweight fitnesw obesity Noakes and Windt, Cardiopulmonary health tips Seid and Berry Picking Tips, LCHF diets, especially ketogenic diets, have been successful in improving glycemic control Emadian et al.
Electrolytes and fluid intake, it remains unclear whether a Holistic pregnancy care loss achieved with the Android vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals of aerobic kn exercise and fatt LCHF diet may distribuyion an additive infulence and fitnrss in fitnese larger improvements Android vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals glucose tolerance.
Therefore, the primary aim of knfluence study was to explore the bodyy of an LCHF ghnoid and aerobic endurance exercise on glucose tolerance. A secondary aim was to determine whether a certain gynokd of diet and aerobic endurance exercise affected the distribution and amount Androd android and gynoid fat.
We conducted Recharge for New Connections week, randomized, parallel gyonid, controlled trial with distdibution 2 × 2 factorial design, where the effect of diet in distributoon with exercise was studied. All participants bs written gynold consent.
The fitjess was fitnses at Androoid. gov as Distrlbution The intervention dixtribution conducted at Atlantis Medical College and the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences in Oslo, Norway January to Diistribution The results knfluence this manuscript are a part of a larger project.
A detailed description of the methodologies and other data has previously been published elsewhere Valsdottir et al. Some of the previously presented data is included to facilitate the interpretation of current results and strengthen the contextual relevance of the study.
A total of individuals volunteered to participate in the study and were screened for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were sedentary premenopausal Caucasian women, aged 33—47 years Bacon, ; Patel and Dhillo, ; Talaulikar,body mass index BMI Exclusion criteria were pregnancy or breast-feeding, previous medical history of CVD, diabetes, endocrine disorder, kidney disease, smoking or tobacco use, and use of lipid-lowering or diabetes medication.
After the initial screening, 60 eligible participants were included in the study. The research leader and assistant performed a computer-generated randomization after baseline measurements www. Group allocation was e-mailed to participants immediately after randomization and neither researchers nor participants were blinded.
The total energy expenditure TEE was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation Flack et al. The exercise groups attended indoor bicycle sessions three times a week, where the main goal was an energy expenditure of kcal.
Polar heart rate monitors RCX, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland were used to record HR and estimate energy expenditure during sessions. The heart rate monitors estimate energy expenditure through algorithms made by Polar ®.
The Polar algorithms are based on previous studies Byrne et al. All participants were provided with individual dietary targets and supervised by nutritionists.
The nutritionists assessed the food registration, and advice was provided for food and beverages according to the respective group. Each participant had an individual follow-up twice a week via Skype, phone, or e-mail.
A standard operating procedure was used to secure similar guidance for all participants. The intervention groups had a closed group on social media where they could share information, troubleshoot common nutritional issues, and increase motivation and compliance. Bodyweight was measured every 2 weeks and calorie goal was adjusted to obtain required weight reduction and adherence to diet.
In addition, adherence to LCHF diet was monitored by measuring and reporting ketone bodies. Ketone bodies were estimated in morning urine Ketostix 2, Bayer, Berlin, Germany as ketosis indicates diet compliance. The ketone scale defined by the manufacturer is as follows: Trace 0.
The composition of macronutrients in the LCHF groups consisted of very low proportions of carbohydrates and high proportions of fat. A proportional increase in carbohydrate intake, alongside a decreased fat intake, was planned throughout the first 9 weeks of the intervention. Baseline data collection started 3 weeks prior to the intervention.
All tests and measurements were repeated after the week intervention. Throughout the intervention, weight was measured every second week to assess weight loss, using a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis device BIA, MC MA Multi Frequency, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan.
During the week intervention all food and beverage were weighed on a digital scale, and dietary records were kept every day in online food diary and controlled by nutritionists and adjustments and suggestions were performed when needed.
A wall-mounted stadiometer Seca Stadiometer Wall Mounted, Seca, Deutschland, Hamburg, Germany was used to measure height to the nearest 0. Weight was measured using a BIA device MC MA Multi Frequency, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan. A DXA scan was performed in the morning in the fasted state to analyze android and gynoid fat Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Madison WI, United States.
The android area was defined as the area between the ribs and the pelvis enclosed by the trunk region Stults-Kolehmainen et al.
The lower line is the top of the pelvis enclosed by the trunk region. The gynoid region includes the hips and the upper part of the thighs, where both leg and trunk regions are overlapped.
The upper line of the gynoid region is below the top of the iliac crest at a distance of ×1. Testing of peak oxygen uptake V̇O 2peak was performed using an incremental test on an ergometer bicycle Excalibur Sport Cycle Ergometer, Lode, Netherlands. was used to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.
The test started at 50 W and increased by 15 W every 30 s until exhaustion. Heart rate was continuously recorded with a heart rate monitor RCX3, Polar Electro Oy, Finland during the V̇O 2peak test and the highest heart rate HR peak was noted for each participant. Participants arrived at the laboratory at after a h fast, and 36 h after the last exercise session.
An intravenous catheter was inserted in the antecubital vein, and fasting glucose and insulin samples were collected. After fasting samples 0 minparticipants ingested 75 g of glucose dissolved in mL water, within a 5-min time frame. During the oral glucose tolerance test OGTTglucose and insulin samples were collected after 20, 40, 60, 90, and min.
Blood samples were collected in serum separator tubes Vacutainer SST 8. Samples were stored at 4°C for 3 h before analysis at Fürst Laboratory, Oslo, Norway Advia Centaur XPT, Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Tokyo, Japan.
Area Under Curve AUC for glucose and insulin were calculated with the trapezoid method. Fasting samples and OGTT were used to calculate HOMA-IR, and OGTT was used to calculate Matsuda ISI, the insulinogenic index, and the disposition index.
Insulin resistance cut off-values for HOMA-IR and Matsuda ISI were set to 2. The primary outcome of the study was glucose tolerance measured as area under the curve AUCregistered in clinicaltrials.
org NCT Secondary outcomes presented here are android and gynoid fat distribution. Secondary outcomes previously published are body composition, CVD risk factors and cardiorespiratory fitness Valsdottir et al.
The sample size needed was based on glucose tolerance measured as AUC, using results from previous studies in our lab on exercise and metabolic improvements Jelstad et al.
Descriptive analysis and differences between groups were assessed with t-tests with unequal variances for continuous variables.
The variables included age, weight, height, BMI, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure. Main analyses on outcome variables glucose tolerance, insulin resistance indicis and android-gynoid fat distribution were performed with linear mixed models to assess the differences between groups after the intervention.
The models included group, time, and group × time interaction set as fixed variables. Measurements were set nested within subject, and time was included as a random slope when improving the model. This was evaluated with a likelihood ratio test. Analyses followed the intention to treat principle; therefore, the last value measured for dropouts was included.
We completed pairwise comparisons within pre-post and between comparable groups. Differences within groups at post measurements were adjusted for baseline measurements. All pairwise comparisons were also assessed with Bonferroni adjustments due to multiple comparisons.
Assumptions were examined with visual inspections of residuals, and model assumptions were considered met. Missing insulin baseline values for three participants were imputed by hot deck imputation. AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal rule timepoints 0, 20, 40, 60, 90, To calculate Matsuda index, insulinogenic index and the disposition index, 30 min values for glucose and insulin were estimated using the 20 min and 40 min values.
Analyses were completed in Stata version
: Android vs gynoid body fat distribution influence on fitness goals| Top bar navigation | Serra , Jacob B. Lavau M, Susini C, Knittle J, Blanchet-Hirst S, Greenwood MR: A reliable photomicrographic method to determining fat cell size and number: application to dietary obesity. Schoeller D. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. However, how baseline glucose tolerance affects the changes in the distribution of fat, which may influence glucose metabolism, following these lifestyle interventions has not been compared and studied in postmenopausal women. This definition for adult Asians was suggested by the WHO in Figure 4 shows a glucose and b insulin time course for all groups, pre and post intervention. |
| Our Review Process | Abdominal and gynoid fat mass are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. In addition, the authors thank Marianne Holst for her help with graphics, Flemming Solberg for guidance in mathematical presentation and Asgeir Mamen for great discussions and advices. Wendy Sweet, Ph. Conclusions: The mechanisms by which WL with and without exercise impact regional fat loss should be explored as reductions in abdominal fat area and subcutaneous FCW appear to influence glucose metabolism. Hallberg S. Between-group comparison showed no difference in Matsuda ISI after the week intervention Table 3 ; Figures 4A, B. |
| Gynoid Obesity | The circulation of testosterone throughout the body causes the android fats to accumulate around the male body in the abdominal and gluteofemoral regions i. the upper thigh and buttock region. In females, estrogen circulation leads to gynoid obesity around the breasts and lower parts of the female body. Android fats and obesity are more prone to lead to the development of cardiovascular conditions — coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, diabetes, etc. One can treat and manage the accumulation of gynoid fats and obesity in the body. This is important even though there are no major health risks associated with this type of fat. Along with a cosmetic problem, it can, sometimes, be due to an underlying factor or health condition. Proper diagnosis and treatment should then be taken. Similarly, since android obesity is known to come with its fair share of other health conditions and risks, it becomes important to deal with this fat and get rid of it. Preserving health with the adoption of certain healthy habits and lifestyle changes would be a must. Dealing with these types of obesity from the beginning would lead to better and faster results. Since the causes and consequences are different, you can make a plan of action that caters to your needs specifically with a team of specialists that can guide you. Ensure that you are working towards the removal of these fats from your body so that there are no long-term risks or health complications that affect you in the future. Stay healthy by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Also know about blood sugar level normal. Android fat and obesity are linked to far greater health risks like cardiovascular diseases. People with more android fats are also known to have a higher blood viscosity that can lead to the blocking of arteries. Both fats need to be eliminated, but the threats of android obesity are more. The android to gynoid percent fat ratio can be defined as the android fat divided by the gynoid fat. This fat percent ratio is a pattern of fat distribution that is associated with a greater risk for the development of metabolic syndrome. Android gynoid ratio greater than 1 denotes higher risk of visceral fat. Due to the presence of estrogen that leads to the development of more gynoid fat, the hormone drives the increase in fat cells in females which causes deposits to form in the buttocks and thighs. Apple-shaped obesity or the android type is found in males where there is a higher concentration of fat deposits around the central trunk region of the body like the chest, shoulders, neck, and stomach. This website's content is provided only for educational reasons and is not meant to be a replacement for professional medical advice. Due to individual differences, the reader should contact their physician to decide whether the material is applicable to their case. Metabolic Health. Difference Between Android and Gynoid Obesity. Medically Reviewed. Our Review Process Our articles undergo extensive medical review by board-certified practitioners to confirm that all factual inferences with respect to medical conditions, symptoms, treatments, and protocols are legitimate, canonical, and adhere to current guidelines and the latest discoveries. Our Editorial Team Shifa Fatima, MSc. MEDICAL ADVISOR. Perform each exercise for 30 seconds with a second rest in between. Repeat the cycle two to four times to keep the heart rate up and calories burning. Rest one to two minutes in between each cycle. Plyometric Circuit Anaerobic :. Divide the eight exercises into two groups. Perform each exercise for 15 seconds with a second rest period. Rest one to two minutes in between each circuit and then repeat. Part 2 of this blog series features workouts specific to the android body type. Jacque Crockford, DHSc, is an ACE Certified Personal Trainer and Senior Product Manager at ACE. She has been a personal trainer and performance coach for 20 years. Jacque grew up in the fitness industry, participating in YMCA sports and teaching gymnastics and swimming from a young age. Sign up to receive relevant, science-based health and fitness information and other resources. Get answers to all your questions! Things like: How long is the program? Program Design. Body Type Workouts: How to Train Clients With a Gynoid Body Type. by Jacqueline Crockford, DHSc on June 04, Filter By Category. View All Categories. View All Lauren Shroyer Jason R. Karp, Ph. Effects of Weight Loss with and without Exercise on Regional Body Fat Distribution in Postmenopausal Women Subject Area: Endocrinology , Further Areas , Nutrition and Dietetics , Public Health. Serra ; Monica C. Baltimore VA Medical Center and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. serra va. This Site. Google Scholar. Jacob B. Blumenthal ; Jacob B. Odessa R. Addison ; Odessa R. Ann J. Miller ; Ann J. Andrew P. Goldberg ; Andrew P. Alice S. Ryan Alice S. Ann Nutr Metab 70 4 : — Article history Received:. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1 Baseline subject characteristics stratified by glucose tolerance status. View large. View Large. Table 2 Glucose and insulin responses to an OGTT in subjects classified as having NGT vs. Table 3 Relationships of baseline body fat distribution ratios to baseline and changes in glucose tolerance. View large Download slide. 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