WHR and aging -
Associations with TTL were comparably strong for BMI and WC, which were also highly correlated in our study sample. Results for WHR were a little weaker, which was in line with a lower correlation between BMI and WHR.
This points into the direction that both general body fatness best measured by BMI [ 30 ] and visceral fat mass best measured by WC [ 31 ] have a relevant association with TTL. This longitudinal association speaks for a causal relationship, and there is biological evidence that links visceral fat to a decreased antioxidant capacity of tissues.
Decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes was successfully demonstrated in white adipose tissue of visceral fat within the accumulated fat of mouse models [ 10 ]. White adipose tissue is regarded as an endocrine organ and can produce adipocytokines [ 32 ].
Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 are produced by visceral body fat. These, in turn, augment OS by increased generation of ROS and nitrogen [ 33 ]. Taken together, this endocrine function of accumulated visceral body fat is an important source for systemic OS and subsequently decreased antioxidant capacities.
Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to find the exact mechanisms that lower the redox defense mechanisms in obese individuals. In addition, a randomized clinical trial would be helpful to corroborate our findings. Such a trial could have great public health relevance because TTL decreases with age, which we also detected in a previous analysis of our study [ 7 ].
An effective measure that can reduce the age-related TTL decrease could be a measure for healthy aging because TTL was shown to be associated with cardiovascular mortality [ 7 ]. These thoughts are in line with the accumulating evidence that caloric restriction may increase longevity [ 34 ].
The major strength of our study is its prospective design, which we achieved by considering repeated measurements at 2 time points. However, it would have further strengthened the results and statistical power if we could have included more time points with repeated measurements in our study.
Another advantage was the large sample size of our study, which enhanced the statistical power. The most important limitation of our study is its observational design. Although we adjusted for all available potential confounders in our study, residual confounding by factors we did not adjust for cannot be fully excluded.
Finally, we would like to state that the study results can only be generalized to older Caucasian adults, aged 57—83 years, i.
the participants of our study sample. In conclusion, this first longitudinal analysis of weight measures and OS biomarkers supports the hypotheses that body fat measures are relevantly associated with a decreasedantioxidant defense capacity of the organism.
We showed that these associations are inversely linear in older adults among whom almost no one was anorectic , which suggests the rule: the leaner the individual, the better the antioxidant defense capacity. Clinical trials are needed to corroborate if weight reduction in obese, older adults can effectively increase TTL and subsequently increase life expectancy.
Participants have given their written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and the Medical Association of Saarland, and was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was funded by a grant from the German Research Foundation grant No.
The ESTHER study was funded by grants from the Ministry for Social Affairs, Health, Women, and Family Affairs of the Saarland Saarbrücken, Germany , the Ministry of Science, Research, and Arts of Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart, Germany , the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Berlin, Germany , and the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth Berlin, Germany.
The funders were not involved in any way in this project — neither study design, execution, analysis, data interpretation, nor writing of the manuscript. conducted the statistical analyses. wrote the first draft of the paper, and B.
edited it. contributed to the measurement of the OS biomarkers. reviewed the draft of the manuscript and contributed to the interpretation of the results and the discussion.
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Disclosure Statement. Funding Sources. Author Contributions. Article Navigation. Research Articles January 27 Longitudinal Associations of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio with Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Older Adults: Results of a Large Cohort Study Subject Area: Endocrinology , Further Areas , Gastroenterology , General Medicine , Nutrition and Dietetics , Psychiatry and Psychology , Public Health.
Ankita Anusruti ; Ankita Anusruti. a Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany. b Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. This Site. Google Scholar.
Eugène H. Jansen ; Eugène H. c Center for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Xīn Gào ; Xīn Gào. Yang Xuan ; Yang Xuan. Hermann Brenner ; Hermann Brenner. d German Cancer Consortium DKTK , German Cancer Research Center DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany.
e Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and National Center for Tumor Diseases NCT , Heidelberg, Germany.
Ben Schöttker Ben Schöttker. schoettker dkfz. Obes Facts 13 1 : 66— Article history Received:. To measure it yourself:. WHR is an easy, inexpensive, and accurate way to see the proportion of your body fat. It can also help predict your risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Research from the American Diabetes Association suggested that WHR is even more accurate than BMI for predicting the risks of cardiovascular disease and premature death. For example, a study with more than 15, adults showed that a high WHR was linked to an increased risk of early death — even in people with a moderate BMI.
Researchers have also found decreasing WHR is associated with greater health benefits. A study found that decreasing WHR by 5 percent significantly lowered risks of developing chronic kidney disease in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Another study suggested that using the WHR method to predict health outcomes could be particularly useful in certain groups of people. For example, WHR may be a better gauge of obesity in older adults whose body compositions have changed.
And, it can be hard to get an accurate measurement of your hips. WHR can also be harder to interpret than waist circumference — another measurement of abdominal obesity. You might have a high WHR because you carry more weight in your abdomen.
Or, you might simply have extra muscle around your hips from working out. WHR is also not recommended for use in children. Waist-to-hip-ratio is a quick and easy way to check how much weight you carry around your middle.
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Through this study, Singh suggests that males and females may have developed innate mechanisms which detect and make use of the WHR to assess how healthy an individual is and particularly for men , infer possible mate value.
Other studies discovered WHR as a signal of attractiveness as well, beyond just examining body fat and fertility. Barnaby Dixson, Gina Grimshaw, Wayne Linklater, and Alan Dixson conducted a study using eye-tracking techniques to evaluate men's fixation on digitally altered photographs of the same woman, as well as asking the men to evaluate the images based on attractiveness.
What they found was while men fixated on the woman's breasts in each photo, they selected the images where the woman had a 0.
Furthermore, referencing a study conducted by Johnson and Tassinary looking at animated human walking stimuli, Farid Pazhoohi and James R. Liddle proposed that men do not solely use WHR to evaluate attractiveness, but also a means of sex-differentiation, with higher WHR perceived as more masculine and lower WHR as an indicator of femininity.
Pazhoohi and Liddle used this idea as a possible additional explanation as to why men perceive a lower WHR as more attractive — because it relates to an expression of femininity, as opposed to masculinity and a higher WHR.
To enhance their perceived attractiveness, some women may artificially alter their apparent WHR. The methods include the use of a corset to reduce the waist size and hip and buttock padding to increase the apparent size of the hips and buttocks. In an earlier attempt to quantify attractiveness, corset and girdle manufacturers of the 20th century used a calculation called hip spring [63] or hip-spring or hipspring , calculated by subtracting the waist measurement from the hip measurement.
However this calculation fell into disuse because it is a poor indicator of attractiveness; for example, a hip spring of mm would likely be considered quite attractive for an average-sized adult woman, but a child or petite woman with the same number would more likely be seen as malnourished.
WHR versus BMI attractiveness is related to fertility, not fat content. A study performed by Holliday used computer generated female body shapes to construct images which covary with real female body mass indexed with BMI and not with body shape indexed with WHR , and vice versa.
Twelve observers 6 male and 6 female rated these images for attractiveness during an fMRI study. The attractiveness ratings were correlated with changes in BMI and not WHR.
The results demonstrated that in addition to activation in higher visual areas, changes to BMI had a direct impact on activity within the brain's reward system. This shows that BMI, not WHR, modulates reward mechanisms in the brain and that this may have important implications for judgements of ideal body size in eating-disordered individuals.
Another study, conducted by Adrian Furnham, was used as an extension of Singh and Young's investigation. A total of participants were in the study.
There were 98 female participants. The age range was between 16 and Their educational and socio-economic backgrounds nearly all middle class were fairly homogenous, and none had previously participated in any studies involving female body shape or attractiveness.
It was predicted that the effect of breast size on judgment of attractiveness and age estimation would be dependent on overall body fat and the size of the waist-to-hip ratio.
All the participants were given a booklet with eight pictures in total. Each figure was identified as heavy or slender, feminine WHR or masculine WHR, and large-breasted or small-breasted.
When ratings of the figures' attractiveness were made, generally it appeared that bust size, WHR, and their weight were all important contributory elements.
The female participants rated the figures with a low WHR as more attractive, healthy, feminine-looking, and in the case of the heavy figure, more kind and understanding than did male participants. This is a particularly interesting finding, as most previous studies report that young women idealize female bodies solely on the basis of thinness.
As far as the breast sizes of the slender figures is concerned, whether they had large or small breasts did not appear to have any effect on the ratings of attractiveness or kindness or understanding, and having larger breasts only increased the mean ratings of health and femininity very slightly.
However, a heavy figure with a high WHR and a large bust was rated as the least attractive and healthy by all participants. Waist—hip ratio is also a reliable cue to one's sex and it is hypothesised that the "individuals who represent a mismatch based on the cue provided by WHR e. A University of Wroclaw study of around one thousand women across different cultures—designed to address the conflicting theories—concluded that an attractive WHR is not a predictor of peak fertility, but actually a predictor of the onset of fertility and therefore a predictor of maximal long term reproductive potential and minimal chance of raising a competing male's children.
Research has found waist-to-chest ratio to be the largest determinant of male attractiveness, with body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio not as significant.
A number of studies have been carried out with focus on food composition of diets in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index. Whole-grain, ready-to-eat, oat cereal diets reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and waist circumference in overweight or obese adults more than low-fibre control food diets.
Weight loss did not vary between groups. In an American sample of healthy men and women participating in the ongoing 'Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging', the mean annual increase [with age] in waist circumference was more than 3 times as great for the participants in the white-bread cluster compared with the participants using a diet that is high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy and whole grains and is low in red or processed meat, fast food and soft drink.
A study suggests that a dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation.
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In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. The Venus de Milo has a WHR value of 0. Obesity Epidemiology Overweight Underweight Body shape Weight gain Weight loss Gestational weight gain Diet nutrition Weight management Overnutrition Childhood obesity Epidemiology.
Medical concepts. Adipose tissue Classification of obesity Genetics of obesity Metabolic syndrome Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome Metabolically healthy obesity Obesity paradox Set point theory.
Body adiposity index Body mass index Body fat percentage Body Shape Index Corpulence index Lean body mass Relative Fat Mass Waist—hip ratio Waist-to-height ratio.
Related conditions. Obesity-associated morbidity. Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Fatty liver disease GERD Gynecomastia Heart disease Hypertension Obesity and cancer Osteoarthritis Prediabetes Sleep apnea Type 2 diabetes.
Management of obesity. Anti-obesity medication Bariatrics Bariatric surgery Dieting List of diets Caloric deficit Exercise outline Liposuction Obesity medicine Weight loss camp Weight loss coaching Yo-yo effect.
Social aspects. Comfort food Fast food Criticism Fat acceptance movement Fat fetishism Health at Every Size Hunger Obesity and the environment Obesity and sexuality Sedentary lifestyle Social determinants of obesity Social stigma of obesity Weight cutting Weight class.
Main article: Physical attractiveness. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO.. doi : PMC PMID cited in Stephen Heyman May 27, The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September JSTOR S2CID
BMC Optimal digestion support volume 16 WRH, Article WHR and aging Cite this article. Aginb WHR and aging. The aim of Tips to curb food cravings current study was to an the prevalence and relationship of Body Agibg Index BMI and Ating Ratio WHR with chronic agkng conditions and their associated socio-demographic correlates in the elderly population of Singapore. The respondents were assessed with anthropometric measurements including height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHR. Participants provided information on their socio-demographic details and chronic health conditions. Prevalence of those who were obese, overweight, normal and underweight based on BMI was 8. Malays were more likely to be overweight compared to Chinese and Indians, while Malays and Indians were more likely to be obese compared to Chinese.
Die gute Sache!
Diese sehr gute Idee fällt gerade übrigens
Diese bemerkenswerte Idee fällt gerade übrigens
ich weiß nicht, dass hier und jenes zu sagen es ist möglich
Sie soll sagen.