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This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Unlock the benefits of corn silk, a time-honoured ingredient. Cell-U-Loss is carefully formulated with corn silk extract, providing you with a convenient and effective way to incorporate this traditional ingredient into your daily life.

Corn silk is traditionally used to support fluid balance. To investigate the specific immunomodulatory properties of ISL, the types of immune cells represented by the significantly associated ISs were counted Figure 6B.

The highest number of ISs associated with ISL was T cell status-related signatures, which suggested that ISL exerts anti-cancer effects by modulating T cells. To investigate whether ISL exerts treatment effects on STAD cells by modulating T cells, an in vitro co-culture model comprising STAD and activated Jurkat cells was established.

IL-2, a marker factor for activated T cells, was used to monitor T cell activation and proliferation. The results showed that the level of IL-2 in the supernatant was significantly increased upon treatment with ISL Figure 6C and D. This indicated that ISL promoted the activation of Jurkat T cells and the release of IL In addition, ISL-treated T cells exerted potent growth-inhibitory effects against MGC cells in vitro Figure 6C and E.

This indicated that activated Jurkat T cells potentiated the anti-cancer effects of ISL. Hence, ISL can exert growth-inhibitory effects against STAD by promoting the activation of T cells. To investigate the CH-modulated metabolic pathways, the pathways in which CH-related genes enriched were examined.

Literature review suggested that arachidonic acid metabolism and retinoic acid metabolism play an essential role in the development of cancer [ 65—68 ].

Hence, this study focused on the proteins involved in these two pathways. CYP26 family enzymes and retinoic acid dehydrogenase ALDH are key enzymes for retinoic acid metabolism [ 69 ]. Meanwhile, the arachidonic acid pathway-metabolizing enzymes cyclooxygenases 2 COX2 in arachidonic acid metabolism has also been considered as therapeutic targets for human cancer [ 66 ].

As shown in Figure 7C , CH treatment up-regulated ALDH1A2 expression and down-regulated CYP26A1 expression in MGC cells. This means that CH promoted the production of retinoic acid dehydrogenase, inhibited the production of CYP26 family enzymes and promoted retinoic acid accumulation, which could regulate the cell cycle to stop proliferation.

The absence of retinoic acid signaling is associated with dedifferentiation and tumor development [ 70 ]. Therefore, CH inhibits MGC cell proliferation by inducing the accumulation of retinoic acid.

In addition, COX2 was down-regulated, which is associated with inflammatory processes [ 71 , 72 ]. The aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism observed in cancer cells is usually accompanied by an inflammatory state and a sustained increase in COX expression [ 65 , 73 ].

It has been shown that COX2 knockdown or its inhibitor can suppress tumorigenesis, growth and progression [ 74 ]. Traditional herbal systems have been an integral part of human history with repeated trials being performed on human subjects over thousands of years.

In addition, herbal medicines play an essential role in the human health security of the general population [ 75 ]. Herbal ingredients can exert anti-cancer effects by inhibiting proliferation, regulating the immune microenvironment, modulating metabolism and reversing drug resistance, which can be attributed to their multiple targets, diverse biological activities and novel and diverse structures [ 75—77 ].

However, drug discovery from herbal medicine based on experiments is time consuming, expensive and laborious process [ 78 , 79 ]. Therefore, effective methods are needed to improve traditional drug discovery.

The increase in the amount of omics data in recent years has provided opportunities for the computational prediction of anti-cancer drugs and improved the efficiency of drug discovery [ 80 ]. Wang et al.

proposed a strategy for high-throughput screening based on genetic markers of tumor immunophenotypes to discover immunotherapeutic compounds [ 22 ].

Pankaj Goswami et al. developed a novel drug interaction scoring algorithm to predict drug interaction effects in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [ 81 ].

Cheng et al. proposed a network-based inference method to infer new targets for known drugs [ 82 ]. But, how to quantify the contribution of the specific pathways to the OCE of a drug has always been a challenging issue. To address this issue, this study proposed a new computational framework COIMMR to quantify the contribution of the regulatory effects of herbal ingredients on the immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming to their anti-human cancer activities.

In this study, a comprehensive data analysis of multiple cancers and herbal ingredients was performed. First, 30 human cancer data were obtained from TCGA, while herbal ingredients data were obtained from ITCM.

Next, high-quality ISs and MSs were collected and the NES values of each signature for each human cancer and herbal ingredient were calculated, and the immunological landscape and metabolic landscape were constructed.

Finally, the contributions of herbal ingredients in their anti-human cancer activity through modulation of the immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming were quantified. To demonstrate the power of the developed method, in vitro experiments were performed with two representative cancers.

ISL was identified to specifically target the T cells in STAD, while CH was identified to specifically target arachidonic acid metabolism and retinoic acid metabolism in LGG. Compared with existing approaches like LINCS [ 83 , 84 ], our computational model has obvious differences and advantages.

The prominent difference between our present work and LINCS is that COIMMR could reveal the contribution of herbal ingredients against human cancer via specific pathways or biological function.

It is also the first computational model to quantify the contribution of specific pathways to the OCE for herbal ingredients, which can fill the gap of LINCS Secondly, datasets used in our computational model were all herbal ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM , and LINCS contains very limited herbal ingredients [ 85 ].

Hence, our computational model pays more attention on the herbal ingredients space and could makes up for the limited herbal ingredients in LINCS Thirdly, LINCS cannot screen drugs targeting specific pathways, while our method can screen herbal ingredients targeting specific biological functions [ 86 ].

However, LINCS project only measured the expression level of genes [ 87 ]. Hence, we are more reliable in terms of the number of genes sequenced and the quality of the data. Overall, COIMMR has its unique contributions for drug discovery, especially for herbal ingredients, which could promote the intelligent development of TCM.

For our model application and future drug development, one of the advantages is that it could rapidly analyze vast datasets, swiftly screen candidate compounds from herbal ingredients for drug development and improve the efficiency of translational drug discovery, which greatly reduces both the time and financial resources.

In addition, it may facilitate the development of personalized medicine by targeting patient-specific pathways.

This enables the design of specific drugs based on an individual's genetic makeup, improving efficacy and minimizing side effects. Furthermore, it could help researchers uncover intricate relationships, facilitating the discovery of new drug targets and mechanisms.

However, this study has some limitations. The expression profiling data of ITCM are based on the MCF-7 cell line. Hence, we encourage users to use cancer-specific drug expression data in the future studies.

In addition, we also encourage users to build the customized specific signatures with professional knowledge and combine the analysis results with those obtained from COIMMR to arrive at the most appropriate conclusion.

In summary, this computational strategy can be applied to development of drug targeting specific biological pathways for various diseases using the gene expression profile data. The findings of this study will aid in the modernization of TCM. We constructed the first computational framework, COIMMR, which reveals the contribution of herbal ingredients against human cancer via immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming.

By using COIMMR algorithm, we found that most herbal ingredients exerted a higher modulatory effect on the immune microenvironment than on metabolic reprogramming for their therapeutic effects on human cancer, which was first revealed by this study.

By applying COIMMR algorithm to two case studies to demonstrate its strong power, we identified ISL that specifically regulates the T cells in STAD and CH that specifically targets metabolic reprogramming in LGG.

The in silico results were verified using in vitro experiments. National Key Research and Development Program of China YFC ; National Natural Science Foundation of China and ; Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine ZYYCXTD-D ; Shanghai Sailing Program 20YF ; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Project Y ; Three-year Action Plan for Shanghai TCM Development and Inheritance Program ZY — ; Wild Goose Array Project, Zhengzhou Center of PLAJLSF.

We also thank the Home for Researchers editorial team www. com for the English check of this manuscript and Xiaoqi Wu Genergy Biotechnology Shanghai Co. Figures were created with biorender. The data of our work can be acquired from the Supplementary Materials uploaded with this article.

and S. designed the study. and J. collected and analyzed the data. and X. performed the experiment. wrote the manuscript. revised the manuscript. Saisai Tian is a lecturer at School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University.

He has also served as alecturer at School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, and his research interest covers bioinformatics, cancer biology, and network pharmacy. Yanan Li is a postgraduate student of Ningxia Medical University, and her research interest covers cancer biology and network pharmacy.

Jia Xu is a postgraduate student of Henan University, and her research interest covers bioinformatics and network pharmacy. Lijun Zhang is an associate professor at the Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and her research interest is anti-tumor mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine.

Jinbo Zhang is an MPhil at the School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University and served as a pharmacist of Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Rehabilitation Center of Joint Logistics Support Force.

His research interest covers network pharmacy and natural products. Jinyuan Lu is a postgraduate student at the School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, and his research interest covers network pharmacy.

Xike Xu is a professor at the School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, and his research interest covers network pharmacy. Xin Luan is the director of Systems Pharmacology ResearchCenter of TCM, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

His current research focuses on the discovery and novel application of anti-cancer compounds from traditional Chinese medicine.

Jing Zhao is a professor at the Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Her current research focus on bioinformatics, cancer biology and network pharmacy. Weidong Zhang is a professor at Ningxia Medical University, Second Military Medical University' Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.

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Lavatera critica Cornish mallow , a green leafy vegetable, attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation induced by HFD via reversing lipolysis genes acetyl-CoA carboxylase Veeramani et al. Nitraria retusa Forssk. Caffeic acid upregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its primary downstream targeting enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, to promote the lipolysis in HepG2 cells with oleic acid administration Liao et al.

Polygonatum stenophyllum PS Maxim. rhizome showed efficacy on menopausal obesity by activating lipolysis-related genes including hormone-sensitive lipase HSL and adipose triglyceride lipase ATGL Lee J. Mulberry Fructus Mori water extracts promoted hepatic lipolysis and protected liver from steatosis in obesity Peng et al.

More herbs or natural compounds exerted effects on lipolysis in adipose tissues and attenuated hepatic steatosis via liver-adipose tissue crosstalk, which are not going to be discussed in detail here. In addition to lipolysis, lipid breakdown can also be accessed via lipophagy, a special kind of autophagy to degrade lipid droplets Singh and Cuervo, ; Kounakis et al.

It is a process that the double membrane wraps lipid droplets and sends them to lysosomes to form autolysosomes for degradation of excessive lipid droplets deposited in cells Liu and Czaja, ; Ward et al. It plays a vital role in maintaining the cellular steady state.

During the early stage of NAFLD, lipophagy is activated in response to acute increase in lipid availability, thus reduce lipid deposition Czaja, ; Ipsen et al. However, in the condition of such as long-lasting high fat dieting, hepatic lipophagy is impaired when lipids are sustained overwhelmed Kwanten et al.

Growing evidence raised from recent studies indicate that lipophagy is partially suppressed in patients and animal models of NAFLD and restoring lipophagy may slow the progression of hepatic steatosis. Lipophagy could be activated by various approaches, such as mTOR and AMPK-targeting agents.

Glycycoumarin, a representative of coumarin compounds isolated from licorice, mitigated hepatic steatosis partially through AMPK-mediated lipophagy in a murine model of NAFLD induced by MCD diet Zhang et al.

Dioscin is a saponin extracted and isolated from Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. In another study, Bergamot polyphenol fraction prevents NAFLD via stimulation of lipophagy in cafeteria dietinduced rat model of metabolic syndrome.

Increasing number of herbs or natural products have been demonstrated to exert significant effects on regulating lipophagy in the liver. In alcoholic liver diseases ALD , upon acute consumption of alcohol, lipophagy is activated in hepatocytes, serving as a defensive mechanism against injury to steatosis Yan et al.

However, it is impaired by chronic alcohol exposure, which is likely due to the activation of mTOR signaling and decreased lysosomal biogenesis in hepatocytes Kounakis et al.

There are growing number of herbs and natural products have been found to protect liver from injury induced by alcohol by mechanism of lipophagy stimulation.

Corosolic acid, a compound derived from the leaves of Langertroemia speciosa L Pers. Another natural compound, quercitin, which is extensively found in many fruits and herbal plants, remarkably reversed the alcohol-induced blockade of TFEB nuclear localization, via restoring lysosome function and autophagic flux in livers of ethanol-fed C57BL6 mice Li et al.

Salvianolic acid A, a phenolic carboxylic acid extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge , reduced hepatic steatosis induced by alcohol administration in rats.

The action mechanism is attributed to enhanced autophagosome-lysosome fusion after restoring lysosomal cathepsin activities Shi et al. As a matter of fact, the field of lipophagy in liver diseases has yet to be fully developed.

Its pathological role in different stages and circumstances of various liver disorders still needs to be revealed. Nevertheless, current studies concerning lipophagy have already provided new insights on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in the liver.

It represents a promising path forward to the therapeutic of hepatic steatosis. Pharmaceutic agents including herbs, natural products or compounds targeting lipophagy in the liver deserve to be further investigated in future basic and clinic researches.

Fatty acid could be oxidized by β-oxidation, α-oxidation, omega-oxidation, and peroxisomal oxidation, among which β-oxidation is the major type occurring in the mitochondria matrix Wanders et al.

In β-oxidation, two carbon subunits from fatty acids are removed repeatedly until the fatty acid carbon chain is fully degraded to form acetyl-CoA, which is further oxidized to carbon dioxide and H 2 O in the tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA Canbay et al.

β-oxidation plays a vital role in hepatic lipid consumption. A variety of proteins and enzymes are involved in the process of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, such as plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein FABPpm Furuhashi and Hotamisligil, , fatty acid transport protein FATP Ouali et al.

Bonnefont et al. More importantly, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is regulated by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARs are activated by fatty acids, having specific roles in physiology of different tissues Yu et al.

In liver, PPARα controls many genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation Lamichane et al. In terms of posttranscriptional mechanism, the inhibition of CPT1 by malonyl-CoA is a vital regulatory step. The levels of malonyl-CoA in hepatocytes are regulated via degradation induced by malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and via production by acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC Park et al.

PPARs-mediated activation persuades transcription of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, and phosphorylated AMPK inactivated ACC Saha and Ruderman, They stimulate mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation by reducing malonyl-CoA levels. Additionally, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PGC-1α has also been regarded as a factor of posttranscriptional regulation of β-oxidation Fernandez-Marcos and Auwerx, The activation of PGC-1α is mediated by AMPK via SIRT1-mediated deacetylation Canto and Auwerx, Many herbs and active compounds protect liver from steatosis via regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation.

Herbacetin is a dietary flavonoid with plenty of pharmacological activities. Its anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties was associated with up-regulation of CPT to enhanced β-oxidation and hepatic lipid metabolism Veeramani et al. Acteoside, a major compound isolated from leaves of Aloysia citriodora Palau syn.

Lippia triphylla , promoted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation by enhancing mRNA expression level of adipose triglyceride lipase ATGL and CPT-1, and thus improved hepatic lipid metabolism Zhang Y.

Cordycepin enhanced β-oxidation and suppressed lipid accumulation via regulating AMPK pathway and mitochondrial fusion in hepatocytes Uen et al.

In China, the modified Longdan Xiegan Tang mLXT, composed of Scutellaria baicalnsis Geprgi, Gardenia jasminoides, Adenophora capillaris, Akebia quinate, Plantago asiatica, Angelica sinensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Bupleurum gibraltaicum, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been used clinically for various liver diseases such as NAFLD.

It was found to activate hepatic expression of PPAR α and its target genes associated with fatty acid β-oxidation Ren et al. Babaodan, a TCM, up-regulated the expression of CPT-1 and PPAR α in liver of HFD-fed mice with NAFLD, leading to the enhanced β-oxidation Sheng et al. Rosa rugosa Thunb. rugosa flavonoids, the major components in R.

rugosa Thunb. Thereby, R. rugosa flavonoids could reduce TG in hepatocytes via rising β-oxidation. Gynura procumbens Merr. An herbal formula Gyeongshingangjeehwan 18 GGEx18 , composed of Laminaria japonica Aresch Laminariaceae , Rheum palmatum L.

Polygonaceae and Ephedra sinica Stapf Ephedraceae , has traditionally been described to against obesity and related metabolic disease such as dyslipidemia.

In HFD-fed mice receiving GGEx18, genes related to hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation was higher compared to mice fed with only HFD Lim et al. Yellow pigments, monascin, and ankaflavin, as secondary metabolites derived from monascus-fermented products, could reduce fatty acid accumulation partly mediated by the AMPK signaling activation and enhancement of β-oxidation by PGC-1α Hsu et al.

Myricetin, a natural flavonol with many biological activities, decreased PGC-1α acetylation through SIRT1 activation, and thus enhanced mitochondrial activity, suggesting its potential role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism Jung et al. Given to the encouraging effects of herbal medicines on liver diseases, plenty of clinical trials have been extensively performed.

The potential therapeutic benefits of herbal medicines in patients with NAFLD have been reviewed in several papers in recent years Xiao et al. In present review, we focused on the efficacy of herbal medicines to mediate lipid metabolism and attenuate hepatic steatosis.

Dava Al-Balgham, as one of the traditional medicine products composed of Nigella sativa L. ZM , and Trachyspermum ammi , was tested for its effect on NAFLD by a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 76 NAFLD patients. Placebo or Dava Al-Balgham were consumed with each meal for three months.

The results showed that Dava Al-Balgham could cause weight loss and have anti-hypolipidemic effect Hormati et al. The effect of Z. multiflora supplementation on NAFLD was studied by a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Total 85 patients with NAFLD were treated with ZM powder mg or placebo twice daily for 3 months. However, no significant difference between two ZM-treated groups and placebo groups regarding ALT, TNF-α, grade of fatty liver in ultrasonography, lipid profiles, and high sensitive C-reactive protein hs-CRP , while it could improve insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD.

Further studies with larger sample size and longer duration are recommended Zamani et al. A weeks randomized, controlled, double-blind trial included with was 44 NAFLD patients, was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Capparis spinosa L. on disease regression of NAFLD. The caper group was treated with g caper fruit pickles with meals every day.

Results obtained after treatment of 12 weeks indicated that the grade of fatty liver and serum lipoproteins were improved by C. spinosa administration Khavasi et al. We further checked the registered clinical trials about testing effects of the herbs and natural products on fatty liver via the website of www.

The intensively studied herbs and derived compounds are resveratrol, ginseng, and ginger, which were discussed in detail in following. Other herbs and some natural products that are undergoing or were performed clinical trials on fatty liver diseases are listed in Table 3.

gov website. Resveratrol is a stilbenoid and a phytoalexin generated by several plants, such as red grapes in response to stimuli Hasan and Bae, It is an activator of AMPK and SIRT1, and thus has a critical role in promoting fat breakdown and removal from the liver, preventing liver damage and inhibiting the progression of NAFLD Shang et al.

Resveratrol has been involved in three trials NCT; NCT; NCT included patients of fatty liver, NAFLD, and obesity. Another herb, ginseng, has been traditionally used for more than 2, years with various biological effects.

A great deal of preclinical studies have demonstrated the protective effects of ginseng on liver diseases, including ALD and NAFLD. Korean Red Ginseng Panax ginseng Park et al. Notably, it reduced the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes caused by ethanol via regulation of SREBP-1, SIRT-1 and PPAR-α Huu Tung et al.

Clinical trial NCT has been performed to study the effect of red ginseng on liver dysfunction. Fermented ginseng powder has also been tested to study its efficacy on NAFLD NCT Ginger is the root of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and is one of the most used spices in many countries Huu Tung et al.

It contains active compounds, such as shogaol, gingerol, zingerone, and β-bisabolene. It has been shown that ginger can reduce insulin resistance and serum TG level in patients with Type II diabetes and hyperlipidemia Arablou et al.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 44 patients of NAFLD, ginger supplementation significantly reduced the levels of ALT, inflammatory cytokines, γ-glutamyl transferase, as well as hepatic steatosis grade and the insulin resistance index in comparison to the control group.

Another clinical trial of ginger supplement on fatty liver or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is still undergoing NCT HuoXueHuaYu HXHY , a TCM formula, has been widely used in clinic for patients with NAFLD.

Cai et al. performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial of HXHY in NAFLD. There are 13 studies involving patients which patients receiving conventional treatment group and patients belonged to HXHY group. HXHY showed better ability on lowing TC and TG levels than that of conversational treatment.

HXHY might be an effective and safe therapy for NAFLD, and trials with rigorous design, multicenter, large-scale, and high-quality worldwide are still expected Cai et al. Erchen Decoction ECD , a TCM formula, is often used in the therapy of various diseases.

A meta-analysis of the efficacy of ECD for the treatment of NAFLD by PRISMA systematic review standard has been performed. Seven randomized controlled trial with a total of participants were included in this study.

The analysis results showed that patients with ECD treatment showed an improved status compared to the conventional treatment. Longer follow-up periods and larger-scale randomized controlled trial are still required to evaluate the efficacy of ECD in NAFLD Li et al.

The efficiency and safety of a famous TCM Danshen in the treatment of NAFLD has also been analyzed by a meta-analysis study.

Eight randomized controlled trials with patients of NAFLD were identified. The results indicated that Danshen had improved total effectiveness rate, lower level of TC, TG, LDL, ALT, and AST, suggesting that Danshen may have potential effects on NAFLD, while multicenter large-sample randomized clinical trials are still expected to confirm the efficacy and safety of Danshen Peng et al.

Another study performed by Narjes et al. on has evaluated the efficiency of all kinds of TCM on the treatment of NAFLD. Literature were searched on China National Knowledge and PubMed from to Total patients from 62 randomized controlled trials were included for meta-analysis.

Results showed that TCM had a better effect on the normalization of ALT level and disappearance of radiological steatosis for the patients of NAFLD.

Finally, authors concluded that TCM is of modest benefit to the therapy of NAFLD Shi et al. Due to the positive efficacy and minimal side effects, herbal medicines have obtained increasing attention as alternative therapeutic agents for liver disorders and dyslipidemia.

Increasing evidence from laboratory studies suggests that many herbs, natural products, and derived compounds could inhibit the progression of hepatic steatosis. A variety of mechanisms have been demonstrated to be implicated in preventing hepatic steatosis and modulating lipid metabolism by herbs, including reducing hepatocyte fatty acid uptake and trafficking, reducing hepatic de novo lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, inducing lipophagy, enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation.

Current clinical evidences and meta-analysis showing the positive impacts of herbal medicines on the hepatic lipid metabolism pathways are still not strong enough. Further multicenter large-sample randomized clinical trials are still required to confirm the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines on hepatic lipid metabolism.

Herbs mix and single medical plants as well as their components have been widely applied in the treatment of NAFLD.

We consider the main actor should be the active components. For both herbs mix and single medical plants, they are containing many compounds, which may act synergistically in ways to enhance the therapeutic effects.

Identifying the active components in herbs is a crucial and significant subject for the development of TCM. Currently, network pharmacology-based strategy has been extensively used for the prediction of the active components from herbs.

Network pharmacology is an approach based on systems biology, poly-pharmacology, and molecular networks, to analyze relationships between drugs and diseases in recent decade, which has attracted considerable attention among Chinese medicine researchers for its ability in predicting and illustrating interactive relationships between numerous components and targets of herbal medicines.

Network-based pharmacological analysis is a desirable approach as well as a good tool of in silico prediction for investigating the mechanisms of action for herbs and formulae and their potential bioactive components at molecular and systematic levels, which renders more effective subsequent exploration with experimental approaches.

With the promising and effective prediction, subsequently validation experiments in laboratory and bench would be performed to confirm their pivotal role.

In conclusion, herbal medicines have the potency to be alternative and complementary medical therapies to current pharmaceuticals for the treatment of liver diseases with lipid metabolism disorder. YF designed and conceived the study. SL and YF retrieved and analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript.

SL, YX, WG, FC, CZ, HT, and NW discussed and revised the manuscript. All authors confirmed final version of the manuscript.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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BMC Complement Altern. Canbay, A. Lipid metabolism in the liver. Canto, C. PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure. Cao, S. Berberine metabolites exhibit triglyceride-lowering effects via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Hep G2 cells.

Cao, H. Immune and Metabolic Regulation Mechanism of Dangguiliuhuang Decoction against Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis. Exploring the Mechanism of Dangguiliuhuang Decoction Against Hepatic Fibrosis by Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. Chao, H.

Homeostasis of Glucose and Lipid in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Charytoniuk, T. Alternative treatment methods attenuate the development of NAFLD: A review of resveratrol molecular mechanisms and clinical trials. Nutrition 34, — Chatterjee, C.

Hepatic lipase, high density lipoproteins, and hypertriglyceridemia. Choi, J. Elucidation of the Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of an Oriental Herbal Medicine, Bangpungtongseong-san, to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Food 22 9 , — Cui, Y. Chinese Herbal Formula CHF03 Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD Through Inhibiting Lipogenesis and Anti-Oxidation Mechanisms. Czaja, M. Function of Autophagy in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dang, Y. The traditional Chinese formulae Ling-gui-zhu-gan decoction alleviated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via inhibiting PPP1R3C mediated molecules.

Nourish your hair. A factor in Balance your health. Glucose metabolism support. Formulated with bitter melon extract and gymnema extract. A great combination of herbs and minerals that help nourish and support the body.

Contains chromium. Balance your health with Blood Sugar Metabolism, with a blend of herbal extracts, minerals and more. Medicinal Ingredients: Gymnema extract Gymnema sylvestre leaf mg DHE mg , White mulberry extract Morus alba leaf mg DHE mg , Prickly-pear extract Opuntia ficus-indica stem mg DHE mg , Bitter melon extract Momordica charantia fruit 50 mg DHE mg , Cassia extract Cinnamomum aromaticum bark 50 mg DHE mg , Dragon's blood extract Daemonorops draco fruit resin 50 mg DHE mg , Chromium chromium III picolinate mcg, Vanadium vanadyl sulfate IV 60 mcg.

Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Hypromellose, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate. Suggested Use: Adults: Take 1 capsule, 3 times daily with food. Take a few hours before or after taking medications. Duration of Use: For use beyond 4 weeks consult a health care practitioner.

Cautions and Warnings: Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you have diabetes, coeliac disease, fat malabsorption, vitamin A, D, E or K deficiency or cholestasis e. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that impacts every system in your body. Unmanaged blood sugar levels Chronic Issues and Preventive Care for Men and Women.

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For a complete list of conditions we treat, Click here. We believe in empowering you to have the freedom of choice to determine the best treatment options for your medical needs and avoid constraints placed by insurance companies.

However, we will help you receive any insurance benefits you may be entitled to. All costs for services rendered will be your sole responsibility. Most insurance companies offer some degree of reimbursement; however, you are encouraged to check with your insurance company about reimbursement prior to your appointment.

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Further Information - If your insurance company needs further information, feel free to contact our office and our helpful staff will try to assist you. Yes, we offer TeleHealth consults so you can connect with your healthcare provider from the comfort of your home. More than half of our patients prefer to use TeleHealth video conferencing option while saving valuable travel time.

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index X. How to Boost Your Metabolism Metabolism is defined as the chemical reactions that allow the body to extract energy from food and use it to fuel.

Increased Muscle Mass — For example, muscle cells need more energy than fat cells, which means individuals with more muscle typically have a faster metabolism.

Sex hormones — Testosterone generally leads to more muscle mass and less body fat, which means men often have a faster metabolism than women. Age — As you age, you may begin to lose muscle, which can cause your metabolism to slow down. In fact, your metabolism declines by 5 to 10 percent each decade.

Herbs for Weight Loss If you have ever tried to follow a strict diet, you know how difficult it is to stick with it. Turmeric Turmeric is a bright yellow spice that is loved for its flavor, color, and medicinal properties.

Ginger Ginger is a plant from Southeast Asia and has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. Oregano Oregano is a potent, fragrant herb used in Italian cooking. Fenugreek Fenugreek has been used in alternative medicine for many years and is also an herb used in a plethora of Indian dishes.

Ginseng Ginseng is another herb commonly used in alternative medicine. Tags: Bmi , Boost Metabolism , Burn Calories , Burn Fat , Calorie Consumption , Fenugreek , Ginger , Ginseng , Herbs , Increase Metabolism , Oregano , Turmeric , Weight Control , Weight Loss , Weight Management.

Categories: Diet and Nutrition , Metabolic Health , Preventive Medicine , Weight Loss. About the Author: Rose Wellness Rose Wellness offers Holistic, Integrative and Functional Medicine services for treating chronic issues as well as for preventive care.

Holistic Approach To Wellness Looking for root cause analysis of your symptoms and a personalized treatment plan? Schedule a free 15 minute call with our wellness coordinator to see how we can help. Schedule a Call. Latest Posts Whole Foods Holistic Therapies that Are Good for Managing Arthritis Pain How to Heal Leaky Gut Naturally?

Provides soothin Sound Sleep® Helps to increase the total sleep time in people suffering fro Supports brai Reduces oxidativ Targets bone health.

Nourish your hair. A factor in Balance your health. Glucose metabolism support. Formulated with bitter melon extract and gymnema extract.

A great combination of herbs and minerals that help nourish and support the body. Contains chromium. Balance your health with Blood Sugar Metabolism, with a blend of herbal extracts, minerals and more. Medicinal Ingredients: Gymnema extract Gymnema sylvestre leaf mg DHE mg , White mulberry extract Morus alba leaf mg DHE mg , Prickly-pear extract Opuntia ficus-indica stem mg DHE mg , Bitter melon extract Momordica charantia fruit 50 mg DHE mg , Cassia extract Cinnamomum aromaticum bark 50 mg DHE mg , Dragon's blood extract Daemonorops draco fruit resin 50 mg DHE mg , Chromium chromium III picolinate mcg, Vanadium vanadyl sulfate IV 60 mcg.

Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Hypromellose, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate. Suggested Use: Adults: Take 1 capsule, 3 times daily with food. Take a few hours before or after taking medications. Duration of Use: For use beyond 4 weeks consult a health care practitioner.

Cautions and Warnings: Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you have diabetes, coeliac disease, fat malabsorption, vitamin A, D, E or K deficiency or cholestasis e. gall stones , intestinal disorders, or symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or fever.

Consult a healthcare practitioner if symptoms persist or worsen. Kanglaite KLT is an anticancer herbal medicine developed in China that consists of mainly fatty acid triglycerides from Coix lacryma-jobi L.

mayuen Roman. In this study, we analyzed the effects of KLT on normal versus breast cancer cell metabolism using the C2C12, MCF-7, and MDA-MB cell lines. Cells were cultured in serum containing regular FCS and serum containing charcoal-stripped FCS in order to examine the full effects of KLT on the cell.

Cell energy phenotype assays were conducted using the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer, which simultaneously measured the cellular oxygen consumption rate OCR and extracellular acidification rate ECAR.

The data from the cell phenotype assay was then analyzed in order to determine the effect of KLT on breast cancer cell metabolism by comparing OCR and ECAR within and between cell lines and generating cell energy phenotypes. The results showed that KLT increased OCR and ECAR for C2C12 cells when cultured in charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum FCS -enriched media.

The KLT increased OCR and ECAR in MCF-7 cells when cultured in regular FCS. The KLT increased OCR in MDA-MB cells cultured in both serums and decreased ECAR in MDA-MB cells cultured in regular FCS-enriched media. Hillhouse, Sarah A. Honors Theses. Biology Commons. To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately, you may Download the file to your hard drive.

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