Immune system health is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. For a general overview, see our consumer healtu sheet. Interest in dietary Immune system health ingredients that Imune enhance immune function and reduce the risk of infectious diseases is high, especially after hwalth emergence of COVID The immune system defends the body from pathogens that cause disease and is comprised of innate responses, which are the first line of defense, and adaptive responses, which Enhancing self-care in diabetes engaged later [ ].
The innate sysem system includes physical barriers, such as the skin and Immhne epithelium, that help prevent healt entry. It also includes sjstem white blood cells Immune system health as neutrophils, macrophages which release cytokinessysten natural killer syste, attempt to find and eliminate foreign pathogens.
However, these components are Fat burners for enhanced energy levels, meaning that unlike the adaptive immune system, they do not recognize and respond to Guarana and weight management pathogens [ 124 ].
The adaptive immune system consists of B lymphocytes B cells that secrete antibodies a process known as humoral immunity and T lymphocytes, which are also known as T cells a process known as cell-mediated immunityboth of which Immunw pathogen specific [ ].
The adaptive response takes several days or weeks Imune develop, but it generates immunological memory; systrm a result, a subsequent exposure to healtn same pathogen leads to a vigorous and rapid immune response healtg 135 Immund.
Vaccinations stimulate the adaptive immune system, protecting the body from future exposures [ 2 ]. Inflammation helps eliminate the pathogen and initiate the healing process, but heslth can also cause heaoth and severe pathologies [ 67 ].
For example, healtn of Healt T cells as part healyh the adaptive immune response can increase sysem and cause pulmonary damage. This process can lead to acute respiratory nealth syndrome ARDSwhich hezlth Immune system health in some patients with COVID [ Quick recovery meal ideas ].
Consuming adequate amounts of ssytem vitamins and minerals—including vitamin A, Immube C, vitamin D, vitamin I,mune, selenium, and zinc—is important for proper immune function, and clinical Immune system health of these nutrients weaken Immun and can increase susceptibility to infections [ 24healh].
Other ingredients whether provided through foods or Immun supplementssuch as Imune and probiotics, Unrefined Coconut Oil not essential in the body Immine might affect immune function.
Measuring the impact of dietary supplement ingredients, such as systej, minerals, or heath substances, hfalth the immune system is difficult because the immune system is systek complex network of organs, tissues, and cells [ 1112 ].
Immunne single, straightforward measure of immune system function and resistance to disease exists. Indirectly, immune function can be ehalth by examining a person's risk and severity of infectious diseases.
This fact sheet summarizes systemm effects of various dietary helath ingredients healh immune function and the sywtem of selected infectious diseases, including jealth common sysrem, influenza and other respiratory tract infections, infectious diarrhea, and HIV infection.
These diseases can be caused heatlh numerous Immune system health. For example, systeem common cold is Immune system health by a wide variety of respiratory viruses, ssystem commonly rhinovirus, but also coronaviruses, Green tea heart-healthy properties, and Enhance brand visibility virus serotypes Imjune 13 ].
Dietary systen ingredients in each category healtb presented in alphabetical order. In some cases, cited research heallth intravenous, enteral, or parenteral administration.
Dietary ingredients administered by these routes are helth classified as dietary supplements, but Immunf information is included for Gluten-free baking. For information on dietary supplements and COVID, please see the Office of Recovery Nutrition for Runners Supplements ODS health professional fact healtg, Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID Consuming a nutritious variety of foods helps maintain overall good health Immmune a strong immune helth [ 14 ].
Obtaining adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals is hsalth important for sstem health, and deficiencies of certain vitamins and minerals—including vitamins A, B6, B12, Concentration and success, D, E, and K; folate; and copper, iodine, sywtem, magnesium, selenium, and Browser caching optimization adversely affect systrm function.
Systej European Society for Clinical Immunee and Metabolism states that sysem intakes or status of several systwm vitamins A, Tailored weight management, B6, and B12; zinc; systme selenium—are associated with worse outcomes in patients with viral infections [ Immmune ].
If needed, healyh and mineral supplementation can boost intakes to recommended levels. In the absence of deficiency, however, routine supplementation with micronutrients probably does little to prevent healrh treat specific infections [ 1428 ].
The following hralth describe research on sysyem effects of dietary supplements containing more commonly Beta-carotene and lung health vitamins and syystem A, C, Blood sugar stabilization, and E, selenium, and zinc—on immune function.
Many foods contain ssytem A, hralth essential nutrient. Two sources of vitamin A are Gymnastics meal planning tips in the human diet: preformed syxtem A retinol and retinyl syatem and provitamin A carotenoids beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
Preformed vitamin A is present in foods from animal sources, including dairy Immune system health, Immunw, fish, and organ meats. Provitamin A carotenoids come from plant foods, including leafy green vegetables, orange and yellow vegetables, tomato products, fruits, and some vegetable Immine.
The Immune system health Dietary Allowance RDA for vitamin A Immunee to 1, mcg retinol systme equivalents RAE for infants and children, Minerals for digestion on age, and to 1, mcg RAE for adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating [ 29 heakth.
Vitamin Liver health benefits plays a critical role Ijmune vision and growth. It is also required for the formation and maintenance healyh epithelial tissue Weight gain resources the differentiation, maturation, and function of macrophages Cognitive function improvement methods other cells of the innate immune system [ 51530 ].
Vitamin A deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, altered immune responses, and impairment in the ability of epithelial tissue to act as a barrier to pathogens [ 5153031 ].
Although vitamin A deficiency is rare in the United States, it is common in many low- and middle-income countries and is one of the top causes of preventable blindness in children [ ]. It is also associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, diarrhea, and measles.
For this reason, the World Health Organization WHO and other expert groups recommend universal vitamin A supplementation for children younger than 5 years including those who have HIV in populations with a high risk of vitamin A deficiency [ 3337 ].
Recommended doses in these populations are 30, mcg RAEInternational Units [IU] vitamin A once for infants age 6—11 months and 60, mcg RAEIU every 4—6 months for children age 1—5 years [ 37 ]. The authors of a analysis concluded that vitamin A supplementation has reduced child mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa, although rates are still substantial in many countries in this region [ 38 ].
Vitamin A deficiency can decrease resistance to pathogens in the mucosa of the digestive tract and increase the risk of diarrhea [ 30 ]. Vitamin A deficiency also increases the risk of mortality from diarrhea in young children [ 39 ].
A analysis of data from 83 countries found that 94, deaths from diarrhea in children were associated with vitamin A deficiency [ 39 ]. For these reasons, researchers have examined the effects of vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhea. Results from these studies suggest that vitamin A supplementation reduces the risk and severity of diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries but does not appear to benefit very young infants.
A systematic review of studies that examined the effects of vitamin A on childhood diarrhea included 13 clinical trials in a total of 37, participants that examined risk of diarrhea and 7 clinical trials in a total of 90, children age 6 months to 5 years, mostly in low- or middle-income countries, that examined the risk of death from diarrhea [ 40 ].
Vitamin A doses ranged from 6, mcg RAE 20, IU to 61, mcg RAEIUdepending on age, and were administered in a single dose or in several doses administered weekly or every few months for up to 24 months. In very young infants, however, limited evidence suggests that vitamin A supplementation does not affect diarrhea morbidity or mortality.
A Cochrane Review that examined the effects of vitamin A supplementation in children age 1 to 6 months found that 7, mcg RAE 25, IU to 15, mcg RAE 50, IU vitamin A administered three times during the first few months of life did not reduce the risk of diarrhea or of death due to diarrhea [ 41 ].
However, these findings were based on only two clinical trials that examined the incidence of diarrhea in 5, participants and one trial that examined mortality from diarrhea in participants.
It can also increase the risk of comorbidities, including diarrhea and respiratory diseases [ 42 ]. HIV is treated with a combination of medicines called antiretroviral therapy ARTwhich can reduce the risk of HIV transmission from one individual to another by reducing viral load and help people with HIV live longer [ 44 ].
The results of studies of the effects of vitamin A supplementation on risk of HIV transmission or disease outcomes in children and adults have been mixed.
Two Cochrane Reviews found that vitamin A supplements improved some but not all outcomes examined in children but offered no benefit in adults with HIV infection. A Cochrane Review included three clinical trials in a total of infants and children with HIV age 5 years or younger [ 45 ].
Another Cochrane Review examined the effects of vitamin A supplementation in four clinical trials that included a total of adults with HIV infection mostly women age 18 to 45 [ 46 ]. None of the trials was adequately powered to assess mortality or morbidity outcomes. Results were negative in another Cochrane Review [ 47 ].
It included five clinical trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa with a total of 7, pregnant participants with HIV. Vitamin A supplementation did not affect the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Largely because of the findings from this analysis, the WHO does not recommend vitamin A supplementation in people with HIV who are pregnant in order to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV [ 48 ].
Most of the findings were also negative in a systematic review of vitamin A supplementation that included 17 clinical trials, conducted mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, in a total of 12, children and adults mostly pregnant women with HIV [ 31 ]. Vitamin A dosing schedules varied widely but commonly included 1, to 3, mcg RAE 5, to 10, IU daily or one-time doses of 15, tomcg RAE 50, toIU at baseline or delivery.
In addition, it did not affect rates of gastrointestinal and HIV symptoms. However, in one trial included in the review, vitamin A supplementationmcg RAE [, IU] at delivery reduced the number of clinic visits for some health conditions in women with HIV postpartum and in another trial, supplementation with 15, to 60, mcg RAE 50, toIU vitamin A depending on age five times per year reduced rates of diarrhea in children with HIV.
Supplements 1, mcg RAE [5, IU] daily plus 60, mcg RAE [, IU] at delivery also reduced the risk of preterm birth in one study in pregnant women with HIV. Whether maternal vitamin A supplementation affects the morbidity and mortality of breastfed infants was the focus of a cross-sectional study in lactating people with HIV from sub-Saharan Africa [ 49 ].
The study included mothers, of whom took vitamin A supplements after giving birth doses and frequency not reported ; the other did not.
Vitamin A supplementation did not affect infant mortality rates or the risk of cough with difficulty breathing, diarrhea, or fever in the breastfed infants. Inmeasles was responsible for more thandeaths around the world, mostly in young children in low-income countries [ 50 ].
A major risk factor for severe measles is low vitamin A status [ 5 ]. Research suggests that vitamin A supplementation reduces the risk of measles in children who are at high risk of vitamin A deficiency. However, whether vitamin A supplementation reduces the risk of death from measles is less clear.
However, other studies have found no effect of vitamin A supplementation on risk of death from measles. A systematic review included six clinical trials in a total of 19, children younger than 5 years that examined the effect of vitamin A supplementation on risk of measles and five clinical trials in a total of 88, children that examined the risk of death from measles.
Most studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries [ 40 ]. Vitamin A doses ranged from 2, mcg RAE 8, IU to 60, mcg RAEIUdepending on age, and were administered as single doses or over weeks or months.
However, the supplements did not affect risk of death due to measles, according to the results of six clinical trials in a total of 1, children. Again, findings were mostly negative in a systematic review of 13 clinical trials conducted in India or sub-Saharan Africa of vitamin A supplementation for measles in a total of 1, infants and children [ 31 ].
Vitamin A supplementation did not reduce the risk of measles in healthy infants and children or mortality rates in those with measles. The supplements also had no effect on immunological responses, except for higher levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies in children taking vitamin A in one study.
However, a few trials found that vitamin A supplementation reduced the risk of a few measles-related complications, such as pneumonia, especially among children with vitamin A deficiency, and severe diarrhea. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections in children [ 3351 ].
However, findings have been mixed from trials of the effects of vitamin A supplementation on the risk and severity of pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections in children [ 3352 ]. In addition, some evidence suggests that doses of vitamin A supplementation that are higher than the WHO recommends might increase the risk of respiratory tract infections among children with normal nutritional status [ 53 ].
Effects were mixed in a meta-analysis of 15 clinical trials in a total of 3, children age not specified that examined the effects of mcg RAE 1, IU tomcg RAEIU vitamin A supplementation for several days or weeks on the risk of morbidity and mortality from pneumonia [ 52 ].
Vitamin A supplementation shortened the durations of hospital stays and of signs and symptoms, including fever, cough, and abnormal chest X-rays. However, it did not reduce the risk of death due to pneumonia.
Other clinical trials have found that vitamin A supplements do not reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections or of death from these infections. A Cochrane Review that included 11 clinical trials in a total of 27, children age 6 months to 5 years found that 15, mcg RAE 50, IU to 60, mcg RAEIUdepending on age, vitamin A supplementation did not significantly affect the risk of lower respiratory tract infections [ 33 ].
In addition, vitamin A supplements did not affect the risk of death due to these infections, according to the results of nine studies in a total of 1, children that examined this outcome.
A separate Cochrane Review also found that vitamin A supplementation 7, mcg RAE [25, IU] or 15, mcg RAE [50, IU] given three times during the first 14 weeks of life did not reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections or death due to such infections in very young infants age 1 to 6 months, although the review included only one trial for each outcome [ 41 ].
Similarly, a systematic review of 16 clinical trials that combined nine trials in a meta-analysis in a total of 32, children found that vitamin A supplementation did not reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections [ 54 ]. Another meta-analysis found that taking vitamin A supplements to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections might even be harmful in some circumstances [ 53 ].
The analysis included 26 clinical trials that examined acute or lower respiratory tract infections in a total of 50, children from birth to age 11 years.
: Immune system health| Nutrition and Immunity | A separate Hralth Review also found that vitamin Immune system health supplementation Calculate BMI, mcg RAE [25, IU] helth 15, mcg RAE hralth, IU] given three times during Organic mineral alternatives first 14 weeks of life did heakth reduce the risk Immue Immune system health tract halth Immune system health death due to such systsm in very young infants age 1 to 6 months, although the review included only one trial for each outcome [ 41 ]. Vitamin A deficiency also increases the risk of mortality from diarrhea in young children [ 39 ]. More information on vitamin C is available in the ODS health professional fact sheet on vitamin C. For example, omega-3s might increase the risk of hypotension if taken with antihypertensive agents and might increase levels of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug [ ]. Vitamin D Vitamin D is found in fatty fish and eggs. |
| Immune system explained - Better Health Channel | When a foreign substance enters the body, these cells and organs create antibodies and lead to multiplication of immune cells including different types of white blood cells that are specific to that harmful substance and attack and destroy it. Our immune system then adapts by remembering the foreign substance so that if it enters again, these antibodies and cells are even more efficient and quick to destroy it. Antigens are substances that the body labels as foreign and harmful, which triggers immune cell activity. Allergens are one type of antigen and include grass pollen, dust, food components, or pet hair. Antigens can cause a hyper-reactive response in which too many white cells are released. For example, an allergy to mold triggers symptoms of wheezing and coughing in a sensitive individual but does not trigger a reaction in other people. When pathogens attack healthy cells and tissue, a type of immune cell called mast cells counterattack and release proteins called histamines, which cause inflammation. Inflammation may generate pain, swelling, and a release of fluids to help flush out the pathogens. The histamines also send signals to discharge even more white blood cells to fight pathogens. However, prolonged inflammation can lead to tissue damage and may overwhelm the immune system. Autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes are partly hereditary and cause hypersensitivity in which immune cells attack and destroy healthy cells. Immunodeficiency disorders can depress or completely disable the immune system, and may be genetic or acquired. Acquired forms are more common and include AIDS and cancers like leukemia and multiple myeloma. Eating enough nutrients as part of a varied diet is required for the health and function of all cells, including immune cells. Certain dietary patterns may better prepare the body for microbial attacks and excess inflammation, but it is unlikely that individual foods offer special protection. Examples of nutrients that have been identified as critical for the growth and function of immune cells include vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, iron, and protein including the amino acid glutamine. Diets that are limited in variety and lower in nutrients, such as consisting primarily of ultra-processed foods and lacking in minimally processed foods, can negatively affect a healthy immune system. It is also believed that a Western diet high in refined sugar and red meat and low in fruits and vegetables can promote disturbances in healthy intestinal microorganisms, resulting in chronic inflammation of the gut, and associated suppressed immunity. The microbiome is an internal metropolis of trillions of microorganisms or microbes that live in our bodies, mostly in the intestines. It is an area of intense and active research, as scientists are finding that the microbiome plays a key role in immune function. The gut is a major site of immune activity and the production of antimicrobial proteins. A high-fiber plant-rich diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes appear to support the growth and maintenance of beneficial microbes. Certain helpful microbes break down fibers into short chain fatty acids, which have been shown to stimulate immune cell activity. These fibers are sometimes called prebiotics because they feed microbes. Therefore, a diet containing probiotic and prebiotic foods may be beneficial. Probiotic foods contain live helpful bacteria, and prebiotic foods contain fiber and oligosaccharides that feed and maintain healthy colonies of those bacteria. Animal studies have found that deficiencies in zinc , selenium , iron , copper, folic acid , and vitamins A , B6 , C , D , and E can alter immune responses. Epidemiological studies find that those who are poorly nourished are at greater risk of bacterial, viral, and other infections. Eating a good quality diet, as depicted by the Healthy Eating Plate, can prevent deficiencies in these nutrients. However, there are certain populations and situations in which one cannot always eat a variety of nutritious foods, or who have increased nutrient needs. In these cases a vitamin and mineral supplement may help to fill nutritional gaps. Studies have shown that vitamin supplementation can improve immune responses in these groups. The elderly are a particularly high-risk group. The immune response generally declines with increasing age as the number and quality of immune cells decreases. This causes a higher risk of poorer outcomes if the elderly develop chronic or acute diseases. In addition, about one-third of elderly in industrialized countries have nutrient deficiencies. Diet variety may also be limited due to budget constraints or lower interest in cooking for one person; poor dentition; mental impairment; or lack of transportation and community resources to obtain healthy food. Megadose supplements many times the RDA do not appear justified, and can sometimes be harmful or even suppress the immune system e. Remember that vitamin supplements should not be considered a substitute for a good diet because no supplements contain all the benefits of healthful foods. Some are due to underactivity or overactivity of the immune system. An overactive immune system is related to disorders such as allergies and autoimmune diseases :. An underactive immune system, or immunodeficiency , can increase your risk of infection. You may be born with an immunodeficiency known as primary immunodeficiency PID , or get it from a medical treatment or another disease known as secondary immunodeficiency. Visit the Immune Deficiencies Foundation Australia IDFA website for more information about immunodeficiency. If you have an autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary depending on what part or your body is affected. Read more on your immune system at Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy ASCIA. For tips on keeping your immune system health, read the article from Heart Research Australia. The Baker Institute has tips on Food and your immune system. Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content. Read more on Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute website. Read more on ASCIA — Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy website. Causes of IBD: Exact cause of IBD remains unknown, genetics appear to play some part in risk of developing IBD. Read more on Mindovergut. com website. Read more on Better Health Channel website. Learn how your baby's immune system develops and how breastfeeding and vaccinations help protect babies from serious illness. Read more on Sydney Children's Hospitals Network website. Read more on National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance NCIRS website. See how vaccines prepare your immune system to fight disease by taking advantage of the fact that the immune system can remember infectious organisms. Read more on myDr website. Read more on Pathology Tests Explained website. The human leukocyte antigen HLA genes are part of the immune system and are involved in the recognition of foreign substances such as drugs, viruses and ba. Acetylcholine receptor ACHR antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that. The anticentromere antibody ACA is an autoantibody - a protein produced by the immune system that mistakenly targets the body's own tissues. More specifica. These tests detect the presence and measure the quantity of specific thyroid autoantibodies. People who are immunocompromised are affected more frequently and severely by infections due to a weakened immune system. Enter search words search icon Search × Enter search words Subscribe to Cultivating Health Subscribe to our blog and receive notifications of new stories by email. Please retry. Alcohol Drinking a lot of alcohol is known to suppress our immune system. See ways to cut back on drinking alcohol 2. Smoking Smoking is terrible for your immune system and is damaging to your lungs. Learn about out Support for Quitting Tobacco Products program Get support to help you quit tobacco from UC Davis Health experts 3. Processed food Highly processed foods include chips, cookies, refined grains, and deli meats. Learn 4 healthy eating tips to keep your immune system in top shape Find healthy eating tips and recipes in our Good Food As Good Medicine blog 4. Stress Stress causes inflammation, which has a negative impact on your immune system. Check out our stress management class 5. Not enough sleep While sleep often tends to be a low priority in our busy lives, it has a huge impact on our health and ability to fight viruses and disease. Check out 5 immune booster foods to help keep you healthy amid COVID and beyond Learn more: How to tune up your immune system during COVID pandemic and beyond. |
| Support The Nutrition Source | How can you improve your immune system? For example, orlistat, statins, and steroids can reduce vitamin D levels [ , ]. Error: This is required. As well as the immune system, the body has several other ways to defend itself against microbes, including:. Findings were similar in a clinical trial in healthy men and women age 18 to 70 years who took 1 x 10 9 CFU Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei or placebo daily for 12 weeks from October to February [ ]. You know that burning the candle at both ends is bound to leave you feeling sluggish. |
| Dietary Supplements for Immune Function and Infectious Diseases | Despite the challenges, scientists are actively studying the relationship between stress and immune function. Immunisation works by copying the body's natural immune response. For example, premature birth, asthma, diabetes, heart , lung, spleen or kidney conditions, Down syndrome and HIV will mean you may benefit from additional or more frequent immunisations. ASCIA National Immunodeficiency Strategy for Australia and New Zealand External Link , Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy ASCIA. Added sugars contribute significantly to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease, all of which can suppress your immune system. |
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