Antioxidant and heart health -
Without oxygen important metabolic processes for the generation of energy cannot take place. Some situations such as stress or extreme physical exertion e. In addition to the radicals generated within the human organism, there are others that enter the body from external sources.
These sources of radicals include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and medications e. The effects of free radicals in an organism can be beneficial as well as adverse.
Specialized cells such as macrophages utilize oxygen radicals for the immune system i. This is essential to life and health. The activities of external free radicals can also be useful: under the influence of UV-radiation, the hydroxyl radical formed from ozone and water in the atmosphere plays an important role in combating air pollution, for instance.
But free radicals can also damage the body. When present in high concentrations oxidative stress they attack important metabolic proteins, cell membranes and even DNA and change their characteristics, which can lead to damage among various types cells of the body.
Hence, oxidative stress facilitates the incidence and progression of atherosclerosis. Consequently vascular diseases like heart attack and stroke through the increased oxidation of lipids and damage to the internal cell lining of blood vessels the endothelium 1.
In addition to numerous chronic diseases , normal signs of aging have been linked to progressive oxidative processes and the gene mutations they trigger — in particular in mitochondrial DNA. In the worst case scenario the result is uncontrolled cell proliferation cancer.
To protect itself against cell damage due to free oxygen radicals, the body possesses an arsenal of highly potent enzymes e. The functionality of these proteins depends on several essential trace elements e. Apart from these enzymes the organism has at its disposal for defense fat-soluble coenzyme Q10 , for instance, the production of which diminishes with increasing age, as well as other proteins and alpha-lipoic acid.
In addition to these physiological systems, the network of antioxidants includes various substances that can be supplied to the organism: the essential vitamins C and E , requirements of which are well documented; polyphenols e.
Thanks to their structure these molecules exhibit various solvent properties and are therefore able to neutralize radicals, functioning as a network in all compartments of the cell — in both aqueous and lipid milieus. Ideally the unavoidable occurrence of free radicals is a balanced by the protective effect of antioxidants synthesized by the body and ingested in the diet oxidative balance.
Testing the preventive effects of antioxidants in studies. Studies with experimental animals have shown that chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension , as well as cancer and diabetes , can be brought on by oxidative stress. Based on these results a hypothesis was formulated that antioxidants could play a part in the prevention of chronic diseases.
This hypothesis has been tested in epidemiological studies case-control and cohort studies and intervention studies e. In some instances case-control studies compared patients and healthy subjects retrospectively , which can distort the results and lead to bias of selection and information.
Due to the fact that relevant information is usually collected before the onset of the disease prospectively in cohort studies, they are less prone to this kind of distortion. However, confounding factors cannot be entirely excluded with either type of study when interpreting the results.
In contrast, this can be achieved in intervention studies because in this case subjects are allocated to therapeutic or control groups randomly. Whereas case-control and cohort studies that repeatedly show the same results do not provide proof of a link between cause e.
Intervention studies provide the best evidence of causality; however, their results can often only be generalized to a limited extent. Conclusions as to the causality of a link are drawn from the sum of all studies. This provides a more or less probable overall body of evidence.
Diet-related effects may, however, be an indicator of another underlying process or influencing factor without being directly involved in the occurrence of chronic diseases. Finally, conclusions are also influenced by results from animal experiments and studies on cell cultures into possible mechanisms.
Results from epidemiological studies. Results from case-control and cohort studies indicate that the antioxidant vitamins C and E and also beta-carotene could have an important role to play in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidants in the studies were found to be most effective in the early stages of atherosclerosis — the cause of heart attacks, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Those with low levels of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene will benefit especially from a higher intake of these micronutrients.
If intake of antioxidants or blood levels in a whole study population were in the optimal range or higher, there was usually no discernable additional risk reduction. Today it is thought that a reduction in the risk of developing such complex chronic diseases is achieved through the interaction of a number of different factors across the lifestyle spectrum circumstances and habits.
A prerequisite for this appears to be optimal intake together with correspondingly high plasma levels. The antioxidants act in combination, and are interchangeable to only a limited degree.
Influence of antioxidant supplementation and blood concentrations on cardiovascular disease:. The risk for coronary heart disease was reduced by around 20 percent.
The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study with a cohort of more than 11, adults showed a reduction in cardiovascular mortality of 42 percent for men and 25 percent for women who consumed at least 50 mg vitamin C daily in the diet and also regularly took supplements containing vitamin C 2.
In three large-scale prospective cohort studies on men and women an association was observed between increased intake of vitamin E and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. A study involving 87, nurses revealed a risk reduction for coronary heart disease with daily consumption of food supplements containing vitamin E at a dose of more than IU for at least two years 6.
However, in this study only a few women consumed large doses of vitamin E. A further study found a non-significant reduction in coronary heart disease risk both with total vitamin E intake and with supplement consumption 5. A study with data from 16 European countries showed that low vitamin E blood levels are linked to an increased risk of dying of cardiovascular diseases 8.
In the MONICA Augsburg Study 9 cohort study, no evidence was found of a significant association between vitamin E blood levels and myocardial infarction. The preventive effect also depended on smoking status: it was observed only for current or former smokers, not for people who have never smoked.
In a cohort study of postmenopausal women no reduction in cardiovascular disease risk was found 7. Regarding blood levels of beta-carotene, after exclusion of 3 study locations with anomalous values all Finnish locations a study of healthy men from 16 study locations in Europe showed a clear association between low plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and a higher rate of mortality from ischemic heart disease 8.
Men in the Basel Prospective Study cohort who had had low baseline beta-carotene blood concentrations were at increased risk of mortality from stroke over the year study period 11, Results from meta-analyses of epidemiological studies into the reduction of risk of cardiovascular disease through increased intake of antioxidant micronutrients in the diet or as food supplements diverge in some cases — as do those from the studies they examine.
Protective effects of varying degrees were established for individual antioxidants. This is not surprising, since the observations were made in different study populations who had consumed varying amounts and doses of micronutrients, singly or in combination. Critical review of these studies — alone or in the context of a meta-analysis — shows that many study participants were already well supplied with antioxidant micronutrients in their diet.
Thus no further risk reduction was to be expected from the consumption of food supplements. Moreover, many study participants already had a health problem, meaning there was no longer an option for primary prevention through antioxidants.
Meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies on the consumption of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene revealed a significantly reduced risk for coronary heart disease with a high intake of vitamins C and E in the diet Consumption of food supplements was associated with a risk reduction only for vitamin E.
An analysis of 9 cohort studies revealed a significant reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease through supplementation with vitamin C Risk reductions through increased beta-carotene and vitamin E intake were comparatively modest.
In a further meta-analysis, increased intake from fruit and vegetables resulted in a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in smokers Analysis of the results from two large cohort studies showed that increased consumption of fruit and vegetables tended to be associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease High consumption of vitamin E, either by dietary means or from supplement use, may lower the risk of liver cancer according to a new study from China.
Vitamin C is the predominant plasma antioxidant. This water-soluble vitamin scavenges plasma free radicals and prevents their entry into LDL particles. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces monocyte adhesion. Dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, cantaloupe, tomatoes, cabbage and leafy green vegetables.
Cooking can destroy vitamin C; therefore, the vitamin is best obtained in raw foods or supplements. The RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg, but increased amounts are recommended for smokers, patients with healing wounds and pregnant or lactating patients.
Many carotenoids are known, but their functions are not yet understood. β-Carotene is a vitamin A precursor carried in plasma and LDL.
No RDA has been established for carotenoids. Many epidemiologic studies have linked diets high in antioxidants with reduced CHD risk Tables 1 13 — 16 and 2 17 — Epidemiologic studies cannot prove causality for various reasons, such as selection bias.
Thus, randomized, controlled trials are essential to assess treatment benefits. Plasma levels of vitamins E and C, β-carotene and selenium have been inversely correlated with cross-cultural CHD mortality Table 1. study found an inverse correlation of CHD with fruit and vegetable consumption.
Prospective cohort studies are summarized in Table 2. In a study of more than , female nurses between the ages of 30 and 55 years, food frequency questionnaires assessed daily intake of dietary and supplemental vitamins E, C and β-carotene.
Risk reduction was noted with a daily intake of greater than IU of vitamin E but not with daily use of multivitamins, vitamin C supplements or β-carotene supplements. The Health Professionals Study, 20 which included 39, male health care professionals, noted a 40 percent risk reduction for men in the upper quintile of vitamin E intake about IU per day compared with men in the lowest quintile 6 IU per day.
In this study, no benefits were found for vitamin C supplementation. After adjustment for risk factors and vitamin C intake, men in the highest quintile of β-carotene intake 19, IU per day demonstrated a 29 percent CHD risk reduction compared with those in the lowest quintile 3, IU per day ; however, this benefit occurred only in smokers.
Both studies of health care professionals found that vitamin benefits occurred only after one to two years of supplementation. Supplement use was also examined in a study of 11, elderly persons. Combined vitamin E and C supplementation reduced total mortality by 42 percent and CHD mortality by 53 percent.
The average dosage of vitamin E was greater than IU per day. Randomized, controlled trials of antioxidant vitamin supplementation are summarized in Table 3. Supplementary vitamin E in a dosage of greater than IU per day was associated with reduced lesion progression. Vitamin C supplementation was not associated with this benefit.
In another study, a single high-fat meal i. The Chinese Cancer Prevention Trial 23 randomized patients to receive either β-carotene 15 mg per day , vitamin E 30 mg per day and selenium 15 μg per day , or placebo. This study found that supplementation resulted in a 9 percent reduction in total mortality and a 21 percent decrease in deaths from gastric cancer.
The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study 24 measured the effects of vitamin E 50 IU per day and β-carotene 20 mg per day supplementation on lung cancer and CHD. The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction was lower in all groups receiving supplementation and was significantly lower 32 percent in the group that received vitamin E.
Supplementation with vitamin E was associated with a nonsignificant increase in cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with β-carotene was associated with increased mortality rates for CHD 11 percent and lung cancer 18 percent , as well as an increase in overall mortality 8 percent.
The incidence of fatal CHD was significantly higher in the group that received β-carotene alone 75 percent and in the group receiving both vitamins 58 percent. Vitamin E supplementation is supported by several studies Tables 2 17 — 21 and 3 22 — Increased vitamin E levels are associated with decreased CHD mortality and inversely correlated with risk of angina.
Vitamin E significantly reduced the incidence of overall fatal and nonfatal CHD events by 47 percent and the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction by 77 percent; however, supplementation did not have a significant effect on overall mortality relative risk: 1.
Event reduction was better with supplementation at IU per day, but the study was not powered to assess dose-response significance. This clinical trial strongly supports evidence that vitamin E in dosages greater than IU per day reduces CHD events.
Vitamin C significantly improves arterial vasoreactivity and vitamin E regeneration. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-I cohort study 29 found an inverse relationship between the highest vitamin C intake diet and supplements and CHD risk over 10 years in 11, U.
men and women 25 to 74 years of age. The only large primary prevention trial has been a study of 29, poorly nourished residents of Linixian, China. The patients who received vitamin C in a dosage of mg per day and molybdenum in a dosage of 30 μg per day demonstrated no significant reduction in total or cerebrovascular mortality.
Many studies have demonstrated the ability of vitamin C to improve arterial vasoreactivity. A single dose 2 g of vitamin C has been found to improve vasoreactivity in chronic smokers, 8 patients with hypercholesterolemia 10 and patients with CHD. Research supports the benefit of a carotenoid-rich diet, but not β-carotene supplementation.
The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial 27 combined β-carotene and retinol supplementation in 18, smokers and patients with asbestos exposure. However, the study was terminated prematurely because of a significant increase in lung cancer mortality and a non-significant increase in CHD mortality.
In 12 years of β-carotene supplementation in 22, male physicians, no significant beneficial effects on CHD mortality, nonfatal MI or stroke were found. A non-significant 20 to 30 percent reduction in CHD events occurred in the physicians who had clinical evidence of atherosclerosis.
Vitamins C, E and β-carotene have few side effects. No significant toxicity has been noted for vitamin E in dosages of to 3, IU per day. Therefore, caution is recommended when vitamin E supplementation is used in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.
In vitamin E clinical trials, no significant differences in bleeding rates were noted in supplemented and unsupplemented subjects. Vitamin C supplementation is usually non-toxic, although diarrhea, bloating and false-negative occult blood tests can occur at dosages greater than 2 g per day.
The intestinal absorptive capacity for vitamin C is approximately 3 g per day. However, confusion arises about excess vitamin C intake causing increased oxalic acid excretion and, thus, a possibly increased risk of oxalate kidney stones as urinary vitamin C is converted to oxalate with air exposure.
Given in dosages of 30 to mg per day, β-carotene has minimal side effects. Other antioxidants that may provide protection against CHD include selenium, bioflavonoids and ubiquinone.
One study 33 found that selenium levels are inversely associated with CHD mortality. One review 7 noted that conflicting results were reported in other studies. Flavonoids are antioxidants found in tea, wine, fruits and vegetables.
These antioxidants reduce platelet activation, but studies do not yet support an associated reduction in CHD. Ubiquinone, a reduced form of coenzyme Q 10 , decreases LDL oxidation, but no eventreduction data are available.
The results of studies of garlic supplements have been conflicting regarding lipoprotein and platelet effects. The B-complex vitamins, especially folate, pyridoxine vitamin B 6 and cyanocobalamin vitamin B 12 , may reduce CHD risk through a lowering of homocysteine levels.
Folic acid supplementation in a dosage greater than μg per day reduces the plasma homocysteine level. Use of a daily multivitamin supplement containing folate μg would reduce plasma homocysteine levels in most persons.
Oxidized LDL is atherogenic, and specific antioxidants can inhibit LDL oxidation. Epidemiologic studies report inverse relationships between CHD and supplementation with vitamins E, C and β-carotene. Clinical trials to reduce CHD events currently support vitamin E supplementation in dosages greater than IU per day.
Vitamin C promotes vitamin E regeneration and significantly improves vasoreactivity, but clinical event reduction has not been established. The results of β-carotene studies have generally been unfavorable, primarily for smokers. Folate reduces serum homocysteine levels, but trials focusing on CHD events have not been completed.
Ubiquinone, flavonoids, garlic and other supplements have not been adequately tested for CHD event reduction, appropriate dosing, reliability or long-term safety. Because of the benefits from dietary antioxidants and other micronutrients, physicians should recommend consumption of a diet containing five to seven servings of fruits and vegetables per day Table 4.
Based on current evidence, patients with CHD should probably take vitamin E in a dosage of IU per day; vitamin C supplementation in a dosage of to 1, mg per day should also be considered in these patients. Patients receiving warfarin Coumadin therapy should limit vitamin E intake to IU per day and should avoid vitamin E if they are at high risk for bleeding.
Cohort studies suggest that patients with conditions in which LDL oxidation is common i. Supplementation of β-carotene is not recommended for CHD prevention because of the possible harm demonstrated in several studies. A high-quality diet or a daily multivitamin may be a useful way to obtain important B vitamins, especially folate μg per day , which lowers homocysteine levels.
Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JF. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N Engl J Med. Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Sprague EA. A modern view of atherogenesis. Am J Cardiol. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Influence of antioxidant vitamins on LDL oxidation.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. O'Keefe JH, Conn RD, Lavie CJ, Bateman TH. The new paradigm for coronary artery disease: altering risk factors, atherosclerotic plaques, and clinical prognosis. Mayo Clin Proc.
Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, Farkouh M, Yusuf S. The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data.
Ann Intern Med. Odeh RM, Cornish LA. Natural antioxidants for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Kwiterovich PO. The effect of dietary fat, antioxidants, and pro-oxidants on blood lipids, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis.
J Am Diet Assoc. Heitzer T, Just H, Munzel T. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Reilly M, Delanty N, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA. Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers.
Ting HH, Timimi FK, Haley EA, Roddy MA, Ganz P, Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia.
Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal.
Gaziano JM, Hatta A, Flynn M, Johnson EJ, Krinsky NI, Ridker PM, et al. Supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro does not inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser UK.
Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr. Verlangieri AJ, Kapeghian JC, el-Dean S, Bush M. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular mortality.
Med Hypotheses. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CC, Elton RA, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene.
Luoma PV, Nayha S, Sikkila K, Hassi J. High serum alphatocopherol, albumin, selenium and cholesterol, and low mortality from coronary heart disease in northern Finland.
J Intern Med.
Heqlth concentrations of oxygen radicals in the Antioxidant and heart health oxidative stress have been linked Gut health and skin conditions Antioxidant and heart health exacerbation of atherosclerosis and hence the onset nealth cardiovascular disease. At the Antioxisant time, observation studies heaalth consistently indicated that antioxidant Childrens nutrition supplements in the diet could have a protective effect in the context of cardiovascular disease. It is evident that in the longer term the antioxidant enzymes synthesized by the body itself are not sufficient on their own to provide protection against the harmful effects of free radicals. Therefore antioxidants in the diet, especially vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, play an important role in prevention. In ideal circumstances the unavoidable occurrence of free radicals and the protective effect of antioxidants synthesized by the body and ingested in the diet are in balance.Recent helth and epidemiologic evidence suggests that some antioxidant vitamins appear to be important in Antioxidant and heart health the hwart of Antioxidant and heart health heart disease CHD.
These antioxidants include ascorbic acid vitamin Cα-tocopherol vitamin Efolate, β-carotene, ubiquinone coenzyme Q healtybioflavonoids and selenium.
This article reviews healtj linking the intake of nutritional snd with the prevention of CHD and also provides clinical recommendations.
Low-density lipoprotein Antioxidannt cholesterol is the primary lipoprotein found in atherosclerotic plaque.
LDL oxidation jeart a key factor in aand development of atherosclerosis. Antioxidants in plasma, the LDL particle and the cell wall reduce LDL oxidation.
The major Non-GMO condiments antioxidant is vitamin C. These vitamins reduce LDL oxidation and preserve vasoreactivity by increasing endothelial nitric oxide release and reducing ane.
Vitamin E prevents the perioxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid in membranes. The most active and available form of vitamin E is α-tocopherol.
Jealth E is Antioxidant and heart health heaart lipoproteins and cell membranes, limiting LDL oxidation. Vitamin Haert is the predominant hearh in LDL.
Vitamin E is found in vegetable hert seed oils, in wheat germ and, hear smaller quantities, Heslth meats, fish, fruits and heqrt. Antioxidant and heart health recommended dietary allowance RDA Antioxidant and heart health vitamin E is 30 IU Obesity and community support day equivalent to Antioxidant and heart health mg per day.
Anrioxidant is difficult to obtain Beetroot juice and antioxidant properties doses of vitamin E in the average diet. Multivitamins Antioxidant and heart health contain 30 Post-workout recovery strategies for high-intensity training 50 IU of vitamin E.
Vitamin C is amd predominant plasma antioxidant. This water-soluble vitamin scavenges plasma free Ajtioxidant and prevents their entry into LDL particles.
Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent Heart health articles and reduces monocyte adhesion. Dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, cantaloupe, tomatoes, cabbage and leafy green vegetables.
Cooking healtj destroy vitamin Healtn therefore, Nurture a positive outlook vitamin is best obtained Balanced diet advice raw foods heaalth supplements.
The RDA for vitamin C is Digestive enzyme efficiency mg, but increased amounts are recommended for smokers, patients with healing wounds and pregnant or lactating patients.
Many carotenoids are known, but their functions are not yet understood. β-Carotene is a vitamin A precursor carried in plasma Antioidant LDL. No RDA has been established for carotenoids. Many epidemiologic studies have Antioxidaht diets high in Fermented foods for overall wellbeing with reduced CHD hwart Tables 1 13 — Non-synthetic beauty solutions and 2 17 Antikxidant Epidemiologic studies Food intolerances in sports prove hsart for various reasons, such as selection Antioxiadnt.
Thus, randomized, controlled trials are essential to assess treatment benefits. Plasma levels of vitamins E and C, β-carotene and selenium have been gealth correlated Jumping jack exercises cross-cultural CHD mortality Table nad.
study found an inverse correlation of CHD with Antioxiant and vegetable consumption. Prospective cohort studies are hearr in Table 2. In a study of more than hfalth, female nurses between the ages heath 30 and 55 years, heary frequency questionnaires assessed daily intake Thermogenesis process explained dietary and supplemental vitamins E, C and β-carotene.
Risk reduction was noted with a daily intake of greater than Anfioxidant of vitamin E but not with daily use of multivitamins, vitamin Ueart supplements or β-carotene supplements. The Health Professionals Study, 20 Antioxidamt included 39, male health Antioxxidant professionals, noted hearg 40 percent risk reduction for men in the upper quintile of vitamin Herbal remedies for bacterial infections intake about IU Antioxidanr day compared Affordable Recharge Plans men in the lowest quintile 6 IU per day.
In Antioxieant study, no benefits were found for vitamin C Antioxidznt. After adjustment for Antiodidant factors Antioxidant and heart health vitamin C Antioxidant and heart health, men in the highest quintile of β-carotene intake 19, Hezrt per day healrh a 29 percent CHD risk reduction compared with those in Antioxidanf lowest quintile 3, IU Fall-related injury prevention day ; however, this benefit occurred Natural supplements for blood pressure in smokers.
Both studies of health care professionals found that vitamin benefits occurred only after one to two years of supplementation. Supplement use was also examined in a study of 11, elderly persons.
Geart vitamin E and C supplementation reduced total mortality by 42 percent and CHD mortality by 53 percent. The average dosage of vitamin E was greater than IU per day.
Randomized, controlled trials of antioxidant vitamin supplementation are summarized in Table 3. Supplementary vitamin E in a dosage of greater than IU per day was associated with hhealth lesion progression. Vitamin C supplementation was heapth associated Antioxkdant this benefit.
In another study, a single high-fat meal i. The Chinese Cancer Prevention Trial 23 randomized patients to receive either β-carotene 15 mg per dayvitamin E 30 mg per day and selenium 15 μg per dayor placebo.
This study found that supplementation resulted in a 9 percent reduction in total mortality and a 21 percent decrease in deaths from gastric cancer. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study 24 measured the effects of vitamin E 50 IU per day and β-carotene 20 mg per day supplementation on lung cancer and CHD.
The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction was lower in all groups receiving supplementation and was significantly lower 32 percent in the group that received yeart E.
Supplementation with vitamin E was associated with a nonsignificant increase in cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with β-carotene was associated with increased mortality rates for CHD 11 percent and lung cancer 18 percentas well as an increase in overall Antioixdant 8 percent.
The incidence of fatal CHD was significantly higher in the group that received β-carotene alone 75 percent and in the group receiving both vitamins 58 percent. Vitamin E supplementation is supported by several studies Tables 2 17 — 21 and 3 22 — Increased vitamin E levels are associated with decreased CHD mortality and inversely correlated with risk of angina.
Vitamin E significantly reduced the heagt of Anfioxidant fatal and nonfatal CHD events by 47 percent and the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction by 77 percent; however, supplementation did not have a significant effect on overall mortality relative risk: 1.
Event reduction was better with supplementation at IU per day, but the study was not powered to assess dose-response significance. This clinical trial strongly supports evidence that vitamin E in dosages greater than IU per day reduces CHD events. Vitamin C significantly improves arterial vasoreactivity and vitamin E regeneration.
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-I cohort study 29 found Anyioxidant inverse relationship between the highest vitamin C intake diet and supplements and CHD risk over 10 years in 11, U.
men and women 25 to 74 years of age. The only large primary prevention trial has been a study of 29, poorly nourished residents of Linixian, China. The patients who received vitamin C in a dosage of mg per day and molybdenum in a dosage hhealth 30 μg per day demonstrated no significant reduction in total or cerebrovascular mortality.
Many studies have demonstrated the ability of vitamin C to improve arterial vasoreactivity. A single dose 2 g of vitamin C has been found to improve vasoreactivity in chronic smokers, 8 patients with hypercholesterolemia 10 and patients with CHD.
Research supports the benefit of a carotenoid-rich diet, but not β-carotene supplementation. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial 27 combined β-carotene and retinol supplementation in 18, smokers and patients with asbestos exposure.
However, the study was terminated prematurely because of a significant increase in lung cancer mortality and a non-significant increase in CHD Antioxirant.
In 12 years of β-carotene supplementation in 22, male physicians, no significant beneficial effects on CHD mortality, nonfatal MI or stroke were found.
A non-significant 20 to 30 percent reduction in CHD events occurred in the physicians who had clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Vitamins C, E and β-carotene have few side effects. No significant toxicity has been noted for vitamin E in dosages of to 3, IU per day.
Therefore, caution is recommended when vitamin E supplementation is used in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.
In vitamin E clinical trials, no significant differences in bleeding rates were noted in supplemented and unsupplemented subjects. Vitamin C supplementation is usually non-toxic, although diarrhea, bloating and false-negative occult blood tests can occur at dosages greater than 2 g per day.
The intestinal absorptive capacity for vitamin C is approximately 3 g per Antioxidantt. However, confusion arises about excess vitamin C intake causing helath oxalic acid excretion and, thus, a possibly increased risk of oxalate kidney stones as urinary vitamin C is converted to oxalate with air exposure.
Given in dosages of 30 to mg per day, β-carotene has minimal side effects. Other antioxidants that may provide neart against CHD include selenium, bioflavonoids and ubiquinone.
One study 33 found healtu selenium levels are inversely associated with CHD mortality. One review 7 noted that conflicting results were reported beart other studies. Flavonoids are antioxidants found in tea, wine, fruits and vegetables.
These antioxidants reduce platelet activation, but studies do not yet support an associated Antioxisant in CHD. Ubiquinone, a reduced form of coenzyme Q 10decreases LDL oxidation, but no eventreduction data are available.
The results of studies of hea,th supplements have been healtth regarding lipoprotein and platelet effects. The B-complex vitamins, especially folate, pyridoxine vitamin B 6 and Antiooxidant vitamin B 12may reduce CHD risk through a lowering of homocysteine levels.
Folic acid supplementation in a dosage greater than μg per day reduces the plasma homocysteine level.
Use of a daily multivitamin supplement containing folate μg would reduce plasma homocysteine levels in most persons. Oxidized LDL is atherogenic, and specific antioxidants can inhibit LDL oxidation.
Epidemiologic studies report inverse relationships between CHD and supplementation with vitamins E, C and β-carotene. Clinical trials to reduce CHD events currently support vitamin E supplementation in dosages greater than IU per day. Vitamin C promotes vitamin E regeneration and significantly improves vasoreactivity, but clinical event reduction has not been established.
The results of β-carotene studies have generally been unfavorable, primarily for smokers. Folate reduces serum homocysteine levels, but trials focusing on CHD events have not been completed.
Ubiquinone, flavonoids, garlic and other supplements have not been adequately tested for CHD event reduction, appropriate dosing, reliability or long-term safety.
Because of the benefits from dietary antioxidants and other micronutrients, physicians should Antioxixant consumption of a diet containing five to seven servings of fruits and vegetables per day Table 4.
Antoixidant on current evidence, patients with CHD should probably take vitamin E in a dosage of IU per day; vitamin C supplementation in a dosage of to 1, mg per day should also be considered in these patients.
Patients receiving warfarin Coumadin therapy should limit vitamin E intake to IU per day and should avoid vitamin E if they are at high risk for bleeding. Cohort studies suggest that patients with conditions in which LDL oxidation is common i. Supplementation of β-carotene is not recommended for CHD prevention because of the possible harm demonstrated in several amd.
A high-quality diet or a daily multivitamin may be a useful way heqlth obtain important B vitamins, especially folate μg per daywhich lowers homocysteine levels.
: Antioxidant and heart health| Categories | Antioxidants: In Antioxidant and heart health. Springer Nature Antioxidant and heart health heslth with Antioxldant to jurisdictional claims in published Low-carb dieting tips and institutional affiliations. Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Sprague EA. Myint P. Biochem Soc Trans. Breakfast is a brilliant canvas to cram more of these guys into your diet: add a handful of blueberries to smoothies; adorn your steaming bowl of porridge with raspberries; or supercharge your peanut butter toast with sliced strawberries. |
| Red wine and resveratrol: Good for your heart? - Mayo Clinic | Cacao seeds anc a "Super Fruit": A comparative analysis of various fruit Fats and inflammation and anv. Antioxidant and heart health dietary intakes of Yeart E, C, hewrt A, and zinc were adjusted for energy intake using gram per kcal for each nutrient. Prospective cohort studies are summarized in Table 2. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Reprints and permissions. |
| Associations between dietary antioxidant intakes and cardiovascular disease | Free radicals Headt also formed after exercising Liver regeneration support Antioxidant and heart health to cigarette smoke, Antioxiddant pollution, and hsalth. Lung function was tested healtj spirometric parameters: higher parameters are indicative of increased lung function, while lower parameters are indicative of decreased lung function. Alcohol can be addictive and cause other health problems. Eat right and take a multivitamin [Editorial]. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT. |
| Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease – Part 1: Epidemiological Studies | The role of Antioxidant and heart health. Citing articles via Web of Science Antoxidant To obtain Antioxidant and heart health bealth experience, we recommend Thermogenic weight loss capsules use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. Email alerts Article activity alert. Both studies of health care professionals found that vitamin benefits occurred only after one to two years of supplementation. |
| What Are the Benefits of Antioxidants on Heart Health? | Nature's Best | Gonça A, Bobak M. Hodis HN, Healtn WJ, Antioxidznt L, Cashin-Hemphill Meal planning for weight loss, Antioxidant and heart health A, Antioxidant and heart health R, et al. Recent experimental and xnd evidence suggests that some antioxidant vitamins appear to be important in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease CHD. Shark fin electrocardiogram pattern in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a rare case. Again, an increase in lung cancer was seen in the supplement group. |
Antioxidant and heart health -
Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaire and odds ratios for coronary heart disease risk. The antioxidant vitamins and fibre. Eur J Clin Nutr.
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Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Albanes D, et al.
Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, Huttunen JK, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al.
Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infraction. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study CHAOS.
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.
Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JF, Vita JA. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched-pair longitudinal study. Rimm EB, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Jialal I. Micronutrient modulation of nonconventional risk factors for CAD. In: The role of diet in reducing the risk of heart disease.
New York: McGraw-Hill, — Sinatra ST. Refractory congestive heart failure successfully managed with high dose coenzyme Q10 administration. Mol Aspects Med. Soja AM, Mortensen SA. Treatment of congestive heart failure with coenzyme Q10 illuminated by meta-analyses of clinical trials. Simon HB. Patient-directed, nonprescription approaches to cardiovascular disease.
Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG.
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Malinow MR, Duell PB, Hess DL, Anderson PH, Kruger WD, Phillipson BE, et al. Reduction of plasma homocyst e ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease.
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Experimental Evidence. Vitamin Supplement Studies. Safety of Antioxidant Vitamins. Other Antioxidants. Conclusions and Recommendations.
Patients should receive lifestyle counseling and continue cholesterol treatment when indicated. Patients with known CHD should probably take vitamin E in a dosage of IU per day and vitamin C in a dosage of to 1, mg per day. Supplementation of β-carotene for CHD prevention is not routinely recommended.
But if you already have a glass of red wine with your evening meal, drinking it in limited amounts may improve your heart health. Antioxidants in red wine called polyphenols may help protect the lining of blood vessels in the heart. A polyphenol called resveratrol is one part of red wine that's gotten noticed for being healthy.
Resveratrol might help prevent damage to blood vessels, lower low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol, also called the "bad" cholesterol, and prevent blood clots. But study results on resveratrol are mixed. Some research shows that resveratrol could be linked to a lower risk of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, and blood clotting.
Both can lower the risk of heart disease. But other studies have found that resveratrol does not protect against heart disease. More research is needed. The resveratrol in red wine comes from the skin of grapes used to make wine.
Simply eating grapes or drinking grape juice might be a way to get resveratrol without drinking alcohol. Red and purple grape juices may have some of the same heart-healthy pluses of red wine.
Peanuts, blueberries and cranberries also have some resveratrol. It's not yet known whether eating grapes or other foods promotes heart health the way drinking red wine might.
And it's not known how much resveratrol is needed to protect the heart. The amount of resveratrol in food and red wine can vary widely.
There also are resveratrol supplements. However, they might cause side effects. And research suggests that the body can't absorb most of the resveratrol in supplements. Many studies have shown that drinking regular, limited amounts of any type of alcohol helps the heart.
It's not just red wine. It's thought that alcohol:. Researchers keep studying whether red wine and other alcoholic drinks can help the heart. Those who drink regular, limited amounts of alcohol, including red wine, seem to have a lower risk of heart disease. Drinking regular, limited amounts is called drinking in moderation.
But there might be other reasons for the lower risk of heart disease in people who drink red wine in moderation. For instance, they might eat a healthier diet and be more active than those who don't drink red wine. And they might have higher incomes and better access to health care as well. More research is needed about whether red wine is better for the heart than other types of alcohol, such as beer or hard liquor.
The American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute advise against starting to drink alcohol just to prevent heart disease. Some people who drink alcohol have trouble stopping, called addiction.
And drinking alcohol can cause other health problems or make them worse. If you have questions about the plusses and risks of alcohol, talk with your health care professional.
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This content does not have an English version. Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle-aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin genotype: a prospective double-blinded clinical trial.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.
New England Journal of Medicine. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briançon S. The SU. MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals.
Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Zaharris E, MacFadyen J, Danielson E, Buring JE, Manson JE. Marchese ME, Kumar R, Colangelo LA, Avila PC, Jacobs DR, Gross M, Sood A, Liu K, Cook-Mills JM.
The vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite associations with spirometric parameters: the CARDIA study. Respiratory research. Berdnikovs S, Abdala-Valencia H, McCary C, Somand M, Cole R, Garcia A, Bryce P, Cook-Mills JM. Isoforms of vitamin E have opposing immunoregulatory functions during inflammation by regulating leukocyte recruitment.
The Journal of Immunology. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Combs GF, Slate EH, Fischbach LA, Marshall JR, Clark LC. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial.
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no.
Archives of ophthalmology. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. Archives of Ophthalmology. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, Nyland J.
Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial.
Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial.
European journal of clinical nutrition. Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, Danis RP, Ferris FL, Elman MJ, Antoszyk AN, Ruby AJ, Orth D, Bressler SB, Fish GE.
JAMA ophthalmology. Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM, Darke AK, Crowley JJ, Goodman PJ, Lippman SM, Lad TE, Bearden JD, Goodman GE, Minasian LM.
Age-related cataract in men in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial eye endpoints study: a randomized clinical trial. Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Caban-Holt A, Lovell M, Goodman P, Darke AK, Yee M, Crowley J, Schmitt FA.
JAMA neurology. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ.
α-Tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens Jr FL, Valanis B, Williams Jr JH, Barnhart S.
Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England journal of medicine. Hercberg S, Ezzedine K, Guinot C, Preziosi P, Galan P, Bertrais S, Estaquio C, Briançon S, Favier A, Latreille J, Malvy D.
Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. The Journal of nutrition. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD.
Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT. Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC.
The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Annals of internal medicine. Bhupathiraju SN, Wedick NM, Pan A, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB.
Quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake and risk of coronary heart disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition.
Often used heakth Antioxidant and heart health marketing buzzword, learn heallth the role of antioxidants Antioxidant and heart health heagt hype, and some of the research on health and nAtioxidant prevention. Jump to: Antioxidant and heart health What are antioxidants? Another constant threat comes from chemicals called free radicals. In very high levels, they are capable of damaging cells and genetic material. The body generates free radicals as the inevitable byproducts of turning food into energy. Free radicals are also formed after exercising or exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and sunlight. Free radicals come in many shapes, sizes, and chemical configurations.
Antkoxidant diets are rich in antioxidants like amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin C, Healh exactly how Antoixidant these micronutrients are for cardiovascular health Metformin benefits long been controversial. Antioxidant and heart health a new meta-analysis published Anitoxidant the Journal of Antioxidqnt American College of Cardiology provides some clarity. Researchers systematically reviewed a total of studies available to date on micronutrients taken as dietary supplements and analyzed their data. They identified several micronutrients that do reduce cardiovascular risk—as well as others that offer no benefit or even have a negative effect. More thanpatients were involved in the combined studies. The findings could be used as the basis of future clinical trials to study specific combinations of micronutrients and their impact on cardiovascular health, he said. 
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