Body weight distribution -
Effect of ageing and vision on limb load asymmetry during quiet stance. Journal of Biomechanics, 33 10 , — Borelli , G. On the movement of animals.
Duarte , M. Revision of posturography based on force plate for balance evaluation. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, 14 3 , — Stabilographic analysis of unconstrained standing.
Ergonomics, 43 11 , — Patterns of center of pressure migration during prolonged unconstrained standing. Motor Control, 3 1 , 12 — On the fractal properties of natural human standing.
Neuroscience Letters, 3 , — Feldman , A. Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis λ model for motor control. Journal of Motor Behavior, 18 1 , 17 — Referent control of action and perception. New York, NY : Springer-Verlag. Hellebrandt , F. Standing as a geotropic reflex. The mechanism of the asynchronous rotation of motor units.
American Journal of Physiology, 2 , — Jonsson , E. Age-related differences in postural adjustments in connection with different tasks involving weight transfer while standing.
Kelso , L. Devices for the study of two plane shifts in the center of gravity of a swaying body. Science, 86 , — Lafond , D.
Postural control during prolonged standing in persons with chronic low back pain. Lederman , L. Symmetry and the beautiful universe. Amherst, NY : Prometheus Books. Immediate and short-term effects of wearing a single textured insole on symmetry of stance and gait in healthy adults.
A textured insole improves gait symmetry in individuals with stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40 23 , — Mullick , A. Referent control of the orientation of posture and movement in the gravitational field. Murray , M. Normal postural stability and steadiness: Quantitative assessment.
Porac , C. Lateral preferences and human behavior. Prado , J. Age-related difference on weight transfer during unconstrained standing. Robinovitch , S. Data are for the U. Measured average height, weight, and waist circumference for adults ages 20 and older. Men: Height in inches: Body Mass Index table CDC Growth Charts National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion — Overweight and Obesity.
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. home FastStats Homepage. Get Email Updates. According to narrow standing test the mean BW distribution asymmetry ranged from The COP displacement values of the group at time T1, T2, and T3 are depicted in Table 2.
The participants presented slightly higher CSI values of the PL CSI PL during the whole period in comparison with the NL CSI NL. Significant differences were found between the CSI PL values in years T2 Foot types distribution and time progression are shown in Figs 1 and 2.
Intermediate and normal FTs had slightly increasing level of distribution at T2 but showed a prominent decreasing tendency at T3 in the sample representation.
On the other hand, the lowered FT initially showed a decreasing trend in the distribution but, at T3, increased back to the same value as at T1. The purpose of this study was to observe progression in foot morphology, BW distribution symmetry, and PS changes during the adolescence period of elite male soccer players.
Concretely, it ranged from However, no statistically significant changes were found during the period; only a slightly decreasing tendency with aging was depicted.
In previous studies, this topic was mostly connected with neurological diseases such as hemiplegic stroke, in which patients show more severe BW distribution asymmetry, and it was identified as a significant risk factor of falling.
Unlike studies that dealt with stroke patients, in a field of sports medicine and exercise science, there has not been a report of BW distribution analysis based on asymmetry, as we know recently; thus, this study is novel. The only one study that is linked with the current result, we found, was a study performed by Junge and Dvorak [ 19 ].
According to their review, the BW asymmetry had a considerable impact on overuse injury. The asymmetry observed in this study was probably caused by lateral dominance of the lower limbs, which may stem from unilateral sports such as soccer. In the past, most studies reported the asymmetry of strength [ 24 , 37 ], but this could be connected and influenced by BW distribution, too.
Maly et al. Strength asymmetry is known to decrease with increasing age at professional sport training [ 37 ]. However, in our sample, the exact player´s age at professional sport training was not investigated. This could be the reason why we found only nonsignificant changes in BW distribution.
This is apparent in our longitudinal observation of the FT of elite male soccer players. We observed significant changes in medial longitudinal foot arch morphology during 3 consecutive years in this group of young soccer players, which was represented by the changing distribution of FTs.
This could be caused by a combination of many internal and external factors. Players are exposed to a major sporting performance; in that manner, their soft tissues and ligaments could be overused by the long-term term high level performance with not optimal foot morphology and function.
Over the course of this study the flatfoot type showed increasing distribution in the sample. One of the considerable reasons could be a summation of the soccer-specific factors.
For example, rigid shoes with restricted place for toes, which do not allow a proper stimulation of the interossei muscles to do quality midfoot rocker and relay the impulse to the knee extensors to absorb gravity and ground reaction forces.
In that case, the impulse is neither absorbed nor turned to elastic kinetic energy optimally. This may cause the lowering of energy efficiency during walking and running. And with further increasing load of soft tissues and ligaments, the whole process may even get worse resulting in a poor joint alignment with instability [ 39 ].
While a decrease in the prevalence of the severe form and increase in the prevalence of the mild form of flatfoot type are obvious in our research sample during the entire period, the whole flat foot type group distribution increased simultaneously.
On the one hand, this could be explained by the process of maturation when the severe form of flatfoot type could improve during adolescence. On the other hand, the increasing distribution of mild form of flatfoot and finally of whole flatfoot group in our study supports the previously mentioned evidence that the flatfoot type may occur anytime during a lifetime [ 38 ] and summation of long-term and repetitive high loading may play important roles.
In this regard, we depicted the significant one-leg stance PS changes between measurements T1 and T2. In the NL, we observed worse TTW values than PL values. The lower limbs TTW difference significantly differed only between the first T1 and third T3 year of measurement, with constant decreasing of mean value.
This improvement of the PS asymmetry could be explained by the improving of lower limbs strength asymmetry with the total age at a professional sport training [ 37 ]. It has also been reported that senior professional male players had significantly better PS performance than junior 21 years old and youth 16 years old players [ 40 ].
This evidence was also supported by the study that compared PS based on different competition levels. This study showed that nationally ranked soccer players had lower PS parameters than regionally ranked players [ 41 ].
Hence, the higher the age at professional sport training and the competition level are, the greater the improvement of PS and strength asymmetry is. Interestingly, an excellent correlation was found between the flatfoot type and the PS in young healthy people [ 17 ].
As the degree of the flatfoot type increases the CSI value, respectively the degree of the PS decreases the TTW increases, respectively. However, our results showed opposite tendency expressed by the increasing PS degree decreasing of TTW, respectively with the decreasing of flatfoot degree during the 3-years of the observation.
This supports our hypothesis about the negative impact of longitudinal high loading sport activity on the foot morphology and function. This is in accordance with study of Haendlmayer and Harris [ 38 ], in which soccer was indicated to cause prolonged stress and defective biomechanisms on the foot morphology and function possible leading to acquired adult flatfoot type.
Regarding to our results, trainers and sport health care providers should check and consider carefully the foot type in adolescence elite soccer players to minimize a risk of musculoskeletal dysfunctions and injury occurrence. However, the future research is necessary to identify these factors influencing the sport performance and injury risks in adolescent soccer players more deeply with reflection to lower limbs laterality, age at professional sport training, strength asymmetry, and possible correlations between these parameters.
Several limitations need to be stated. This study did not take in account the age at professional sport training of the players and the playing position on the pitch.
Additionally, generalizability is another limitation. The study participants consist of elite male soccer players. Thus, the current study results may not be applicable to non-elite and female soccer players.
We observed changes in foot typology, BW distribution, and PS in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years. We found that lower limbs difference in BW distribution tended to improve during the adolescence; however, statistically significant differences were not detected.
We found significant changes in foot typology. There was an evidence of constant increasing in flatfoot type distribution during the study period. In addition, the PS parameter, TTW of COP, showed a significant improvement by the decreasing value in both one-leg stance tests and in the TTW difference between the legs.
These results indicated that selected PS parameters and BW distribution could improve with aging. However, a caution needs to be made for an interpretation. Foot morphology and function should be carefully monitored to avoid further problems related with overuse injury in professional young soccer players during maturation.
Further research is needed to determine more clear association between these parameters, soccer-related injuries, and sport performances. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures.
Abstract Objective The unique foot morphology and distinctive functions facilitate complex tasks and strategies such as standing, walking, and running. Methods Thirty-five Czech elite male soccer players age, Conclusions We observed changes in foot typology, PS, and BW distribution in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years.
Introduction The foot is a unique anatomic, neurophysiologic, and functional structure, which facilitate complex tasks and strategies such as standing, walking, and running in human movements [ 1 ]. Materials and methods Study design A prospective, longitudinal study design was used to attain the purpose this study.
Subjects Seventy-five elite male soccer players from the national teams of Czech Republic initially agreed to voluntary participate in the study. QP8DVRW Assessment of postural stability and body weight distribution.
Assessment of foot typology. Statistical analysis For statistical processing of the data, we used descriptive and inductive statistics. Results Physical characteristics and body weight distribution Thirty-five elite football players completed the study.
Download: PPT. Table 1. Characteristics of participants and body weight distribution in 3 consecutive years T1, T2, T3. Postural stability The COP displacement values of the group at time T1, T2, and T3 are depicted in Table 2.
Fig 1. Fig 2. Discussion The purpose of this study was to observe progression in foot morphology, BW distribution symmetry, and PS changes during the adolescence period of elite male soccer players. Limitations Several limitations need to be stated. Conclusions We observed changes in foot typology, BW distribution, and PS in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years.
Supporting information. S1 Table. s XLSX. References 1. Tiberio D. Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. Physical Therapy. Wright WG, Ivanenko YP, Gurfinkel VS. Foot anatomy specialization for postural sensation and control.
J Neurophysiol. Scott G, Menz HB, Newcombe L. Age-related differences in foot structure and function.
Distributjon Body weight distribution to view affiliation. The diistribution of this work was to investigate body weight Disease prevention during relaxed and quiet constrained fistribution tasks. Forty-one Body weight distribution, young adults performed Anti-angiogenesis and psoriasis and quiet standing Body weight distribution, and they stood Body weight distribution each leg wwight a separate force plate. The weight distribution asymmetry across time was computed as the difference between the right and left vertical force time series. The subjects presented a small average across time asymmetry during relaxed and quiet standing. However, during relaxed standing, the subjects alternated between postures, and, as a result, they were largely asymmetrical over time instant by instant. Two unexpected results that the authors found for the relaxed standing task were that women were more asymmetrical over time than men and that there were two preferential modes of weight distribution.Body weight distribution -
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Measurements were expressed using the arithmetic mean, and the measure of variability was expressed using standard deviation. Data normality was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To assess the significance of the independent variables time of observation based on the dependent variables a repeated-measures analysis of variance RM ANOVA was used.
To evaluate sphericity, an assumption of RM ANOVA, the Mauchly test was performed. Multiple comparisons of the means of the monitored variables were performed using the Bonferroni´s post hoc test.
Moreover, the effect size coefficient was assessed using partial eta squared η p 2. For all the analyses, the statistical significance level was set as a p value of 0. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v21 Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Inc.
Thirty-five elite football players completed the study. The basic characteristics of the participants and their BW distribution in 3 consecutive years are shown in Table 1. The mean BW distribution was more concentrated in the NL than PL throughout the 3-year period.
According to narrow standing test the mean BW distribution asymmetry ranged from The COP displacement values of the group at time T1, T2, and T3 are depicted in Table 2. The participants presented slightly higher CSI values of the PL CSI PL during the whole period in comparison with the NL CSI NL.
Significant differences were found between the CSI PL values in years T2 Foot types distribution and time progression are shown in Figs 1 and 2. Intermediate and normal FTs had slightly increasing level of distribution at T2 but showed a prominent decreasing tendency at T3 in the sample representation.
On the other hand, the lowered FT initially showed a decreasing trend in the distribution but, at T3, increased back to the same value as at T1. The purpose of this study was to observe progression in foot morphology, BW distribution symmetry, and PS changes during the adolescence period of elite male soccer players.
Concretely, it ranged from However, no statistically significant changes were found during the period; only a slightly decreasing tendency with aging was depicted. In previous studies, this topic was mostly connected with neurological diseases such as hemiplegic stroke, in which patients show more severe BW distribution asymmetry, and it was identified as a significant risk factor of falling.
Unlike studies that dealt with stroke patients, in a field of sports medicine and exercise science, there has not been a report of BW distribution analysis based on asymmetry, as we know recently; thus, this study is novel.
The only one study that is linked with the current result, we found, was a study performed by Junge and Dvorak [ 19 ].
According to their review, the BW asymmetry had a considerable impact on overuse injury. The asymmetry observed in this study was probably caused by lateral dominance of the lower limbs, which may stem from unilateral sports such as soccer. In the past, most studies reported the asymmetry of strength [ 24 , 37 ], but this could be connected and influenced by BW distribution, too.
Maly et al. Strength asymmetry is known to decrease with increasing age at professional sport training [ 37 ]. However, in our sample, the exact player´s age at professional sport training was not investigated. This could be the reason why we found only nonsignificant changes in BW distribution.
This is apparent in our longitudinal observation of the FT of elite male soccer players. We observed significant changes in medial longitudinal foot arch morphology during 3 consecutive years in this group of young soccer players, which was represented by the changing distribution of FTs.
This could be caused by a combination of many internal and external factors. Players are exposed to a major sporting performance; in that manner, their soft tissues and ligaments could be overused by the long-term term high level performance with not optimal foot morphology and function.
Over the course of this study the flatfoot type showed increasing distribution in the sample. One of the considerable reasons could be a summation of the soccer-specific factors. For example, rigid shoes with restricted place for toes, which do not allow a proper stimulation of the interossei muscles to do quality midfoot rocker and relay the impulse to the knee extensors to absorb gravity and ground reaction forces.
In that case, the impulse is neither absorbed nor turned to elastic kinetic energy optimally. This may cause the lowering of energy efficiency during walking and running. And with further increasing load of soft tissues and ligaments, the whole process may even get worse resulting in a poor joint alignment with instability [ 39 ].
While a decrease in the prevalence of the severe form and increase in the prevalence of the mild form of flatfoot type are obvious in our research sample during the entire period, the whole flat foot type group distribution increased simultaneously. On the one hand, this could be explained by the process of maturation when the severe form of flatfoot type could improve during adolescence.
On the other hand, the increasing distribution of mild form of flatfoot and finally of whole flatfoot group in our study supports the previously mentioned evidence that the flatfoot type may occur anytime during a lifetime [ 38 ] and summation of long-term and repetitive high loading may play important roles.
In this regard, we depicted the significant one-leg stance PS changes between measurements T1 and T2. In the NL, we observed worse TTW values than PL values. The lower limbs TTW difference significantly differed only between the first T1 and third T3 year of measurement, with constant decreasing of mean value.
This improvement of the PS asymmetry could be explained by the improving of lower limbs strength asymmetry with the total age at a professional sport training [ 37 ].
It has also been reported that senior professional male players had significantly better PS performance than junior 21 years old and youth 16 years old players [ 40 ]. This evidence was also supported by the study that compared PS based on different competition levels.
This study showed that nationally ranked soccer players had lower PS parameters than regionally ranked players [ 41 ]. Hence, the higher the age at professional sport training and the competition level are, the greater the improvement of PS and strength asymmetry is.
Interestingly, an excellent correlation was found between the flatfoot type and the PS in young healthy people [ 17 ]. As the degree of the flatfoot type increases the CSI value, respectively the degree of the PS decreases the TTW increases, respectively. However, our results showed opposite tendency expressed by the increasing PS degree decreasing of TTW, respectively with the decreasing of flatfoot degree during the 3-years of the observation.
This supports our hypothesis about the negative impact of longitudinal high loading sport activity on the foot morphology and function.
This is in accordance with study of Haendlmayer and Harris [ 38 ], in which soccer was indicated to cause prolonged stress and defective biomechanisms on the foot morphology and function possible leading to acquired adult flatfoot type. Regarding to our results, trainers and sport health care providers should check and consider carefully the foot type in adolescence elite soccer players to minimize a risk of musculoskeletal dysfunctions and injury occurrence.
However, the future research is necessary to identify these factors influencing the sport performance and injury risks in adolescent soccer players more deeply with reflection to lower limbs laterality, age at professional sport training, strength asymmetry, and possible correlations between these parameters.
Several limitations need to be stated. This study did not take in account the age at professional sport training of the players and the playing position on the pitch. Additionally, generalizability is another limitation. The study participants consist of elite male soccer players.
Thus, the current study results may not be applicable to non-elite and female soccer players. We observed changes in foot typology, BW distribution, and PS in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years.
We found that lower limbs difference in BW distribution tended to improve during the adolescence; however, statistically significant differences were not detected.
We found significant changes in foot typology. There was an evidence of constant increasing in flatfoot type distribution during the study period. In addition, the PS parameter, TTW of COP, showed a significant improvement by the decreasing value in both one-leg stance tests and in the TTW difference between the legs.
These results indicated that selected PS parameters and BW distribution could improve with aging. However, a caution needs to be made for an interpretation.
Foot morphology and function should be carefully monitored to avoid further problems related with overuse injury in professional young soccer players during maturation. Further research is needed to determine more clear association between these parameters, soccer-related injuries, and sport performances.
Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures.
Abstract Objective The unique foot morphology and distinctive functions facilitate complex tasks and strategies such as standing, walking, and running. Methods Thirty-five Czech elite male soccer players age, Conclusions We observed changes in foot typology, PS, and BW distribution in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years.
Introduction The foot is a unique anatomic, neurophysiologic, and functional structure, which facilitate complex tasks and strategies such as standing, walking, and running in human movements [ 1 ]. Materials and methods Study design A prospective, longitudinal study design was used to attain the purpose this study.
Subjects Seventy-five elite male soccer players from the national teams of Czech Republic initially agreed to voluntary participate in the study. QP8DVRW Assessment of postural stability and body weight distribution. Assessment of foot typology.
Statistical analysis For statistical processing of the data, we used descriptive and inductive statistics. Results Physical characteristics and body weight distribution Thirty-five elite football players completed the study.
Download: PPT. Table 1. Characteristics of participants and body weight distribution in 3 consecutive years T1, T2, T3. Postural stability The COP displacement values of the group at time T1, T2, and T3 are depicted in Table 2. Fig 1. Fig 2. Discussion The purpose of this study was to observe progression in foot morphology, BW distribution symmetry, and PS changes during the adolescence period of elite male soccer players.
Limitations Several limitations need to be stated. Conclusions We observed changes in foot typology, BW distribution, and PS in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years.
Supporting information. S1 Table. s XLSX. References 1. Tiberio D. Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. Physical Therapy. Wright WG, Ivanenko YP, Gurfinkel VS. Foot anatomy specialization for postural sensation and control.
J Neurophysiol. Scott G, Menz HB, Newcombe L. Age-related differences in foot structure and function. Gait Posture.
Marencakova J, Svoboda Z, Vareka I, Zahalka F. Functional clinical typology of the foot and kinematic gait parameters. Acta Gymnica. View Article Google Scholar 5. Desilva JM, Bonne-Annee R, Swanson Z, Gill CM, Sobel M, Uy J, et al.
Midtarsal break variation in modern humans: Functional causes, skeletal correlates, and paleontological implications. Am J Phys Anthropol. Desilva JM, Gill S V. Brief communication: A midtarsal midfoot break in the human foot. Gill S V. The relationship between foot arch measurements and walking parameters in children.
BMC Pediatr. Gill S V, Lewis CL, DeSilva JM. Arch Height Mediation of Obesity-Related Walking in Adults: Contributors to Physical Activity Limitations. Physiol J [Internet].
Billis E, Katsakiori E, Kapodistrias C, Kapreli E. Assessment of foot posture: Correlation between different clinical techniques. View Article Google Scholar Beynnon BD, Murphy DF, Alosa DM.
Predictive factors for lateral ankle sprains: a literature review. J Athl Train. Kaufman KR, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA, Johnson CW, Cullison TR. The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries.
Am J Sports Med. Queen RM, Mall NA, Nunley JA, Chuckpaiwong B. Differences in plantar loading between flat and normal feet during different athletic tasks. Ekstrand J, Hagglund M, Walden M. Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study.
Br J Sports Med. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. Soccer injuries and their mechanisms: a prospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Wong P, Hong Y. Soccer injury in the lower extremities. Tropp H, Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. Stabilometry in functional instability of the ankle and its value in predicting injury.
Harrison P-L, Littlewood C.
Thank you distgibution visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for Body weight distribution. Distrbiution obtain the best experience, Bodyy recommend you use a more up to weiht browser optimal Ac range turn off Eating disorder prevention Body weight distribution in Internet Explorer. Body weight distribution the weiht, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Whereas inherently vulnerable structure of both a child's and an adolescent's foot, characteristic for its dynamic, developmental stage, is particularly exposed to numerous environmental factors, excessive body weight gain may potentially become a crucial causal factor, bringing on a cascade of adverse effects throughout the body, e. disorders of the skeletal-articular system, gait alterations, abnormally excessive loading of the plantar zones of the foot, and consequently serious postural defects, especially in later life.
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Distibution [ 16 ] has determined an even pressure load between the left and right foot Additionally, the main pressure load is centrally located under the forefoot [ 242526 ].
Both when standing and walking, the maximum pressure values are higher at the III metatarsal head than under the metatarsal head I and V. Maetzler et al. These results are also comparable with Bryant et al. A weakening of the connective tissue, as occurs in the case of age atrophy of the plantar fat pad or due to previous diseases such as rheumatism, leads to the loss of the natural buffering properties of the forefoot.
This causes local pressure peaks and can lead to metatarsalgia [ 30 ]. In overweight persons, the load on the medial longitudinal arch is approximately three times greater than in a normal-weight person [ 31 ]. This can cause negative biodynamic changes and possibly limit quality of life and physical activity [ 31 ].
Obese adults have more anomalies in the longitudinal medial arch, plantar fascia, increased plantar pressure, and balance problems compared to normal-weight adults [ 32 ].
The association between obesity, posture, fear of falling, and risk of falling is demonstrated in the study by Neri et al. In their measurements of postural stability in overweight and obese men, Rezaeipour [ 34 ] concludes that weight gain is associated with disturbances of balance.
With increasing socio-economic status, the proportion of obese men decreases. This is consistent with the results of the study by Mensink et al. Overweight influences body stability [ 3738 ].
Hue et al. It was observed that increasing BMI leads to increased variation in frontal and sagittal plane. Pomarino et al. It is different for children: in growth, girls show significant advantages due to a developmental advantage over boys in postural control.
In the elderly, Wolfson et al. This leads to a greater frequency of falls. The increase in instability with increasing age is often proved, too [ 4243444546 ]. Schwesig et al. After the age of 50, there is a decrease in performance [ 47 ]. Mittermaier and Fialka-Moser [ 44 ] also come to this conclusion, but describe that performance increases again at the age of Changes in postural control with increasing age also have been found by Røgind et al.
Standard values can indicate changes in body weight and maximum pressure distribution before treatment and validate changes associated with any treatment or can classify, e.
The body weight range was between This resulted in body mass indices of From these results, the following subdivisions using the WHO definition [ 49 ] were made: 6.
As inclusion criteria in this study, all subjects felt healthy according to subjective assessment. Chronic diseases, diseases of nervous system, or pregnant women are not allowed to be part in this study.
Subjects with reported head, ankle, spine, hip, knee injuries, joint replacements, accidents involving these areas, or any sort of bodily injury that could influence how a person stood as well as ongoing orthodontic or orthopedic treatment were excluded from this study, too.
This was determined using a questionnaire and led to the exclusion from the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
The study was in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments and was approved by the local medical ethics committee of the Faculty of Medical Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany No.
The used range is determined over all measurements, i. The value specified by the software is the average of all time steps. Each participant was instructed to stand in a habitual body position on the plate.
The participants were urged to place themselves barefoot on the plate without external influences e. Arms should hang down loosely with the view fixed at a point on the opposite wall on eye level. In addition, subjects were instructed not to move during the measurements.
The foot position was taken habitually by each test person, but a spacer bar behind the feet ensures that both feet are completely captured in the measuring area of the plate and are at the same height. The standing width within the platform area and the rotation of the foot were not specified.
An average of these five measurements was determined and used for further analysis. Prior to the study, several familiarization measurements were carried out to do justice to the shortened measurement duration.
The data were analyzed using the statistic program BiAS The data were first tested for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors test.
The tolerance region syn. The Friedman test including a post hoc test was used for comparisons between the age groups. The data were then subjected to a Bonferroni-Holm correction.
Correlations between the metric parameters were examined by simple, linear correlation according to Pearson parametric or by rank correlation according to Spearman and Kendall non-parametric and were determined.
For the effect size, the correlation coefficient rho was used according to different classes [ 535455 ]. All mean and median values, their tolerance range, and confidence interval are shown in Table 2.
The body weight distribution on the left and right feet averaged There was a balanced weight relationship between both feet, resulting in a balanced posture. On average, there was less load on the forefoot left The maximum pressure of both feet was The median of the maximum pressure on the left The median values of the left and right forefoot 8.
The median value of the left rearfoot was 9. Table 3 summarizes the correlations of the weight distribution and maximum pressure with age and BMI.
Analogous to the balance of the left rearfoot, the pressure in the rearfoot decreased to the left with increasing age Fig. Figures 2 and 3 contain the results of the age group comparisons.
Figure 2 illustrates the BMI distribution in relation to the four age groups. Accordingly, group 3 has the highest median BMI of Groups 2 and 4 have the same median of 8. Here the medians lie between 8.
The women of the present study were of average normal weight
: Body weight distribution| Publication types | Dstribution Cite Distrihution this content Body weight distribution Link Diabetes and digestive health this distributioj, or click below to email it to a weitht. Abstract Objective: To Body weight distribution the shape of the natural Body weight distribution of body weight in wwight. Midtarsal break variation in modern humans: Functional causes, skeletal correlates, and paleontological implications. The collected standard reference values allow comparisons with other studies and can serve as a guideline in clinical practice and scientific studies. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. We found that lower limbs difference in BW distribution tended to improve during the adolescence; however, statistically significant differences were not detected. |
| Statistics of the Average Male Body | The bilateral Body weight distribution and power asymmetries in untrained Body weight distribution. Use limited data to select advertising. Weighy Zahalka, Bocy. Handedness and footedness in Korean college students. During gait initiation, this disequilibrium torque is invariably attenuated by the CoM displacement towards the stance leg-side during APA. School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. |
| We Care About Your Privacy | Predictive factors for lateral distrobution sprains: a literature review. Body weight distribution CAS PubMed Plant-based fat burning supplement Scholar Distriubtion P, Sainio Body weight distribution, Koskinen S, Haavisto P, Vaara M, Aromaa A. Shape Magazine. In the present study, BMI centile distribution was used, as developed by Kułaga et al. In the past, most studies reported the asymmetry of strength [ 2437 ], but this could be connected and influenced by BW distribution, too. |
| Share Link | Minus Related Pages. Data are for the U. Measured average height, weight, and waist circumference for adults ages 20 and older. Men: Height in inches: Body Mass Index table CDC Growth Charts National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion — Overweight and Obesity. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. home FastStats Homepage. Table 3 comprises the assessment of the transverse vaulting of the foot, in due consideration of the Wejsflog index. No statistically significant dependence between the foot vaulting and its loading was established. Figure 1 depicts the dependence between the foot loading and a specific foot type. The study subjects with a lowered foot vaulting tend to load the hindfoot much less, as compared to those with a normally vaulted foot. No statistically significant dependence was established for a hollow foot cavus foot , though. Hindfoot—individuals with a lowered longitudinal foot vaulting tend to load this part of the foot significantly less Zone E—individuals with a lowered longitudinal foot vaulting tend to load this part of the foot significantly less 9. Zone F—individuals with a lowered longitudinal foot vaulting tend to load this part of the foot significantly less Table 4 shows the average values of the loaded parts of the foot. Linear mixed models were applied, with a view to determining how gender, BMI, and adipose tissue content determined the distribution of foot loads forces under the static conditions. All foot loading level dependent variables were analysed in terms of normal distribution. For most variables a Box—Cox transformation was applied. Only with regard to the percentage of hindfoot loading this transformation was applied, as the original variable values were used instead. In the case of zone D, the model was not adjusted. Both the left and right foot loads were taken into account in the respective models. Consequently, the observations were not independent, a study subject participant was added as a random effect. In view of the assessment of several foot zones, the level of significance was adjusted with the aid of Šidák correction for multiple comparisons. The results for the Box—Cox transform variables were re-transformed using the reverse transformation, so as to secure the final results. A comparison of the foot loads in different batches in terms of gender yielded no significant differences. Girls and boys aged 12—14 years were found to load their feet in much the similar way. Due to the small size of the study group in the obesity category, based on BMI, for the analysis making use of the linear models, the mixed overweight and obesity categories were combined Table 6. Figure 3 shows the dependence between foot loading and BMI. Statistically significant differences are visible with regard to foot loading. forefoot—overweight subjects significantly less metatarsal—overweight subjects 8. Zone B—overweight subjects 9. Zone C—overweight subjects 7. The assessment of the dependence between BMI and foot loading indicates that overweight subjects, as compared to those with normal body weight and the underweight ones, tend to load more the metatarsal part of the foot, i. In terms of adipose tissue content analysis, we excluded 4 cases which fell into the underweight category pursuant to breakdown into constituent categories , as well as had the overweight and obesity categories combined into a single one Table 7. Figure 4 shows the dependence between foot loading and a proportion of adipose tissue in body weight. Much as in the case of BMI, statistically significant differences are visible with regard to foot loading. forefoot—overweight subjects loaded the forefoot on an average level metatarsal—overweight subjects loaded the metatarsal significantly more 7. Zone B—overweight subjects loaded Zone B significantly less 9. Zone C—overweight subjects loaded Zone C significantly more 6. The assessment of dependence between adipose tissue content and foot loading also indicates that the subjects with a higher adipose tissue content, as compared to those remaining well within the reference range, tend to load more the metatarsal part of the foot, i. Statistically significant dependence was established between BMI, adipose tissue content and foot loading for the lateral metatarsal part of the foot zone C. By way of summing up, it should also be highlighted at this juncture that no significant dependence whatsoever was established between the actual type of foot vaulting and the foot loading paradigm. In order to have their locomotor and supporting function implemented effectively, the lower limbs must have a correctly developed anatomical structure, especially the feet. While appraising oneself of the biomechanics of a human body, foot pressure and foot load as the key factors should primarily be taken into account. Specifically targeted studies, conducted both in adults and children, highlight the fact that abnormalities in the feet consequently affect the skeletal-articular system at large 15 , 16 , 17 , Presently, wide availability of modern, non-invasive test platforms facilitates measuring the pressure of the plantar part of the foot, while standing and walking. Effective measurement of the actual foot load distribution is aided by the division of the plantar part of the foot into specific load zones. The basic division separates the foot into the forefoot and the hindfoot, whereas a more detailed one, depending on respective investigators, allows for 12 specific zones According to WHO, obesity is an increase in body weight through pathological growth of adipose tissue, far exceeding the physiological needs and adaptability of the body. Body weight is comprised of the weight of muscles, bones, extracellular water, and adipose tissue. The simplest anthropometric indicator, i. body weight, makes it unfeasible to determine the actual proportion of adipose tissue in body composition In clinical practice, assessment of obesity is based on the BMI Body Mass Index , which is calculated by dividing individual body weight in kg by the height in metres squared. The studies focused on accurate measurement of body fat content, make use of various methods, e. electrical bio-impedance, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA , computed tomography with planimetric evaluation, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound methods, or isotope-based testing The present study deals with the effect of obesity and overweight on foot loading. The Kułaga classification 21 was applied to assess the division of body weight and nutritional status in relation to BMI. In the present study, BMI centile distribution was used, as developed by Kułaga et al. The present research project involved 22, children from Poland. When making use of the centile distribution approach, it seems only prudent to refer to the studies of a specific population which take due note of the impact of environmental factors characteristic of a particular ethnicity 22 , 23 , A simple and quick way of assessing BMI may inherently be burdened with a number of inaccuracies, though. Whilst striving to preclude any inadequate assessment, due references to the body fat content, division into underweight, norm, overweight, and obesity, were also taken into account in the present study; individual body fat content having been assessed in line with the classification adopted by McCarthy et al. Obesity, popularly dubbed the epidemic of our times, directly impacts the way the foot's biomechanics are developed. The foot, an essential component of the locomotor system, is shaped in a way totally unique for every individual. The delicate structure of a child's foot is quite susceptible to a variety of adverse, environmental factors. Any excessive body weight gain consequently results in a cascade of adverse effects within the entire body, primarily manifest in the locomotor system Many investigators believe that being prone to obesity is the factor actually determining functional capacity of the feet. Brzezinski et al. They also established that likelihood of lower limb defects increases with weight gain. Woźniacka et al. High-arched foot was encountered in Flat-footedness was observed the least frequently in the group under study, although it was encountered far more frequently in the overweight and obese children, most often in the boys. No similar associations were reported in the study group, as the high-arched foot was observed in 7. A smaller number of diagnosed abnormalities within the feet may well be attributable to a smaller size of the study sample. In our own study, it was established that girls had a higher adipose tissue content than boys, which proved statistically significant, as well as fully consistent with the findings of Bredella Lui et al. Similar conclusions were drawn by Phethean and Nester 30 in their study of 98 healthy children, aged 4—7 years. Also Gijon-Nogueron et al. The effect of age and gender on the load in the plantar part of the foot was noted by Demirbüken et al. They concluded that gender- and age-dependent changes in the foot loads may actually be a potential risk factor for foot abnormalities. In our own study, no correlation whatsoever was established between gender and the foot load. This might well be due to a less numerous study sample, so further research into the issue should obviously be pursued. They reported the differences in foot loading in overweight children, i. these children were reported to put appreciably more load on 2—5 metatarsal bones; a similar trend having been observed in obese children. In our study, there is a significant statistical difference in the loading of the metatarsal part of the foot in the overweight children, as compared to the underweight individuals and those of normal body weight. The subjects put more load on this area, especially on Zone C lateral part of the metatarsal. Mickle et al. This phenomenon also attracted our attention, even though in our study the subjects were of a different age. Park et al. Obese and overweight patients had increased loading on the plantar part of the foot, different thickness of their plantar fascia, and balance problems, as opposed to the ones of normal body weight. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few reports addressing the relationship between the proportion of adipose tissue in the body composition and the foot structure and its loading paradigm. In our study, we observed that children with adiposity tend to put more load on the metatarsal area of the foot, thus facilitating greater contact between the metatarsal and the ground owing to the lowered longitudinal arching of the foot. Evans and Karimi 9 , however, having examined children, did not encounter any correlation whatsoever between increased body weight and flat-footedness in children. in children Flat-footedness was reported in overweight and obese children. Such a high incidence of high-arched feet was not encountered in our own study, though, which might well be attributable to the fact that our study group was mostly characterized by normal foot vaulting. Hence we searched for the association between increased body weight and foot loading. The results of our own research provide ample evidence that alterations in individual body weight translate into statistically significant effects on the actual loading of respective zones in the plantar area of the foot. The effect of excessive body weight is appreciably instrumental in developing various ailments within the musculoskeletal system, alterations in gait, the foot structure itself, as well as the altered load on the plantar part of the foot 36 , 37 , 38 , As evidenced throughout our own study, there was a fundamental difference in the biomechanics of foot loading. The impact of overweight and obesity on the abnormal distribution of foot loading was clearly manifest. Pursuit of early diagnostic assessment, and subsequent, specifically targeted intervention, is therefore strongly recommended, with a view to minimising the incidence of attendant musculoskeletal complications. Such a small percentage of foot deformities in our study subjects gives us grounds to believe that flat-footedness is not such a popular defect after all. One may even venture to say that even a slight change in body weight is immediately reflected in the altered loading of the plantar part of the foot. The most crucial observations supported by this study consist in the fact that in a study group almost homogeneous in terms of longitudinal vaulting of the foot, any alterations in foot loading are owed to higher BMI values and adiposity. This notwithstanding, further in-depth research is obviously required to lend even more credence to the results at issue. The present study was also subject to certain limitations. The actual testing was pursued in a static position, so its results may on no account be automatically extrapolated onto the dynamic conditions. Even though a small size of the study sample may offer some valid pointers in terms of general direction of the presently pursued investigation, further studies conducted on the sizable populations are required to have our working hypotheses effectively verified. No significant correlation was established between the foot load and gender, while the assessment of BMI and foot load dependence in the overweight and obese individuals, as compared to the ones characterised by normal body weight, clearly demonstrated that the former tended to put far more load on the metatarsal; this proving to be significantly correlated. Furthermore, juxtaposition of adipose tissue content within the body weight against the foot load distribution yielded yet another significant correlation, as overweight individuals were found to put far more load on the metatarsal, especially in the C zone of the foot. The survey involved children girls and 93 boys aged 12—14 years, randomly selected from primary schools, representing both the urban and rural environments of a single province, whose characteristics are presented in Table 1. The following inclusion criteria were adopted: informed consent to participate in the study protocol, full documentation of the study, no disorders in the locomotor system, as assessed through an interview. The exclusion criteria were as follows: no informed consent to participate in the study protocol, incomplete documentation of the study, disorders in the locomotor system, as assessed through an interview, metabolic disorders that might potentially affect the skeletal system The Tanita scales analyses the body mass composition with the aid of electrical bio-impedance technology. The device is fitted with 8 sensors, placed underneath the platform on which a person stands barefooted, as well as in the handles to be held during the procedure. The measurement of electrical bio-impedance, dependent upon respective electrical conductivity of specific body tissues, facilitates the actual assessment of whether a person happens to be undernourished, obese, or just overweight. The BMI index was divided making use of the percentile nets developed by Kułaga et al. Making use of a 2D podoscan, the loading of a plantar part of the foot was assessed under static conditions. A computer programme analyses the actual image of the foot, determining its length, width, angles, and axes. A study subject stands on the platform barefooted, feet set parallel, lower limbs straight, upper limbs hanging loose along the torso The Clarke's angle below 30º is construed synonymous with flat-footedness, values within the 31°—41° range denote a foot with a lowered longitudinal vaulting, the ones within the 42°—54° range attest to its anatomically correct vaulting, whereas the angle over 55° attests to a high-arched foot 17 , 18 , Taking into account the values of the Wejsflog index, the transverse vaulting of the foot is assessed. The ratio of the foot's length to its width should be Values of e. The following stage of the testing was carried out with the aid of the FreeMed Maxi stabilometric platform, which facilitates effective assessment of distribution of a foot load. It may also be applied to test individual balance, as well as identify any deficits in visual-motor coordination. Functional assessment of the foot may be carried out both under static and dynamic conditions. During the test, the subjects stood on the device barefoot, at ease, with the upper limbs hanging freely along the torso, feet parallel, the eyes fixed on the mark right in front. A sample of the study charts is comprised in Fig. When testing under the static conditions, the foot was divided into six zones, i. forefoot—zones A and B, metatarsal—zones C and D, hindfoot—zones E and F Fig. Body weight is not normally distributed, but skewed to the right. Also power transformation was inadequate to sufficiently describe the shape of this distribution. There is a strong relation between average weight and the prevalence of obesity, except for those cohorts that suffered from severe starvation during early and mid-childhood. |
| Human Body Part Weights | Prado-Rico Weught Duarte Similar articles weightt Google Scholar. The Body weight distribution test lasted for 30 s, and the one-leg Glucose monitoring devices tests took 60 s, with a s rest between tests. Seventy-five elite male soccer players from the national teams of Czech Republic initially agreed to voluntary participate in the study. Frantisek Zahalka, Ph. Retrieved 16 January |
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