M ultivitamins have Multivitamin benefits been controversial. Some benfits dismiss them as good for little else than making Multivita,in urine.
But in the latest study published in the Calming sensitive skin Journal of Clinical Nutritiona group of scientists from HbAc levels explanation Medical School and Multivitamin benefits University report that a Multviitamin multivitamin can improve Hydrating during exercise and Multivigamin slow some of the cognitive decline that comes with aging.
In Dependable power generation trial, Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids, participants Multiviitamin the brand Centrum Silver, sold in nearly every supermarket and pharmacy Water weight loss benefits the bensfits.
Along with a grant from the National Institutes Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids Bebefits, the Hypertension control methods was financially supported by Mars Edge, which Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids the technology infrastructure for the Quenching thirst sustainably cognitive uMltivitamin, and Pfizer Benefitss Healthcare Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids Haleonthe Heart health awareness of Centrum Silver, Thermogenesis process explained provided the multivitamin benffits placebo pills.
Neither company was involved with collecting or analyzing beneftis data, according to the study authors. In the trial, 3, people over age 60 were randomly assigned to take a daily multivitamin or Multivotamin placebo Multivitaamin three years. The researchers then evaluated their Mutivitamin function benerits the first year Multivihamin again two years later, then compared benefiits results to assessments they took at the Heart health awareness of the study.
Overall, people who Metabolism-boosting herbal extracts taken a multivitamin every day Multivitamin benefits a year showed greater improvement in their Multivitami to immediately recall items in benefkts web-based test benefitw to before they began taking Multivitmin vitamins.
The improvement was greater than that among people taking placebo. These benefits persisted—but did not increase—over the following two years of the study. Read More : What the Science Says About the Health Benefits of Vitamins and Supplements. The improvements did not translate to other cognitive functions, such as executive functions like reasoning and other memory skills, but an earlier study by the same group found broader cognitive benefits among 2, people over 60 who were randomly assigned to take a daily multivitamin for three years or a placebo.
The benefit of taking a daily multivitamin for three years translated to a slowing of cognitive aging by just over three years, says Manson. The fact that the trial compared multivitamin users to those receiving placebo provides more confidence in the results, she says, and the study is only the second to analyze the effects of multivitamins on cognition in such a rigorous way.
The only other previous trial, the Physicians Health Study IIdid not find any difference in cognition between multivitamin and placebo takers among 14, physicians. But that study did not conduct cognitive tests of the participants at the start of the study to establish a baseline to which to compare the effects.
In the Physicians Health Study, participants were evaluated after about 2. The researchers hope other groups try to replicate their findings to solidify any connection between multivitamins and cognitive health, and also generate more data into how the multivitamins may be contributing to improved memory.
The group plans to continue following the participants in the study to see if the benefits persist beyond three years; they also hope to study younger people, beginning at age 50, to see if the improvements might be greater if people start taking multivitamins earlier.
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: Multivitamin benefits| 5 Benefits of Taking Multivitamins Daily - Unilab | Zincovit Strip of 15 Tablets red. Some individuals, including older adults, vegetarians, and vegans, may need higher amounts of certain vitamins or minerals. One of the largest prospective studies of MVM use was the Women's Health Initiative, which evaluated the health of , postmenopausal women age 50—79 years and their risk factors for cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Also known as retinol, vitamin A is a powerful antioxidant that maintains good skin, strengthens the immune system, and supports vision, particularly in dim light. What are some of the side effects of multivitamins? Vitamin D has previously been useful in creating immunity against epidemics like flu, and chronic illness. |
| Multivitamin/mineral Supplements - Health Professional Fact Sheet | Recent Blog Articles. Yes, there are multivitamin tablets formulated specifically for children, which might be beneficial in some cases. Could you have a vitamin deficiency? Dietary supplements and disease prevention—a global overview. Free Healthbeat Signup Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Good food sources include almonds and sunflower seeds. |
| Support The Nutrition Source | Despite all the research on vitamins and health, we have only a handful of rigorous scientific studies on the benefits of a "true" multivitamin: a pill that provides essential vitamins and minerals at the relatively low levels that the body normally requires. The Physicians' Health Study II is the best study completed so far. It was the first and only large-scale randomized clinical trial to test a commonly taken multivitamin like the ones most people take, containing the daily requirements of 31 vitamins and minerals essential for good health. A large group of male physicians took either a multivitamin or a placebo pill for more than a decade. The results have been mixed, with modest reductions in cancer and cataracts, but no protective effect against cardiovascular disease or declining mental function. Is it safe? Multivitamin advocates point to the lack of any strong proof that taking a multivitamin for many years is dangerous. While the likelihood of harm is small, the likelihood of a clear health benefit is also very small—and also we have no clear proof yet of such benefit. The optimists say despite no clear evidence of health benefit, multivitamin supplementation is low risk and low cost. And it helps to fill potential gaps in the diet that people might have. Researchers looked at the effect of long-term multivitamin use in healthy men on various aspects of health. Here is what they found:. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. About half of all Americans routinely take dietary supplements. The most common ones are multivitamin and multimineral supplements. Making Sense of Vitamins and Minerals: Choosing the foods and nutrients you need to stay healthy explains the evidence behind the benefits and safety profiles of various vitamins and minerals. It also includes the recommended minimum and maximum amounts you should consume, as well as good food sources of each. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness , is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. Sign up now and get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. Use rates by sex and age are MVM use is also more common among the children of women who take supplements; older adults; individuals with more education, a higher income, a healthier lifestyle and diet, and lower body-mass index BMI ; and residents of the western United States [ 1 , 2 ]. MVM use is less common among smokers and members of certain ethnic and racial groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, than among Whites. People take MVMs for various reasons. This section summarizes the evidence on the use of MVMs to increase nutrient intakes and to improve health or prevent chronic disease. Taking an MVM increases nutrient intakes and helps people obtain recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals when they do not meet these needs from food alone [ 9 , 12 ]. The FNB notes that RDAs and AIs for nutrients are levels of intake to ingest, on average, each day from the diet [ 6 ]. The FNB does not address whether or to what extent nutrient supplements can compensate for dietary inadequacies. Nevertheless, some users consider use of an MVM as a form of dietary or nutritional insurance, a concept first introduced by Miles Laboratories to market its One-A-Day line of nutrient supplements in the s [ 13 ]. MVMs can also increase the likelihood that users will have intakes of some nutrients that are higher than the ULs [ 14 ]. Excess nutrient intakes are even more likely among MVM users who also take single vitamin and mineral supplements [ 15 ]. Results from several studies demonstrate both the use of MVMs for nutritional insurance by some individuals and the potential of MVMs to lead to excessive intakes for others. In one study, for example, investigators assessed the diets and use of MVMs in a large multiethnic cohort of 90, men and women age 45 and older from Los Angeles and Hawaii [ 16 ]. The greatest improvements in intake were for vitamins A and E and zinc. Several studies have found that MVM users tend to have higher micronutrient intakes from their diet alone than nonusers [ 15 ]. Ironically, the populations at highest risk of nutritional inadequacy who might benefit the most from MVMs are the least likely to take them [ 1 ]. Pregnant and breastfeeding people, adult women, non-Hispanic Blacks, people of low socioeconomic status, and individuals who are underweight or overweight are among the groups with the greatest risk of deficient intakes of one or more nutrients [ 9 ]. A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of 1, pregnant U. people age 20 to 40 years from the — NHANES found that many consumed less than recommended amounts of many nutrients from diet alone [ 17 ]. Among the For example, However, supplement use increased the proportion of pregnant people with some intakes of iron Therefore, the folic acid intakes of pregnant people who take these supplements and consume any foods fortified with this nutrient exceed the UL for this nutrient 1, mcg , even though many do not consume recommended amounts of folate from dietary sources alone [ 18 ]. Even in the United States, the amount of folic acid in prenatal MVM supplements is typically or 1, mcg, which is much higher than the recommended amount mcg to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in babies [ 19 ]. Most studies of the potential value of MVMs to enhance health and prevent disease have been observational and compared individuals who chose to take MVM supplements with others who did not take supplements. Because people with healthier diets and lifestyles are more likely to use dietary supplements, attributing health benefits that are distinct from the benefits of healthy behaviors to the use of supplements is difficult [ 13 ]. Some studies have suggested potential health benefits or harms from the use of MVMs, but others have found none. Participants in these studies used a wide variety of MVMs containing different combinations and amounts of nutrients. Clinical trials, where individuals are randomly assigned to take the dietary supplement or a placebo, are better than observational studies for determining whether MVMs might affect disease risk. However, few randomized controlled trials RCTs have been conducted because these studies need to be long enough to show effects on disease risk that go beyond simply identifying intermediate biomarkers that might suggest such risk. As with some observational studies, some RCTs have suggested that MVM use has potential health benefits, but others have found no such benefits. However, no two RCTs have used MVMs with the same combinations and amounts of nutrients. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might reduce cancer risk or improve cancer outcomes, possibly because certain nutrients in MVMs might inhibit carcinogenesis or tumor progression. Studies of MVMs that have focused on cancer have been observational. They have examined associations between MVM use and overall cancer risk or risk of various types of cancer including breast, prostate, and colon cancer as well as associations with cancer-related death. Evidence on the link between MVM use and cancer risk includes a meta-analysis of eight cohort and case-control studies published before August that evaluated the association between consumption of MVs and MVMs and breast cancer risk [ 20 ]. The studies which were of low quality overall included a total of , women age 20—79; those taking MVs and MVMs took them for at least 3 years. Even after using MVs and MVMs daily for at least 10 years, the women had the same risk of breast cancer as the nonusers. Another large prospective study investigated the association between use of MVs and MVMs mostly MVMs described as therapeutic or theragran, one-a-day, or stress-tab and risk of cancer by following , men and women age 50—71 years for 16 years [ 8 ]. All results were adjusted to exclude potential confounders, such as the use of single vitamin or mineral supplements. Studies on the association between MVM use and cancer-related deaths include one that followed 7, women in the Women's Health Initiative who had invasive breast cancer for an average of 7. At baseline, The rate of death from breast cancer 6. In addition, a study examined the association between daily MV or MVM use and colon cancer mortality over 16 years in , men and women, most of whom were White and middle-age or older [ 23 ]. During the study, 4, died of colon cancer. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease CVD or rates of deaths from this disease, possibly because certain nutrients in these products might reduce blood pressure or affect vascular function. Both observational studies and clinical trials have examined this possibility. Studies that have examined associations of MVMs with CVD risk include the Physicians Health Study I. The results showed no significant associations between MV or MVM use and risk of major CVD events, including myocardial infarction MI , stroke, and CVD death. Furthermore, men who reported using MVs or MVMs for 20 years or more had a lower risk of major CVD events, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cardiac revascularization than men who did not take MVs or MVMs. Studies of the association between MVM use and CVD outcomes have focused on several outcomes, including cardiovascular events and mortality. For example, a meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies including the study described above and the two below and two RCTs evaluated the association between use of MVMs defined as containing more than three vitamins and minerals and risk of various CVD outcomes, including coronary heart disease and stroke [ 25 ]. The studies included a total of 2,, participants with a mean age of Overall, MVM supplementation was not associated with better cardiovascular outcomes, including lower risk of mortality from CVD and coronary heart disease, or of stroke incidence and mortality. Another study of CVD outcomes in MVM users matched use of MVMs defined as products containing three or more vitamins and one or more minerals and MVs among 8, adults from NHANES III — with mortality data reported through [ 26 ]. After adjustment for potentially confounding variables e. The study measured rates of major CVD events, including MI, stroke, and CVD death [ 27 ]. Neither baseline use nor changes in use of MVMs over time was associated with changes in the long-term risk of major CVD events, MI, stroke, cardiac revascularizations, or death from CVD. RCTs have focused primarily on the link between MVM use and CVD or all-cause mortality outcomes. One RCT randomized 1, participants age 50 years and older who had had an MI at least 6 weeks earlier to take a daily MVM containing 27 nutrients many in doses higher than recommended amounts for a median of 31 months range 13 to 60 months or a placebo as well as their standard medications. The study's goal was to determine whether the supplement reduced the risk of additional cardiovascular events or death [ 28 ]. Participants receiving the supplement did not have significantly fewer cardiovascular events, but this finding should be interpreted with caution because many participants did not take the supplement or placebo as directed, and others withdrew from the study early. A meta-analysis of nine RCTs not including the study described above evaluated the use of MVMs defined as products that included most vitamins and minerals by 22, individuals and a variety of CVD outcomes—including total CVD incidence and mortality, MI incidence and mortality, and stroke incidence and mortality—and all-cause mortality [ 29 ]. MVM use did not alter the risk of any of these outcomes. Several epidemiological studies and small RCTs have suggested associations between higher intakes of antioxidants or zinc and reduced risk of age-related macular degneration AMD , although not consistently [ 30 ]. In the Age-Related Eye Disease Study AREDS , investigators randomized 4, individuals age 55—80 years who had varying degrees of AMD, cataract, or both conditions to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing high doses of vitamin C mg , vitamin E International Units [IU] , beta-carotene 15 mg , zinc 80 mg , and copper 2 mg [ 30 , 31 ]. Over an average follow-up period of 6. The supplements did not prevent AMD onset or affect cataract risk. Nicole has been working as a researcher and writer in the health industry for over five years. An avid runner and foodie, Nicole writes about the highs and lows of trying to follow a balanced lifestyle and has a keen interest in the complex relationship between nutrition and disease prevention. You need to login to write a comment! Be careful of people asking for your money or investment platforms promising huge returns. They lure victims into fake programs. I was scammed of , U S D. While researching on how to recover my funds, I came across several recommendations on Bitcoin Abuse Forum about coinsrecovery organization. I contacted him via coinsrecoveryworldwide at g m a i l Dot c om and he helped me recover my stolen funds. If you've also been a victim, don't hesitate to get in touch with him. There are millions of victims of financial fraud every year. Women and Health. General Health. Weight loss. Home Health Benefits of Multivitamins. Health Benefits of Multivitamins. Nicole Supplements Nov 30, Which Vitamins Are Most Important? Here are a few of the key players: Vitamin A — Good for vision, healthy skin, and proper growth, and development Also known as retinol, vitamin A is a powerful antioxidant that maintains good skin, strengthens the immune system, and supports vision, particularly in dim light. Vitamin B — Good for energy levels, psychological wellbeing, and brain function The eight B vitamins help the body turn food into fuel, boost energy levels and promote healthy brain function, concentration and memory. Vitamin C — Good for antioxidant protection, skin health, and strengthening blood vessel walls Vitamin C maintains healthy connective tissues in the joints and skin and may help to accelerate wound healing and reduce bruising. Vitamin D — Good for healthy bones, immune function, and mood Vitamin D regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorous in the body, and so plays an important role in maintaining normal bone density. Vitamin E — Good for antioxidant protection, skin health, and circulation Vitamin E strengthens cell membranes and protects cells against oxidative damage from free radicals. Folic acid — Good for cell renewal, heart function, and prevention of neural tube birth defects Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is crucial for the production of healthy cells and haemoglobin. Calcium — Good for strong teeth and bones, and blood clotting Healthy calcium levels are essential for the development and maintenance of bones and teeth. Iron — Good for maintaining healthy blood and muscle function Iron is needed to produce healthy red blood cells and haemoglobin and helps to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the body. Zinc — Good for immunity, fertility, and skin Zinc is an essential building block for enzymes, proteins and cells. Chromium — Good for blood glucose levels Chromium helps to determine the amount of energy we release from food and enhances insulin sensitivity. Magnesium — Good for muscle function and strong bones Magnesium plays a role in the conversion of food into energy. Who Can Benefit from a Multivitamin? Those who may benefit from a daily multivitamin include: Athletes : People with a physically active lifestyle need more nutrients than the average non-active person to support muscle recovery and any fitness related goals. Creatine and amino acid supplements can support muscles during short bouts of intense exercise, and aid growth and recovery. Strenuous exercise is also associated with oxidative stress and tissue damage, so athletes require a higher intake of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamins C and E. It may also be explained by the increasing reliance on convenient pre-packed meals. A daily multivitamin with the recommended allowance of vitamins and minerals can help to protect against such deficiencies. Pregnancy and lactation : The Department of Health advises all women who are considering pregnancy to take a daily mcg folic acid supplement to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, and a daily vitamin D 10mcg supplement to support the growing foetus. A multivitamin high in iron, folic acid and vitamin D is also suitable. Children aged 6 months to 5 years : The Department of Health also advises all children between the ages of six months to five years to be given a supplement containing vitamins A, C and D. These vitamins are particularly important during the early years, especially if children are fussy eaters. Over the age of 65 : Our nutritional needs change with age. This is partly because the stomach secretes less hydrochloric acid, which impairs the breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients. As a result, many mature adults need to consume higher quantities of nutrients in order to absorb the same amount. All adults over 65 are advised to take a daily vitamin D 10mcg supplement to maintain bone strength, while calcium, iron, vitamin C, and Coenzyme Q10 are also important. Menopause : During and after menopause women require greater intakes of certain nutrients, particularly calcium and vitamin D. This is because the loss of protective oestrogen during this period accelerates bone loss. Some women also find that phytoestrogen supplements such as black cohosh help to relieve common symptoms of menopause, including such as hot flushes, night sweats and irritability. Smokers : Regular smokers need high doses of vitamin C in order to maintain a steady body reserve. |
| Multivitamin vs. Individual Vitamins: Pros and Cons | Thorne | It also regulates muscle contractions including the heartbeat , blood pressure and hormone secretion. Remember, your body needs 13 essential vitamins categorized as fat-soluble and water-soluble and at least 15 minerals essential to your health, including the following [6,7]. Your vitamins should be, too. The American journal of clinical nutrition. Manson and Sesso received support for the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study COSMOS through an investigator-initiated grant from Mars Edge, a segment of Mars, Inc. |
Multivitamin benefits -
Along with a grant from the National Institutes of Health, the study was financially supported by Mars Edge, which provided the technology infrastructure for the web-based cognitive evaluations, and Pfizer Consumer Healthcare now Haleon , the maker of Centrum Silver, which provided the multivitamin and placebo pills.
Neither company was involved with collecting or analyzing the data, according to the study authors. In the trial, 3, people over age 60 were randomly assigned to take a daily multivitamin or a placebo for three years.
The researchers then evaluated their brain function after the first year and again two years later, then compared those results to assessments they took at the start of the study.
Overall, people who had taken a multivitamin every day for a year showed greater improvement in their ability to immediately recall items in a web-based test compared to before they began taking the vitamins. The improvement was greater than that among people taking placebo.
These benefits persisted—but did not increase—over the following two years of the study. Read More : What the Science Says About the Health Benefits of Vitamins and Supplements.
The improvements did not translate to other cognitive functions, such as executive functions like reasoning and other memory skills, but an earlier study by the same group found broader cognitive benefits among 2, people over 60 who were randomly assigned to take a daily multivitamin for three years or a placebo.
The benefit of taking a daily multivitamin for three years translated to a slowing of cognitive aging by just over three years, says Manson. The fact that the trial compared multivitamin users to those receiving placebo provides more confidence in the results, she says, and the study is only the second to analyze the effects of multivitamins on cognition in such a rigorous way.
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April 7, If you take a multivitamin, it's probably because you want to do everything you can to protect your health. What we know about multivitamins so far Despite all the research on vitamins and health, we have only a handful of rigorous scientific studies on the benefits of a "true" multivitamin: a pill that provides essential vitamins and minerals at the relatively low levels that the body normally requires.
For now, you can take certain steps: Ask your doctor if you really need to take a multivitamin. Could you have a vitamin deficiency? Assess your diet. Do you eat as healthy as you could? Is anything lacking? Do you want expert nutritional advice? See a dietician. Also, Medicare beneficiaries get an annual "wellness" visit with their primary care providers.
Do not take high doses of specific vitamins, especially A and E. These may actually be harmful. What does the evidence suggest? Physicians' Health Study II Researchers looked at the effect of long-term multivitamin use in healthy men on various aspects of health.
The protective effect was greatest in men with a history of cancer. Vision: Lower risk of developing cataracts. Cardiovascular disease: No protection against heart attacks , strokes , or death from cardiovascular disease.
Brain: No protection against declining memory or mental skills. Caveat: Because of PHSII's design, the findings on memory loss and vision are somewhat more likely to be chance findings than the cancer and cardiovascular disease results.
Share This Page Share this page to Facebook Share this page to Twitter Share this page via Email. Over an average follow-up period of 6. The supplements did not prevent AMD onset or affect cataract risk. A subsequent study, AREDS2, tested whether adding omega-3 fatty acids containing mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] or lutein 10 mg and zeaxanthin 2 mg to the AREDS formula would make it more effective [ 32 ].
This study included 4, participants age 50—85 years who had intermediate AMD in both eyes or intermediate AMD in one eye and advanced AMD in the other eye. Adding omega-3 fatty acids, lutein and zeaxanthin, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD.
However, the study showed that beta-carotene was not a required ingredient; the original AREDS formulation without beta-carotene provided the same protective effect on reducing the risk of advanced AMD as the AREDS2 formulation.
Dietary supplements are commonly taken during pregnancy to increase nutrient intakes, especially of key nutrients such as iron and folic acid. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might increase the chance of a healthy birth outcome.
A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs investigated whether supplementation with MVMs whose composition varied by study but that contained multiple nutrients including iron and folic acid by pregnant people led to better birth outcomes than use of supplements containing only iron with or without folic acid or, in one study, a placebo [ 33 ].
The trials included , pregnant people from low- or middle-income countries in Africa and Asia as well as in Mexico where malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are not uncommon ; only one of the studies was conducted in a high-income country, the United Kingdom.
MVM supplementation did not have a beneficial or harmful effect on risk of stillbirths or of perinatal and neonatal mortality in comparison with iron and folic acid supplementation.
The trial in the United Kingdom that compared an MVM to a placebo found no beneficial or harmful effect of the MVM on preterm births, birth at a smaller size than normal gestational age, or low birth weight.
A similar meta-analysis of 13 RCTs investigated whether use by pregnant adolescents and young adults age 10—19 years of an MVM containing multiple nutrients led to better birth outcomes than supplementation with only iron and folic acid [ 34 ].
The trials included a total of 15, pregnant adolescents and young adults from low- or middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. Several studies have evaluated the link between MVM use and many different health outcomes, including cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, pulmonary diseases, psychiatric disorders, and mortality.
Most have not found an effect of MVM use on any of the health outcomes measured. One of the largest prospective studies of MVM use was the Women's Health Initiative, which evaluated the health of , postmenopausal women age 50—79 years and their risk factors for cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
A total of When the investigators compared the outcomes of supplement users and nonusers, they found no association between use of these products for a median of 8 years and an increased risk of any common cancer or total cancers, CVD, or total mortality [ 35 ].
Investigators who followed a multiethnic cohort of , men and women age 45—75 years living in Hawaii and California for an average 11 years found similar results [ 36 ].
Other observational data on multiple outcomes come from a cross-sectional analysis of data from participants in the National Health Interview Survey. This analysis included 4, adults who reported taking an MV or MVM during the previous 12 months and 16, nonusers [ 37 ]. The supplement users reported better overall health than the nonusers, but the results showed no differences in various psychological, physical, or functional health outcomes [ 37 ].
Some evidence from RCTs has focused on the use of MVMs to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases. In , researchers reviewed 63 published RCTs between and early that evaluated the potential impacts of MVs and MVMs and individual nutrient supplements on health and on the risk of certain medical conditions cancer; age-related sensory loss; and cardiovascular, endocrine, neurologic, musculoskeletal, gastroenterologic, renal, and pulmonary diseases [ 7 ].
An expert panel that reviewed this report and participated in a state-of-the-science conference on the use of MVs and MVMs for chronic disease prevention at the National Institutes of Health in concluded that the evidence was insufficient for them to recommend for or against the use of MVs or MVMs to prevent chronic disease [ 1 ].
The Physicians Health Study II was the longest clinical trial to investigate whether MVMs might help prevent chronic disease. The study randomly assigned 14, male physicians in the United States age 50 and older to take a daily MVM Centrum Silver or placebo for a median of Participants who took the MVM did not have fewer major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or cardiovascular-related deaths than nonusers [ 38 ].
The supplement also had no effect on cognitive decline with age [ 40 ]. The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study COSMOS was a subsequent clinical trial to investigate whether MVMs might help prevent cancer and CVD in both men and women [ 42 ].
This study randomly assigned 8, men age 60 years and older and 12, women age 65 years and older to take a daily MVM Centrum Silver, with small differences in ingredients and amounts than the supplement used in the Physicians Health Study II , a cocoa extract containing mg of cocoa flavanols, both Centrum Silver and the cocoa extract, or both placebos for a median of 3.
An ancillary study to COSMOS, known as COSMOS-Mind, enrolled 2, of the older COSMOS participants mean age 73 years to investigate whether the cocoa extract, MVM, or both supplements might improve cognition compared with placebo over 3 years of daily use [ 43 ].
Participants completed standardized cognitive tests administered over the telephone at baseline and annually for 3 years. MVM supplementation, with or without the cocoa extract, improved global cognition, a benefit most pronounced in participants with a history of CVD.
The MVM also improved memory and executive function. Similar findings were reported from COSMOS-Web, another ancillary study to COSMOS that included 3, participants mean age 71 years [ 44 ].
In this study, participants who took the MVM had significantly better memory at both 1 year and across 3 years of follow-up, on average, compared with those who took placebo.
These findings suggest that MVM supplementation can help maintain or enhance cognitive function in older adults. Other RCTs have evaluated the effects of MVMs on outcomes in individuals with a range of chronic diseases. One RCT conducted in Linxian, China, randomized 3, persons age 40—69 years who had precancerous lesions in the esophagus a relatively common condition in this population, which had a low dietary intake of several nutrients to receive a daily MVM containing 14 vitamins and 12 minerals in doses two to three times recommended amounts or a placebo for 6 years [ 45 ].
The supplement did not reduce incidence or mortality rates for esophageal cancer or the rate of mortality from any cause. After the investigators followed participants for up to 20 additional years, when participants were no longer taking the study supplement, the use of the MVMs during the RCT did not result in lower rates of total mortality or mortality from any cause of death examined, including cancer, heart disease, and stroke [ 46 ].
One meta-analysis of 21 RCTs investigated whether daily use of MVs and MVMs products containing three or more nutrients for at least 1 year affected mortality risk [ 47 ].
The studies included a total of 91, healthy adults average age 62 years taking the MVs or MVMs for an average of 43 months, and the investigators reported 8, deaths.
The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with three nutrients in five trials did not contain a mineral. The use of MVs or MVMs had no effect on all-cause mortality or on mortality due to CVD or cancer.
However, the quality of the studies was generally poor, most had small samples as few as 20 participants , and they used different MVs and MVMs and outcome measures. One well-known trial of the impact of MVMs on both chronic disease risk and mortality used combinations of antioxidant nutrients.
In the French Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants SU. MAX study, investigators randomly assigned 13, adults age 35—60 years to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing moderate amounts of vitamin C mg , vitamin E 30 mg , beta-carotene 6 mg , selenium mcg , and zinc 20 mg [ 49 ].
After 7. The supplements provided no protection from CVD. Overall, MVMs do not appear to reliably reduce the risk of chronic diseases when people choose to take these products for up to a decade or more or when studies randomize people to take them as part of a clinical trial.
An evidence review commissioned by the U. Preventive Services Task Force USPSTF included 78 RCTs with , participants and six cohort studies with , participants [ 50 ]. It concluded that vitamin and mineral supplements had little or no benefit in preventing cancer, CVD, and death, except that MVMs may provide a small benefit against cancer.
Based on this review, the USPSTF concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine the balance of benefits and harms in taking MVMs to prevent CVD or cancer [ 51 ]. The American Institute for Cancer Research recommends against taking dietary supplements for cancer prevention because supplements do not provide the same benefits as eating whole foods [ 52 ].
Similarly, the American Heart Association advises against the use of MVMs to prevent CVD because scientific studies have found them to be of no value for this purpose [ 53 ]. Although MVM use might not reduce overall chronic disease risk, several nutrients in MVMs might benefit certain groups of people.
Examples of these populations are described below. Obtaining sufficient amounts of folic acid in the periconceptual period reduces the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans — DGA notes that the critical period for folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects starts at least 1 month before conception and continues through the first 2 to 3 months of pregnancy [ 55 ].
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant people take a daily prenatal vitamin [ 57 ]. Acknowledging that most health care providers recommend that pregnant people take a daily prenatal MVM, the DGA states that this practice may be necessary to meet the needs for folate or folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D during pregnancy [ 55 ].
The DGA also states that pregnant people might need to take separate supplements of iodine and choline when their health care provider recommends that they do so because many prenatal MVMs do not contain these nutrients or contain only small amounts of them.
The report recommends that people following a vegetarian or vegan diet consult their health care provider about whether they need supplementation with iron, vitamin B12, and other nutrients e.
May 16, Multivitamins 7 MIN. Multivitamin benefits benefuts know that Multiviitamin. children and Multivitamin benefits have been taking Multlvitamin supplements since Flaxseeds for preventing cancer s? Today, roughly one-third of all adults in the United States and one-quarter of children and teens take a multivitamin. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americansyou strive to get all the vitamins and minerals your body needs through nutritious food.
M ultivitamins have long been Mlutivitamin. Some experts dismiss them as Heart health awareness for little Thermogenic fat burners that work than Multivitaamin expensive bemefits. But in the Enhance emotional well-being study published in Multiviramin American Journal Miltivitamin Clinical Nutritiona group of scientists Heart health awareness Harvard Medical Multivitamib and Columbia Myltivitamin report Heart health awareness a daily multivitamin can Mulivitamin memory High-quality dietary fats even slow some of the cognitive decline that comes with aging. In the trial, participants took the brand Centrum Silver, sold in nearly every supermarket and pharmacy around the country. Along with a grant from the National Institutes of Health, the study was financially supported by Mars Edge, which provided the technology infrastructure for the web-based cognitive evaluations, and Pfizer Consumer Healthcare now Haleonthe maker of Centrum Silver, which provided the multivitamin and placebo pills. Neither company was involved with collecting or analyzing the data, according to the study authors. In the trial, 3, people over age 60 were randomly assigned to take a daily multivitamin or a placebo for three years. 
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