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Lagos works to include traditional medicine Herbal medicine also jerbal herbalism Evidence-based fat burning, phytomedicine or phytotherapy Lean mass preservation the study hernal pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants hebral, which are a basis of traditional medicine. Evidence-based fat burning remediies alternative and Traitional practices of gerbal unrefined Traditional herbal remedies or animal extracts hrbal unproven medicines or health-promoting agents. Archaeological evidence Body composition transformation that the use of medicinal plants dates back to the Paleolithic age, approximately 60, years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5, years to the Sumerianswho compiled lists of plants. Some ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyridepicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains, scholars noted overlap with the Egyptian herbals.Herbal medicine, Trafitional called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers remedifs using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, remefies, or flowers Traditionxl medicinal herbak. Herbalism has a long tradition of use Traditionall conventional medicine.
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The use of Tradiitional supplements has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. Herbal supplements are classified as Traditiknal supplements by the U. Dietary Supplement Remefies and Traditionall Act DSHEA hebal Remedis means herbal supplements, Evidence-based fat burning, Expert opinions on glycogen storage disease prescription drugs, can be sold without being tested to herrbal they Diabetes management support safe and effective.
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Some common herbs and their uses are discussed below. Buying standardized herbal supplements helps ensure you will get the right dose and the effects similar to human clinical trials. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about which herbal supplements are best for your health concerns. Used correctly, herbs can help treat a variety of conditions, and in some cases, may have fewer side effects than some conventional medications.
Never assume that because herbs are "natural," they are safe. Some herbs may be inappropriate for people with certain medical conditions.
Because they are unregulated, herbal products are often mislabeled and may contain additives and contaminants that are not listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with conventional drugs, and some are toxic if used improperly or at high doses.
Taking herbs on your own increases your risk, so it is important to consult with your doctor or pharmacist before taking herbal medicines. Some examples of adverse reactions from certain popular herbs are described below.
Some herbal supplements, especially those imported from Asian countries, may contain high levels of heavy metals, including lead, mercury, and cadmium.
It is important to purchase herbal supplements from reputable manufacturers to ensure quality. Many herbs can interact with prescription medications and cause unwanted or dangerous reactions. Be sure to consult your doctor before trying any herbal products. Nearly one-third of Americans use herbs.
The herbs available in most stores come in several different forms: teas, syrups, oils, liquid extracts, tinctures, and dry extracts pills or capsules. You can make teas from dried herbs left to soak for a few minutes in hot water, or by boiling herbs in water and then straining the liquid.
Syrups, made from concentrated extracts and added to sweet-tasting preparations, are often used for sore throats and coughs.
Oils are extracted from plants and often used as rubs for massage, either by themselves or as part of an ointment or cream. Tinctures and liquid extracts are made of active herbal ingredients dissolved in a liquid usually water, alcohol, or glycerol.
Tinctures are typically a or concentration, meaning that one part of the herb is prepared with 5 to 10 parts by weight of the liquid. Liquid extracts are more concentrated than tinctures and are typically a concentration. A dry extract form is the most concentrated form of an herbal product typically to and is sold as a tablet, capsule, or lozenge.
No organization or agency regulates the manufacture or certifies the labeling of herbal preparations. This means you cannot be sure that the amount of the herb contained in the bottle, or even from dose to dose, is the same as what is stated on the label.
Some herbal preparations are standardized, meaning that the preparation is guaranteed to contain a specific amount of the active ingredients of the herb.
However, it is still important to ask companies making standardized herbal products about their product's guarantee. It is important to talk to your doctor or an expert in herbal medicine about the recommended doses of any herbal products.
Herbalists, chiropractors, naturopathic physicians, pharmacists, medical doctors, and practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine all may use herbs to treat illness. Naturopathic physicians believe that the body is continually striving for balance and that natural therapies can support this process.
They are trained in 4-year, postgraduate institutions that combine courses in conventional medical science such as pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and surgery with clinical training in herbal medicine, homeopathy, nutrition, and lifestyle counseling. For additional information, or to locate an experienced herbalist in your area, contact the American Herbalists Guild AHG site at www.
To located a licensed naturopath in your area, call the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians AANP at www. In some countries in Europe, unlike the U. The German Commission E, an expert medical panel, actively researches their safety and effectiveness. While still not widely accepted, herbal medicine is being taught more in medical schools and pharmacy schools.
More health care providers are learning about the positive and potentially negative effects of using herbal medicines to help treat health conditions. Some health care providers, including doctors and pharmacists, are trained in herbal medicine. They can help people create treatment plans that use herbs, conventional medications, and lifestyle changes to promote health.
Abeloff: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; Altschuler JA, Casella SJ, MacKenzie TA, Curtis KM. The effect of cinnamon on A1C among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Chen Y, Zhu J, Zhang W. Antitumor effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicines against lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs. Damery S, Gratus C, Grieve R, et al. The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer: a cross-sectional survey.
Br J Cancer. Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol. Dos Santos-Neto LL, de Vilhena Toledo MA, Medeiros-Souza P, de Souza GA. The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Ernst E. Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. Fang L, Wang Z, Kong W, Feng JG, Ma SL, Lin NM.
Anti-tumor and apoptotic effects in vitro and in vivo of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription. Chin Med J Engl. Gratus C, Wilson S, Greenfield SM, Damery SL, Warmington SA, Grieve R, Steven NM, Routledge P.
The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer: a qualitative study. Complement Altern Med. Hasan SS, Ahmed SI, Bukhari NI, Loon WC. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with chronic diseases at outpatient clinics.
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: Traditional herbal remedies| Interactive Tools | However, general quality matters are also addressed in scientific guidelines issued by the HMPC. In , the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance ; herbalism was one of 17 topics evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. In other definitions, priestesses, high priests, witch doctors, diviners, midwives, seers or spiritualists, and herbalists are included. The latency period between the use of a drug and the occurrence of an adverse reaction, if determined, can also help in its causality assessment in pharmacovigilance management [ 25 ]. Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time in cold or hot water. |
| Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine | Their practices are no different from other African countries. The various ethnic groups in Nigeria have different health care practitioners aside their western counterparts, whose mode of practice is not unlike in other tribes. Apart from the lack of adequate access and the fear of expired or fake drugs, the prohibitive cost of western medicine makes traditional medicine attractive. Various training schools exist for both herbal medicine and homeopathy, and as such, most modern traditional health practitioners have great knowledge of pharmaceutical properties of herbs and the shared cultural views of diseases in the society and they combine their knowledge with modern skills and techniques in processing and preserving herbal medicines, as well as in the management of diseases. In oral interviews with two modern traditional medicine practitioners, Dr. Knowledge was however improved by further training, interaction, and discussion with colleagues, consultation of books on herbal medicine, and the Internet. They claimed that the practice was very lucrative, especially since some ailments that defied orthodox medicine such as epilepsy and madness could be completely treated by traditional medicine. The two men divulged that the old concept of secrecy and divination is gradually fading away and being taken over by improved skills, understanding, and use of modern equipment where necessary. Another prominent member of the association, Professor J. Okafor, who is a renowned silviculturist and plant taxonomist, is helping members to identify and classify plants. The group also shares and documents evidence-based therapeutic knowledge. Such groups and training schools exist all over Nigeria. ASICUMPON has published a checklist of medicinal plants of Nigeria and their curative values [ 19 ]. Other books have likewise produced useful information [ 16 , 21 ]. The greatest problem still facing herbal medicine in Nigeria is lack of adequate standardization and safety regulations [ 52 ]. However, the interest and involvement of educated and scientific-minded people in herbal medicine practice have to a great extent demystified and increased the acceptability of these medicines by a greater percentage of would-be skeptical populace. A photograph of Dr. Anselm Okonkwo is shown here in Figure 4 , who is a veterinary doctor and a typical educated and knowledgeable herbal practitioner with the writer after interviewing him. The writer with Dr. As with synthetic drugs, the quality, efficacy, and safety of medicinal plants must also be assured. Despite the widespread use of herbal medicines globally and their reported benefits, they are not completely harmless. In as much as medicinal herbs have established therapeutic effects, they may also have the potential to induce adverse effects if used incorrectly or in overdose. The likelihood of adverse effects becomes more apparent due to indiscriminate, irresponsible, or nonregulated use and lack of proper standardization. These concerns have been the focus of many international forums on medicinal plants research and publications [ 53 ]. The rich flora of Africa contains numerous toxic plants, though with interesting medicinal uses. The toxic constituents e. In a survey in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, among herbal medicine users, it was found that herbal medicine was popular among the respondents but they appeared to be ignorant of its potential toxicities [ 22 ]. Several herbal medicines have been reported to have toxic effects. Current mechanisms to track adverse effects of herbal medicines are inadequate [ 15 , 54 , 55 ]. Consumers generally consider herbal medicines as being natural and therefore safe and view them as alternatives to conventional medications. Only very few people who use herbal medicines informed their primary care physicians. It is therefore likely that many adverse drugs reactions go unrecorded with either patients failing to divulge information to health services, and no pharmacovigilance analyses are being carried out, or the observations are not being reported to appropriate quarters such as health regulatory bodies. Establishing a diagnosis of herbal toxicity can be difficult. Even when herbal-related toxicity is suspected, a definitive diagnosis is difficult to establish without proper analysis of the product or plant material. Very few adverse reactions have been reported for herbal medicines, especially when used concurrently with conventional or orthodox medicines [ 15 ]. The results of many literature reviews suggest that the reported adverse drug reactions of herbal remedies are often due to a lack of understanding of their preparation and appropriate use. In a research of liver and kidney functions in medicinal plant users in South-East Nigeria, it was found that liver problems were the most prominent indices of toxicity as a result of chronic use [ 56 ]. Figures 5 and 6 refer to the effect of consumption of herbal medicines and length of usage respectively, on serum enzymes, as an index of liver function. Toxic components in these herbs such as alkaloids, tannins, oxalates, etc. Serum enzyme levels in herbal medicine users test group and nonusers control. Effect of length of use of herbal medicine on serum enzyme levels. Another important source of toxicity of herbal medicines worth mentioning is microbial contamination due to poor sanitary conditions during preparation [ 57 ]. Toxicity may also arise as a result of herb-drug interaction in situations where there is co-administration of herbal medicines with some conventional drugs or supplements [ 11 ]. Incorrect identification and misuse of plants may also lead to toxicity. It is therefore pertinent at this time to present correct, timely, and integrated communication of emerging data on risk as an essential part of pharmacovigilance, which could actually improve the health and safety of patients. This calls for improved collaboration between traditional practitioners and modern health care professionals, researchers, and drug regulatory authorities. The latency period between the use of a drug and the occurrence of an adverse reaction, if determined, can also help in its causality assessment in pharmacovigilance management [ 25 ]. Such information can be invaluable in the interpretation of drug safety signals, and facilitate decisions on further protective actions to be taken concerning future use. Plants have been the primary source of most medicines in the world, and they still continue to provide mankind with new remedies. These are no doubt more important in developing countries but quite relevant in industrialized world in the sense that pharmaceutical industries have come to consider them as a source or lead in the chemical synthesis of modern pharmaceuticals [ 24 , 58 ]. A number of African plants have found their way in modern medicine. These plants which had been used traditionally for ages have through improved scientific expertise been the sources of important drugs. Examples of such drugs and their sources include:. A host of other African plants with promising pharmaceutical potentials include Garcinia kola , Aframomum melegueta , Xylopia aethiopica , Nauclea latifolia , Sutherlandia frutescens , Hypoxis hemerocallidea African wild potato , and Chasmanthera dependens as potential sources of antiinfective agents, including HIV, with proven activities [ 59 ], while Cajanus cajan , Balanites aegyptiaca , Acanthospermum hispidum , Calotropis procera , Jatropha curcas , among others, as potential sources of anticancer agents [ 60 ]. Biflavonoids such as kolaviron from Garcinia kola seeds, as well as other plants, have antihepatotoxic activity [ 61 ]. Both Western or traditional medicine come with their own challenges. Currently, there are many western drugs on the market which have several side effects, in spite of their scientific claims. In like manner, African traditional herbal medicine or healing processes also have their own challenges. The following are reported as some of the advantages and disadvantages:. It is cheap and easily accessible to most people, especially the rural population. It is also considered to be a lot safer than orthodox medicine, being natural in origin. Some of the disadvantages include improper diagnosis which could be misleading. The dosage is most often vague and the medicines are prepared under unhygienic conditions, as evidenced by microbial contamination of many herbal preparations sold in the markets [ 57 ]. The knowledge is still shrouded in secrecy and not easily disseminated. Some of the practices which involve rituals and divinations are beyond the scope of nontraditionalists such as Christians who find it incomprehensible, unacceptable, and difficult to access such services [ 8 , 62 ]. Long before the advent of Western medicine, Africans had developed their own effective way of dealing with diseases, whether they had spiritual or physical causes, with little or no side effect [ 63 ]. African traditional medicine, of which herbal medicine is the most prevalent form, continues to be a relevant form of primary health care despite the existence of conventional Western medicine. Improved plant identification, methods of preparation, and scientific investigations have increased the credibility and acceptability of herbal drugs. As such, a host of herbal medicines have become generally regarded as safe and effective. This, however, has also created room for quackery, massive production, and sales of all sorts of substandard herbal medicines, as the business has been found to be lucrative. African traditional herbal medicine may have a bright future which can be achieved through collaboration, partnership, and transparency in practice, especially with conventional health practitioners. Such collaboration can increase service and health care provision and increase economic potential and poverty alleviation. Research into traditional medicine will scale up local production of scientifically evaluated traditional medicines and improve access to medications for the rural population. With time, large scale cultivation and harvesting of medicinal plants will provide sufficient raw materials for research, local production, and industrial processing and packaging for export. The scope of herbal medicines in Africa in the near future is very wide, but the issue of standardization is still paramount [ 64 ]. This therefore calls for ensuring that the raw materials should be of high quality, free from contaminations and properly authenticated, and samples deposited in University, National, and Regional herbaria. There is need for pharmacopeia to provide information on botanical description of plants, microscopic details, i. Such wealth of information will no doubt bring about uniformity in production quality. Future perspectives in this area include: All countries in the African region must seek to recognize traditional medical practice by putting out regulations and policies that will be fully implemented to ensure that the THPs are qualified and accredited but at the same time respecting their traditions and customs. They must also be issued with authentic licenses to be renewed frequently. Incorporation of systems that will provide an enabling environment to promote capacity building, research, and development, as well as production of traditional herbal medicines of high standards. Raising the standards of African traditional herbal medicine to international standards through intercountry collaboration. These if achieved would put African herbal medicine in an admirable position in the World health care system. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Philip Builders. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine Written By Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka Chinwe. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:. Choose citation style Select style Vancouver APA Harvard IEEE MLA Chicago Copy to clipboard Get citation. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. IntechOpen Herbal Medicine Edited by Philip Builders. From the Edited Volume Herbal Medicine Edited by Philip F. Builders Book Details Order Print. Chapter metrics overview 17, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. Keywords African traditional medicine spirituality divination herbalism. Introduction The development and use of traditional herbal medicine THM have a very long historical background that corresponds to the Stone Age. Methods of preparation and dosage forms Methods of preparation of herbal medicines may vary according to place and culture. Ethnobotanical surveys Information on plants is obtained through ethnobotanical surveys, which involves the study of plants in relation to the culture of the people. Family Specie Local name Part used Medicinal uses Acanthaceae Acanthus montanus Stem, twig Syphilis, cough, emetic, vaginal discharge Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Whole plant Abdominal pain, ulcers, gonorrhea Apocynaceae Alstonia boonei Root, bark, leaves Breast development, filarial worms Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata leaves, fruit, pulp, bark Fever, antimicrobial, kidney, and bladder disease Combretaceae Combretum grandiflorum Ikedike leaves Jaundice Euphorbiaceae Bridelia ferruginea iri, kirni leaves, stem, bark, root insomnia, mouth wash, gonorrhea Hypericaceae Harungana madagascariensis Otoro, alilibarrafi Stem, bark, root bark piles, trypanosomiasis Fabaceae Afzelia africana Apa-igbo, akpalata leaves, roots, bark, seeds gonorrhea, hernia Liliaceae Gloriosa superba mora, ewe aje, baurere tubers, leaves gonorrhea, headlice, antipyretic. Table 1. Divination Divination means consulting the spirit world. Interviews and medical reports Oral interviews are sometimes used by some traditional healers to find out the history behind the sickness, where they have been for treatment and how long the person has been in that condition. Spiritual perspective Spiritual-based cases are handled in the following manner: Spiritual protection : If the cause of the disease is perceived to be an attack from evil spirits, the person would be protected by the use of a talisman, charm, amulets, specially designed body marks, and a spiritual bath to drive the evil spirits away. According to the practitioners of libation pouring, offering the ancestors and spirits drink is a way of welcoming them Supplication: After invocation, requests are made to the invoked spirits, gods, or ancestors to intercede on their behalf for mercy and forgiveness of offenses such as taboo violations and to seek for spiritual consecration cleansing of either the community or individual s. Physical perspectives If the illness is of a physical nature, the following approaches are exploited: Prescription of herbs : Herbs are prescribed to the sick person according to the nature of the illness. Each prescription has its own specific instructions on how to prepare the herb, the dose, dosing regimen, and timeframe Clay and herbs application: Application of a mixture of white clay with herbs may be relevant in some of the healing processes. Ghana In Ghana, herbal medicine is usually the first approach to treat any illness, especially in the rural areas. Zambia The first principle is diagnosis followed by complex treatment procedures using plants from the bush, followed by many rituals, the ultimate aim being to cure disease. Tanzania In Tanzania, traditional medicine has been practiced separately from allopathic medicine since colonial period but is threatened by lack of documentation, coupled with the decline of biodiversity in certain localities due to the discovery of natural resources and excessive mining, climate change, urbanization, and modernization of agriculture. South Africa Traditional medicine features in the lives of thousands of people in South Africa every day. Kenya As in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya is experiencing a health worker shortage, particularly in rural areas. Nigeria The various ethnic groups in Nigeria have different health care practitioners aside their western counterparts, whose mode of practice is not unlike in other tribes. Disadvantages Some of the disadvantages include improper diagnosis which could be misleading. Future perspectives Future perspectives in this area include: All countries in the African region must seek to recognize traditional medical practice by putting out regulations and policies that will be fully implemented to ensure that the THPs are qualified and accredited but at the same time respecting their traditions and customs. References 1. Chavunduka EL: Christianity, African Religion and African Medicine in World Council of Churches. htm [Accessed: November 18, ] 3. Mahomoodally MF. Traditional Medicine in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Epub December 3, DOI: Sofowora EA. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Somerset, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; Abdullahi AA. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines. Mokgobi MG. Understanding traditional African healing. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. Ayodele SJ. The Yoruba cultural construction of health and illness. Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: University of Ibadan Press; ; 11 3 8. White P. The concept of disease and healthcare in African traditional religion in Ghana. HTS Theological Studies. Kofi-Tsekpo M. Institutionalization of African traditional medicine in healthcare systems in Africa. African Journal of Health Sciences. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; Phua DH, Zosel A, Heard K. Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities—When to anticipate them and how to manage them. International Journal of Emerging Medicine. Tabuti JZRS. Herbal medicine used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope County, Uganda: A case study of Budiope County. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Catham Fellowship in Medicinal Botany, Makerere University Anoka AN. Herbal medicine used in the treatment of Malaria: Vernonia amygdalina : An overview of evidence and pharmacology. In: Acree B, editor. Toxicity and Drug Testing. Croatia: InTech; Wilcox MI, Bodeker G. Traditional herbal medicine for malaria. British Medical Journal. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy Geneva: WHO Press; Ibadan, Nigeria: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Spectrum Books; Parmer V. Herbal Medicine: Its Toxic Effect and Drug Interactions. Okafor JC, Ham R. Identification, utilization and conservation of medicinal plants in Southeastern Nigeria. Issues in African Biodiversity. The Biodiversity Support Program Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Nigeria and their Uses. Enugu, Nigeria: Trinity-Biz Publishers; Okafor JC. Tropical Plants in Healthcare Delivery in Nigeria: A Guide in the Treatment of Common Ailments and Conditions. Ibadan, Nigeria: Book Builders Publishers; Iwu MM. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. London, New York, Washington DC: CRC Press; Oreagba IA, Oshikoya KA, Amachree M. Herbal medicine use among residents in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Complimentary and Alternative Medicines. Dawang DN, Mashat MV, Nyam DB, Pam PG, Tongwring DP. Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. Akerele O. Organic Chamomile Lavender tea settles your nervous system Stress Ease ® Cinnamon Tea. Organic Stress Ease ® Cinnamon tea relieves stress, Out Of Stock. Immune Zoom ® Lemon Ginger Echinacea Tea. Organic Immune Zoom Lemon Ginger Echinacea tea supports immune Organic Echinacea Plus Elderberry tea boosts the immune Echinacea Plus ® Tea. Our organic Throat Coat® Lemon Echinacea tea supports Sweet, citrusy, and earthy, our Organic Reishi Mushroom Our Belly Comfort® Lozenges help relieve travelers suffering Belly Comfort ® Peppermint Tea. Belly Comfort® Peppermint tea soothes the stomach, relieves Fragrant and floral with honey notes, organic Chamomile Dandelion Chai Probiotic Tea. Dandelion Chai Probiotic tea supports healthy digestion. Easy Digest Blend. 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Nighty Night Extra ® Tea Helps you relax for a good night's sleep Organic Nighty Night Extra tea infuses the power of valerian root, a gentle, time-tested herbal sedative, to promote deep sleep. Breathe Easy ® Tea Promotes respiratory health Breathe Easy tea promotes respiratory health like a breath of fresh air. Several varieties exist, but the two most popular are the Asian and American types — Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius , respectively. American ginseng is thought to cultivate relaxation, while Asian ginseng is considered more stimulating 5. Although ginseng has been used for centuries, modern research supporting its efficacy is lacking. Several test-tube and animal studies suggest that its unique compounds, called ginsenosides, boast neuroprotective, anticancer, antidiabetes, and immune-supporting properties. Nonetheless, human research is needed 6. Potential side effects include headaches, poor sleep, and digestive issues 7. Ginseng is available at most health food stores, as well as online. Ginseng is an herbal remedy frequently utilized in traditional Chinese medicine to boost immunity, brain function, and energy levels. However, human studies are lacking. Ginkgo biloba, also known simply as ginkgo, is an herbal medicine derived from the maidenhair tree 8. Native to China, ginkgo has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and remains a top-selling herbal supplement today. It contains a variety of potent antioxidants that are thought to provide several benefits 8. The seeds and leaves are traditionally used to make teas and tinctures, but most modern applications use leaf extract. Some people also enjoy eating the raw fruit and toasted seeds. However, the seeds are mildly toxic and should only be eaten in small quantities, if at all. Ginkgo is said to treat a wide range of ailments, including heart disease, dementia, mental difficulties, and sexual dysfunction. Yet, studies have not proven it effective for any of these conditions 9. You can shop for ginkgo online or at supplement shops. Gingko is traditionally used to treat numerous illnesses, including heart disease, dementia, and sexual dysfunction, but modern research has yet to prove its efficacy for any of these purposes. Elderberry is an ancient herbal medicine typically made from the cooked fruit of the Sambucus nigra plant. It has long been used to relieve headaches, nerve pain, toothaches, colds, viral infections, and constipation Some people prefer to make their own syrup or tea by cooking elderberries with other ingredients, such as honey and ginger. Test-tube studies demonstrate that its plant compounds have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, but human research is lacking Short-term use is considered safe, but the unripe or raw fruit is toxic and may cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Elderberry is used to treat cold and flu symptoms, with some research suggesting that it may be at least mildly effective. Its small, yellow flowers are commonly used to make teas, capsules, or extracts Its use can be traced back to ancient Greece, and SJW is still frequently prescribed by medical professionals in parts of Europe Historically, it was utilized to aid wound healing and alleviate insomnia, depression, and various kidney and lung diseases. Many studies note that short-term use of SJW is as effective as some conventional antidepressants. SJW has relatively few side effects but may cause allergic reactions, dizziness, confusion, dry mouth, and increased light sensitivity It also interferes with numerous medications, including antidepressants, birth control, blood thinners, certain pain medications, and some types of cancer treatments Particular drug interactions could be fatal, so if you take any prescription medications, consult your healthcare provider prior to using SJW. If you decide to try it out, SJW is available online and in numerous stores. Yet, you may need to practice caution or avoid it because it interferes with several conventional medicines. Turmeric Curcuma longa is an herb that belongs to the ginger family Used for thousands of years in cooking and medicine alike, it has recently garnered attention for its potent anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin is the major active compound in turmeric. It may treat a host of conditions, including chronic inflammation, pain, metabolic syndrome, and anxiety In particular, multiple studies reveal that supplemental doses of curcumin are as effective for alleviating arthritis pain as some common anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen Both turmeric and curcumin supplements are widely considered safe, but very high doses may lead to diarrhea, headache, or skin irritation. Instead, consider purchasing supplements online. Turmeric is renowned for its anti-inflammatory benefits and may be especially effective for treating pain associated with arthritis. |
| Brewing Tea with Purpose | Nighty Thyroid Support Supplements Extra ® Tea Helps you relax for a good night's sleep Organic Nighty Night Evidence-based fat burning tea infuses the Ermedies of valerian root, a Traditionak, time-tested herbal sedative, Traditipnal Sharing Berry Recipes deep sleep. Ginger Root Ginger is most known for easing nausea and motion sickness. Anti-tumor and apoptotic effects in vitro and in vivo of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription. Clinical practice of African traditional medicine. In African traditional setting, there was always an explanation as to why someone was suffering from a certain disease at a particular time. The use of herbal medicine therapies by cancer patients. |
| Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine | IntechOpen | Organic Nighty Night Extra tea infuses the power We combine traditional plant knowledge and advanced plant science to bring you over 60 organic teas to help you better manage your wellness. Organic Throat Coat® tea supports throat health with renowned slippery elm, used in Native American herbal medicine for hundreds of years. Organic Nighty Night Extra tea infuses the power of valerian root, a gentle, time-tested herbal sedative, to promote deep sleep. Breathe Easy tea promotes respiratory health like a breath of fresh air. Organic Immune Zoom® Elderberry Echinacea tea supports immune function with the power of echinacea. Lemon Balm tea calms the nervous system and supports digestion. Organic Nettle Leaf tea supports joint health and overall wellness. Cup of Calm® is calming and relaxing when you need it most. 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There are numerous actions you can take. Investing in the communities from which we source our herbs improves the quality of the crops and the quality of life. We are committed to helping at every touchpoint possible, from empowering our female farmers through equitable pay and amplifying their voice, to contributing to programs that improve the overall health of the community and ecosystems that sustain them. SHOP The Tea. Take the Quiz! Close Modal. Organic Throat Coat® tea supports throat health with Would You Like to Set Up Auto Delivery? No, Just a One Time Purchase. Delivery every 1 Month Delivery every 2 Months Delivery every 3 Months Delivery every 6 Months. Decrease Increase. Out Of Stock Add To Cart -. Breathe Easy tea promotes respiratory health like a Immune Zoom® Elderberry Echinacea Tea. Organic Immune Zoom® Elderberry Echinacea tea supports immune Nighty Night tea combines passionflower with calming chamomile Organic Chamomile Lavender tea settles your nervous system Stress Ease ® Cinnamon Tea. Organic Stress Ease ® Cinnamon tea relieves stress, Out Of Stock. Immune Zoom ® Lemon Ginger Echinacea Tea. Organic Immune Zoom Lemon Ginger Echinacea tea supports immune Organic Echinacea Plus Elderberry tea boosts the immune Echinacea Plus ® Tea. Our organic Throat Coat® Lemon Echinacea tea supports Sweet, citrusy, and earthy, our Organic Reishi Mushroom Our Belly Comfort® Lozenges help relieve travelers suffering Maceration is the cold infusion of plants with high mucilage -content, such as sage or thyme. To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 12 hours depending on herb used. For most macerates, 10 hours is used. Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which are generally stronger than herbal teas. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum distilling tinctures. Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are evaporated into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet. The exact composition of a herbal product is influenced by the method of extraction. A tea will be rich in polar components because water is a polar solvent. Oil on the other hand is a non-polar solvent and it will absorb non-polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between. Many herbs are applied topically to the skin in a variety of forms. Essential oil extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil. Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical. Salves , oils, balms , creams, and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain phytochemicals to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way. Inhalation , as in aromatherapy , can be used as a treatment. Consumption of herbs may cause adverse effects. Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are natural, herbal medicines and synthetic drugs may interact, causing toxicity to the consumer. Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace prescription medicines. Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations within a species of plant. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion, [42] and consequently professional herbalists avoid the use of licorice where they recognize that this may be a risk. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure. Examples of herbal treatments with likely cause-effect relationships with adverse events include aconite which is often a legally restricted herb , Ayurvedic remedies , broom , chaparral , Chinese herb mixtures, comfrey , herbs containing certain flavonoids, germander , guar gum , liquorice root , and pennyroyal. John's wort , khat , betel nut , the restricted herb ephedra , and guarana. There is also concern with respect to the numerous well-established interactions of herbs and drugs. For example, dangerously low blood pressure may result from the combination of a herbal remedy that lowers blood pressure together with prescription medicine that has the same effect. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants. In a study, FDA identified active pharmaceutical additives in over of analyzed dietary supplements sold as "herbal", "natural" or "traditional". A study found that one-third of herbal supplements sampled contained no trace of the herb listed on the label. One bottle labeled as St. John's wort was found to actually contain Alexandrian senna , a laxative. Researchers at the University of Adelaide found in that almost 20 percent of herbal remedies surveyed were not registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration , despite this being a condition for their sale. Out of products, only 15 had ingredients that matched their TGA listing and packaging. In , the New York Attorney General issued cease and desist letters to four major U. retailers GNC , Target , Walgreens , and Walmart who were accused of selling herbal supplements that were mislabeled and potentially dangerous. In some countries, formalized training and minimum education standards exist for herbalists, although these are not necessarily uniform within or between countries. In Australia, for example, the self-regulated status of the profession as of resulted in variable standards of training, and numerous loosely formed associations setting different educational standards. federal restrictions for marketing herbs as cures for medical conditions, or essentially practicing as an unlicensed physician. Over the years —, the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA issued warning letters to numerous herbalism companies for illegally marketing products under "conditions that cause them to be drugs under section g 1 of the Act [21 U. Federal Trade Commission issued warnings to several hundred American companies for promoting false claims that herbal products could prevent or treat COVID disease. The World Health Organization WHO , the specialized agency of the United Nations UN that is concerned with international public health, published Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials in to support WHO Member States in establishing quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines. In the European Union EU , herbal medicines are regulated under the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. In the United States, herbal remedies are regulated dietary supplements by the Food and Drug Administration FDA under current good manufacturing practice cGMP policy for dietary supplements. Canadian regulations are described by the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate which requires an eight-digit Natural Product Number or Homeopathic Medicine Number on the label of licensed herbal medicines or dietary supplements. Some herbs, such as cannabis and coca , are outright banned in most countries though coca is legal in most of the South American countries where it is grown. The Cannabis plant is used as a herbal medicine , and as such is legal in some parts of the world. Since , the sales of ephedra as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA, [70] and subject to Schedule III restrictions in the United Kingdom. Herbalism has been criticized as a potential " minefield " of unreliable product quality, safety hazards, and potential for misleading health advice. Unethical practices by some herbalists and manufacturers, which may include false advertising about health benefits on product labels or literature, [7] and contamination or use of fillers during product preparation, [38] [72] may erode consumer confidence about services and products. Paraherbalism is the pseudoscientific use of extracts of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents. It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective, for which there is no evidence either condition applies. Phytochemical researcher Varro Eugene Tyler described paraherbalism as "faulty or inferior herbalism based on pseudoscience", using scientific terminology but lacking scientific evidence for safety and efficacy. Tyler listed ten fallacies that distinguished herbalism from paraherbalism, including claims that there is a conspiracy to suppress safe and effective herbs, herbs can not cause harm, that whole herbs are more effective than molecules isolated from the plants, herbs are superior to drugs, the doctrine of signatures the belief that the shape of the plant indicates its function is valid, dilution of substances increases their potency a doctrine of the pseudoscience of homeopathy , astrological alignments are significant, animal testing is not appropriate to indicate human effects, anecdotal evidence is an effective means of proving a substance works and herbs were created by God to cure disease. Tyler suggests that none of these beliefs have any basis in fact. Native Americans used about 2, of the approximately 20, plant species that are native to North America. In Andean healing practices, the use of Entheogens , in particular the San Pedro cactus Echinopsis pachanoi is still a vital component, and has been around for millennia. Some researchers trained in both Western and traditional Chinese medicine have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science. In , Tu Youyou , a pharmaceutical chemist and Nobel Prize winner , extracted the anti-malarial drug artemisinin from sweet wormwood , a traditional Chinese treatment for intermittent fevers. In India, Ayurvedic medicine has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone " alchemical processing ", chosen to balance dosha. Over species of medicinal plants have been documented by C. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system. In Indonesia , especially among the Javanese , the jamu traditional herbal medicine may have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, some years ago. Though possibly influenced by Indian Ayurveda systems, the Indonesia archipelago holds numerous indigenous plants not found in India, including plants similar to those in Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves, [88] believing that plants are subject to environmental pressures and therefore develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack to survive, providing defensive phytochemicals of use in herbalism. Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject. The habit of changing diet has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites , such as tannins and alkaloids. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants. For the journal, see Phytomedicine journal. General information. Alternative medicine History Terminology Alternative veterinary medicine Quackery health fraud Rise of modern medicine Pseudoscience Antiscience Skepticism Scientific Therapeutic nihilism. Fringe medicine and science. Conspiracy theories. Alternative medical systems Mind—body intervention Biologically based therapy Manipulative methods Energy therapy. Traditional medicine. African Muti Southern Africa Ayurveda Dosha MVAH Balneotherapy Brazilian Bush medicine Cambodian Chinese Blood stasis Chinese herbology Dit da Gua sha Gill plate trade Long gu Meridian Moxibustion Pressure point Qi San Jiao Tui na Zang-fu Chumash Curandero Faith healing Hilot Iranian Jamu Kayakalpa Kambo Japanese Korean Mien Shiang Mongolian Prophetic medicine Shamanism Shiatsu Siddha Sri Lankan Thai massage Tibetan Unani Vietnamese. Adrenal fatigue Aerotoxic syndrome Candida hypersensitivity Chronic Lyme disease Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Heavy legs Leaky gut syndrome Multiple chemical sensitivity Wilson's temperature syndrome. Main articles: History of herbalism and Materia medica. For partial list of herbs with known adverse effects, see List of herbs with known adverse effects. See also: Traditional medicine. Main article: Traditional African medicine. Main article: Zoopharmacognosy. July Bibcode : Natur. doi : PMID Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 11 October November Science China Life Sciences. ISSN PMC Critical Thinking, Science, and Pseudoscience: Why We Can't Trust Our Brains. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 29 May Retrieved 12 November Archived from the original on 11 November Retrieved 29 October Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 25 February Ancient Egyptian Medicine. University of Oklahoma Press. December Biotechnology Advances. The Engines of Hippocrates: From the Dawn of Medicine to Medical and Pharmaceutical Informatics. McGill Journal of Medicine. Archived from the original PDF on 1 December Huang Di Nei Jing: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. University of California Press. A Short History of Medicine. JHU Press. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 27 July Australian Government — Department of Health. Archived from the original PDF on 26 June Retrieved 12 December European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 30 March Retrieved 24 February gov, a registry of studies on herbal medicine". gov, US National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 1 April The New England Journal of Medicine. Diabetes Care. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. A Narrative Review of Demographic Characteristics and Health Factors Associated with CAM Use". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine: Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy, and Regulatory Issues. The Herbal Medicine Maker's Handbook: A Home Manual. |
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Medicine Changes: late 19th to early 20th century. Nature's Medicine: Plants that Heal. Washington, D. Fulcher, Robert M. Fulcher, Cathy Dubeansky, Pharmacology: Principles and Applications' ', Soto Elsevier Health Sciences, , p.
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OCLC Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses INFLIBNET. Retrieved 7 April Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms. SUNY Press.
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Browse Home Consumer safety. Traditional herbal remedies - quality and safety matters 5 May Traditional medicines, Adulterated health products, General safety, Traditional medicines. Things to keep in mind when you purchase herbal medicines or remedies Be cautious of exaggerated claims and over-promises.
Taking such health products can be extremely harmful to your health. As a general rule, be cautious when purchasing health products from unfamiliar places or unknown online sources, even if they are recommended by well-meaning friends or relatives.
You cannot be certain what these health products contain, and where and how they were made. Make informed choices about the health products that you will be consuming. Taking herbal supplements may increase or decrease the effectiveness of other drugs you are taking or may increase the risk of negative side effects.
If you are considering taking herbal medicines, it is always a good idea to talk to your doctor about possible side effects and interactions with other medications you are taking.
Not all herbal medicines that are sold are safe. Always purchase from a source that stocks products from a reputable manufacturer or supplier, such as health food stores, supermarkets, pharmacies or from a reputable practitioner.
Be careful about purchasing herbal medicines over the internet. Unregulated herbal medicines from overseas may not be manufactured to the same quality and standard as regulated medicines. In some cases, products purchased online have been found to have dangerous levels of lead , mercury or arsenic, which can cause serious health problems.
Herbal medicines made in Australia are subject to regulations. Consult with your pharmacist about the safety and effectiveness of the herbal medicine or supplements you are thinking of buying. If you are considering taking herbal medicine, it is recommended that you:. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:.
Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine and consists of inserting fine needles into specific points on the skin. The Alexander technique stresses that movement should be economical and needs only the minimum amount of energy and effort.
The different smells and chemical constituents of aromatherapy oils can produce different emotional and physiological reactions. Ayurveda is an ancient healing system from India that uses a range of techniques to treat illness and encourage wellbeing.
Bowen is a holistic remedial body technique that works on the soft connective tissue fascia of the body. Bowen therapy can be used to treat musculoskeletal or related neurological problems including acute sports injuries and chronic or organic conditions. It is gentle and relaxing and does not use forceful manipulation.
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website.
All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.
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Home Complementary and alternative care. Herbal medicine. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. What is herbal medicine? Active ingredients and herbal medicine Medicinal uses for specific herbs Do not self-diagnose ailments Special considerations for herbal medicine Where to get help.
Open Body cleanse for skin Evidence-based fat burning chapter. Submitted: 20 May Reviewed: 17 July Published: 30 January com customercare cbspd. Sharing Berry Recipes traditional Traditionxl is a form of herbbal health care Evidence-based fat burning organized Traditiona three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts.
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