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Rico-Sanz J 1 ,. Mendez Marco MT. Affiliations 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Spain. Authors Rico-Sanz J 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook.

Abstract Purpose The main purpose of the present study was to measure the total oxygen consumed, accumulation of blood metabolites, and performance during alternating intensity exercise before and after a period of creatine Cr loading in well-trained humans.

Methods Fourteen males were randomly assigned to two groups of seven males and were tested before and after 5 d of placebo PL or Cr monohydrate CR loading 20 g x d Blood samples were also obtained at rest, before the end of each cycling load, at exhaustion, and 5-min postexercise. Conclusions The results indicate that Cr feeding increases the capacity of human muscle to perform work during alternating intensity contraction, possibly as a consequence of increased aerobic phosphorylation and flux through the creatine kinase system.

References Articles referenced by this article 39 Title not supplied Balsom Scand J Med Sci Sports, ??? Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Balsom PD , Harridge SD , Soderlund K , Sjodin B , Ekblom B Acta Physiol Scand, 4 MED: Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation.

Balsom PD , Soderlund K , Sjodin B , Ekblom B Acta Physiol Scand, 3 MED: Title not supplied Belitser Biokhimiya, ??? The possible role of the mitochondrial bound creatine kinase in regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Bessman SP , Fonyo A Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 5 MED: Transport of energy in muscle: the phosphorylcreatine shuttle.

Bessman SP , Geiger PJ Science, MED: The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man. Birch R , Noble D , Greenhaff PL Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 3 MED: Title not supplied Casey Am J Physiol, E31???

DUNCOMBE WG Clin Chim Acta, MED: Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans.

Febbraio MA , Flanagan TR , Snow RJ , Zhao S , Carey MF Acta Physiol Scand, 4 MED: Show 10 more references 10 of Creatine supplementation and endurance performance: surges and sprints to win the race. Forbes SC , Candow DG , Neto JHF , Kennedy MD , Forbes JL , Machado M , Bustillo E , Gomez-Lopez J , Zapata A , Antonio J J Int Soc Sports Nutr , 20 1 , 01 Dec Cited by: 1 article PMID: PMCID: PMC Review Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license.

Preparticipation Evaluation of the Young Athlete: What an Orthopaedic Surgeon Needs to Know. Miller DJ , Blum AB , Levine WN , Ahmad CS , Popkin CA Am J Sports Med , 44 6 , 01 Sep Cited by: 5 articles PMID: Impact of creatine on muscle performance and phosphagen stores after immobilization.

Fransen JC , Zuhl M , Kerksick CM , Cole N , Altobelli S , Kuethe DO , Schneider S Eur J Appl Physiol , 9 , 18 Apr Cited by: 4 articles PMID: Angelica sinensis improves exercise performance and protects against physical fatigue in trained mice.

Yeh TS , Huang CC , Chuang HL , Hsu MC Molecules , 19 4 , 31 Mar Cited by: 14 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license.

Dietary supplements and team-sport performance. Bishop D Sports Med , 40 12 , 01 Dec Cited by: 55 articles PMID: Review. Similar Articles To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.

Pre-exercise oral creatine ingestion does not improve prolonged intermittent sprint exercise in humans. Preen D , Dawson B , Goodman C , Lawrence S , Beilby J , Ching S J Sports Med Phys Fitness , 42 3 , 01 Sep Cited by: 5 articles PMID: Effect of creatine loading on long-term sprint exercise performance and metabolism.

Overview Fingerprint. Abstract Following the onset of moderate aerobic exercise, the rate of oxygen consumption J o rises monoexponentially toward the new steady state with a time constant τ in the vicinity of 30 s.

Keywords Creatine kinase Hexokinase Mitochondrial resistance. ASJC Scopus subject areas Physiology Cell Biology. Access to Document Link to publication in Scopus.

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Linear relation between time constant of oxygen uptake kinetics, total creatine, and mitochondrial content in vitro'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. View full fingerprint.

Cite this APA Standard Harvard Vancouver Author BIBTEX RIS Glancy, B. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology , 1 , CC Santacruz, Lucia, Antonio Jose Luis Arciniegas, Marcus Darrabie, Jose G.

Mantilla, Rebecca M. Baron, Dawn E. Bowles, Rajashree Mishra, and Danny O. Santacruz L, Arciniegas AJL, Darrabie M, Mantilla JG, Baron RM, Bowles DE, et al. Physiological reports.

Santacruz, Lucia, et al. Epmc , doi Santacruz L, Arciniegas AJL, Darrabie M, Mantilla JG, Baron RM, Bowles DE, Mishra R, Jacobs DO.

The mechanisms underlying this delay have been studied over several decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the J o kinetics of isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria at various levels of TCr and mitochondrial protein.

Mitochondria were incubated in a medium containing 5. Pyruvate and malate 1 mM each were present as oxidative substrates. At TCr levels in mM of 0. Furthermore, the experimentally observed τ varied linearly and inversely with the mitochondrial protein added. These in vitro results consistently conform to the predictions of Meyer's electrical analog model.

T1 - Linear relation between time constant of oxygen uptake kinetics, total creatine, and mitochondrial content in vitro. N2 - Following the onset of moderate aerobic exercise, the rate of oxygen consumption Jo rises monoexponentially toward the new steady state with a time constant τ in the vicinity of 30 s.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the Jo kinetics of isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria at various levels of TCr and mitochondrial protein.

AB - Following the onset of moderate aerobic exercise, the rate of oxygen consumption Jo rises monoexponentially toward the new steady state with a time constant τ in the vicinity of 30 s. From rest to exercise at a given exercise intensity that requires a given oxygen uptake.

We refer to this as the steady-state. We can look at the kinetics of the increase in VO2 with exercise and the decrease in VO2 after exercise.

You can see here that as VO2 increases up to the steady-state level, there is a lag in oxygen uptake. This is referred to as an oxygen deficit. Interestingly, oxygen deficit, or the maximal oxygen deficit, has been used as a marker of anaerobic capacity in an applied sport setting.

During exercise, as long as that exercise continues, there is a given oxygen uptake. And this may include several hours, depending on how hard and how long the exercise is. You could imagine that it might be due to a lag in oxygen delivery.

It takes some time for the cardiac output, for the muscle blood flow to increase, and for the oxygen to diffuse into the skeletal muscle tissue. Alternatively, oxygen delivery might increase quite quickly, and the lag might be due to sluggishness in mitochondrial respiration.

A number of experiments over the years have tried to identify, is it oxygen delivery, is it oxygen utilization? And depending on the exercise intensity and the situations of those experiments results have been obtained in support or against either mechanism.

So probably both continue to contribute to some extent. During exercise, as I said, at a given exercise intensity, there is an oxygen requirement.

And during prolonged exercise, there is a general upward drift in VO2. What mechanisms might contribute to this increase in VO2? Well, most of it is due to changes within the active muscles themselves.

Some of the factors, some of the changes, in skeletal muscle that contribute to that include recruitment of lower efficiency type two fibers, changes in the efficiency of ATP production to oxygen consumption, an increase in muscle temperature, an increased reliance on free fatty acid metabolism, which tends to have a higher oxygen requirement, and elevated catecholamines, which can impact on metabolism.

Factors outside the muscle which could contribute to this increased oxygen consumption include an increased oxygen requirement of the ventilatory muscles and of the heart as they increase their activity during prolonged exercise. Have a look at the post-exercise period. There are a number of processes going on that are thought to contribute to the maintenance of a slightly higher VO2 during recovery.

In the short to medium term after exercise, heart rate and ventilation will remain slightly elevated, and that will increase the oxygen requirement.

There will be an increase in temperature which is maintained for some time after exercise, and that might also contribute to a slight increase in VO2.

Dimensions Citation Stats. Published In Physiological reports. Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rats RNA, Messenger Protein Kinases Oxygen Myocytes, Cardiac Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Hypoxia Creatine Cells, Cultured. Citation APA. Santacruz, L.

Physiological Reports , 5 16 , e Santacruz, Lucia, Antonio Jose Luis Arciniegas, Marcus Darrabie, Jose G. Mantilla, Rebecca M. Baron, Dawn E.

Bessman SP , Fonyo A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 5 Bessman SP , Geiger PJ. Science, Birch R , Noble D , Greenhaff PL. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 3 Am J Physiol, E31???

E37,- DUNCOMBE WG. Clin Chim Acta, Febbraio MA , Flanagan TR , Snow RJ , Zhao S , Carey MF. Forbes SC , Candow DG , Neto JHF , Kennedy MD , Forbes JL , Machado M , Bustillo E , Gomez-Lopez J , Zapata A , Antonio J.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr , 20 1 , 01 Dec Cited by: 1 article PMID: PMCID: PMC Review Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license. This means they are free to read, and that reuse is permitted under certain circumstances.

There are six different Creative Commons licenses available , see the copyright license for this article to understand what type of reuse is permitted.

Free full text in Europe PMC. Miller DJ , Blum AB , Levine WN , Ahmad CS , Popkin CA. Am J Sports Med , 44 6 , 01 Sep Cited by: 5 articles PMID: Fransen JC , Zuhl M , Kerksick CM , Cole N , Altobelli S , Kuethe DO , Schneider S.

Eur J Appl Physiol , 9 , 18 Apr Cited by: 4 articles PMID: Yeh TS , Huang CC , Chuang HL , Hsu MC. Molecules , 19 4 , 31 Mar Cited by: 14 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license.

Bishop D. Sports Med , 40 12 , 01 Dec Cited by: 55 articles PMID: To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.

Preen D , Dawson B , Goodman C , Lawrence S , Beilby J , Ching S. J Sports Med Phys Fitness , 42 3 , 01 Sep Med Sci Sports Exerc , 33 5 , 01 May Cited by: 24 articles PMID: McConell GK , Shinewell J , Stephens TJ , Stathis CG , Canny BJ , Snow RJ.

Med Sci Sports Exerc , 37 12 , 01 Dec Cited by: 10 articles PMID: Schneider DA , McDonough PJ , Fadel PJ , Berwick JP. Aust J Sci Med Sport , 29 3 , 01 Sep Cited by: 9 articles PMID: Bredahl EC , Eckerson JM , Tracy SM , McDonald TL , Drescher KM. Nutrients , 13 3 , 26 Feb Cited by: 11 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Contact us.

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By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Rico-Sanz J 1 ,. Mendez Marco MT. Affiliations 1.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Spain. Authors Rico-Sanz J 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook.

Abstract Purpose The main purpose of the present study was to measure the total oxygen consumed, accumulation of blood metabolites, and performance during alternating intensity exercise before and after a period of creatine Cr loading in well-trained humans.

Methods Fourteen males were randomly assigned to two groups of seven males and were tested before and after 5 d of placebo PL or Cr monohydrate CR loading 20 g x d Blood samples were also obtained at rest, before the end of each cycling load, at exhaustion, and 5-min postexercise.

Conclusions The results indicate that Cr feeding increases the capacity of human muscle to perform work during alternating intensity contraction, possibly as a consequence of increased aerobic phosphorylation and flux through the creatine kinase system. References Articles referenced by this article 39 Title not supplied Balsom Scand J Med Sci Sports, ???

Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Balsom PD , Harridge SD , Soderlund K , Sjodin B , Ekblom B Acta Physiol Scand, 4 MED: Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation.

Balsom PD , Soderlund K , Sjodin B , Ekblom B Acta Physiol Scand, 3 MED: Title not supplied Belitser Biokhimiya, ??? The possible role of the mitochondrial bound creatine kinase in regulation of mitochondrial respiration.

J Strength Cond Res. PubMed Google Scholar. Jenkins DG, Quigley BM: The influence of high-intensity exercise training on the Wlim-Tlim relationship. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Helgerud J, Hoydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, Simonsen T, Helgesen C, Hjorth N, Bach R, Hoff J: Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training.

Burke J, Thayer R, Belcamino M: Comparison of effects of two interval-training programmes on lactate and ventilatory thresholds. Br J Sports Med. Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Cottrell GT, Coast JR, Herb RA: Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation.

Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Boobis LH, Lakomy HK, Nevill AM: Recovery of power output and muscle metabolites following 30 s of maximal sprint cycling in man. J Physiol. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, Cederblad G, Greenhaff PL: Muscle creatine loading in men.

Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E: Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation.

Clin Sci Lond. Article CAS Google Scholar. Stout J, Eckerson J, Ebersole K, Moore G, Perry S, Housh T, Bull A, Cramer J, Batheja A: Effect of creatine loading on neuromuscular fatigue threshold.

Volek JS, Kraemer WJ: Creatine Supplementation: Its effect on human muscular performance and body composition. Derave W, Eijnde BO, Verbessem P, Ramaekers M, Van Leemputte M, Richter EA, Hespel P: Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans.

Orr GW, Green HJ, Hughson RL, Bennett GW: A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold.

Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL: Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Smith AE, Moon JR, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Lockwood CM, Walter AA, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR: The effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on neuromuscular fatigue and muscle function.

Daniels JT, Yarbrough RA, Foster C: Changes in VO2 max and running performance with training. Dolgener FA, Brooks WB: The effects of interval and continuous training on VO2 max and performance in the mile run.

J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Thomas TR, Adeniran SB, Etheridge GL: Effects of different running programs on VO2 max, percent fat, and plasma lipids. Can J Appl Sport Sci.

Westgarth-Taylor C, Hawley JA, Rickard S, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, Dennis SC: Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists.

Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Phillips SM, Rakobowchuk M, Macdonald MJ, McGee SL, Gibala MJ: Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans.

Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C, Dawson B: Effects of high- and moderate-intensity training on metabolism and repeated sprints. Gross M, Swensen T, King D: Nonconsecutive- versus consecutive-day high-intensity interval training in cyclists. Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O'Kroy JA, Torok DJ, Mielke M: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion.

Amino Acids. Preen D, Dawson B, Goodman C, Lawrence S, Beilby J, Ching S: Effect of creatine loading on long-term sprint exercise performance and metabolism. van Loon LJ, Oosterlaar AM, Hartgens F, Hesselink MK, Snow RJ, Wagenmakers AJ: Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans.

McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J: The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. MacDougall JD, Hicks AL, MacDonald JR, McKelvie RS, Green HJ, Smith KM: Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training.

Hickson RC, Bomze HA, Holloszy JO: Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous program of endurance exercise. Keith SP, Jacobs I, McLellan TM: Adaptations to training at the individual anaerobic threshold.

Rodas G, Ventura JL, Cadefau JA, Cusso R, Parra J: A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, Yamamoto K: Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max.

Ray CA: Sympathetic adaptations to one-legged training. Hoogeveen AR: The effect of endurance training on the ventilatory response to exercise in elite cyclists.

Linossier MT, Denis C, Dormois D, Geyssant A, Lacour JR: Ergometric and metabolic adaptation to a 5-s sprint training programme. Nelson AG, Day R, Glickman-Weiss EL, Hegsted M, Kokkonen J, Sampson B: Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test.

Reardon TF, Ruell PA, Fiatarone Singh MA, Thompson CH, Rooney KB: Creatine supplementation does not enhance submaximal aerobic training adaptations in healthy young men and women. Murphy AJ, Watsford ML, Coutts AJ, Richards DA: Effects of creatine supplementation on aerobic power and cardiovascular structure and function.

J Sci Med Sport. McConell GK, Shinewell J, Stephens TJ, Stathis CG, Canny BJ, Snow RJ: Creatine supplementation reduces muscle inosine monophosphate during endurance exercise in humans. Wasserman K, Beaver WL, Whipp BJ: Gas exchange theory and the lactic acidosis anaerobic threshold.

Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL: Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. Poole DC, Gaesser GA: Response of ventilatory and lactate thresholds to continuous and interval training. Acevedo EO, Goldfarb AH: Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance.

Laursen PB, Blanchard MA, Jenkins DG: Acute high-intensity interval training improves Tvent and peak power output in highly trained males. Can J Appl Physiol. Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B: Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation.

Acta Physiol Scand. Febbraio MA, Flanagan TR, Snow RJ, Zhao S, Carey MF: Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Bush JA, Boetes M, Incledon T, Clark KL, Lynch JM: Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise.

J Am Diet Assoc. Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E, Greenhaff PL: Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans.

Am J Physiol. Tarnopolsky MA, MacLennan DP: Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.

Jager R, Metzger J, Lautmann K, Shushakov V, Purpura M, Geiss KR, Maassen N: The effects of creatine pyruvate and creatine citrate on performance during high intensity exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Download references. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Huston Huffman Center, Asp Avenue, Norman, OK, , USA.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jeffrey R Stout. JG, AS, KK and DF contributed in writing and editing the manuscript along with concept and design, data acquisition, and data analysis and interpretation.

JM, TB, JC, and JS contributed in writing and editing the manuscript, as well as concept and design. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Jennifer L Graef, Abbie E Smith, Kristina L Kendall, David H Fukuda, Jordan R Moon, Travis W Beck, Joel T Cramer and Jeffrey R Stout contributed equally to this work. Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd.

Reprints and permissions. Graef, J. et al. The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 6 , 18 Download citation. Received : 11 June Accepted : 12 November Published : 12 November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Abstract Background High-intensity interval training has been shown to be a time-efficient way to induce physiological adaptations similar to those of traditional endurance training. Methods Forty-three recreationally active men completed a graded exercise test to determine VO 2PEAK , VO 2PEAK TTE, and VT.

Results Significant improvements in VO 2PEAK and VO 2PEAK TTE occurred in both training groups. Conclusion In conclusion, HIIT is an effective and time-efficient way to improve maximal endurance performance.

Background Traditional endurance training has been shown to improve aerobic capacity, such as the ability to sustain a given submaximal workload for an extended period of time, or to produce a higher average power output over a fixed distance or time [ 1 , 2 ].

Methods Forty-three recreationally active hours of regimented exercise per week college-aged men mean ± SD, Age: Determination of VO 2PEAK , ventilatory threshold, and total work done A maximal graded exercise test GXT on a cycle ergometer Corival , Groningen, The Netherlands was completed by all participants to determine maximal oxygen consumption VO 2PEAK.

High-intensity interval training HIIT Training began at least hours following the TTE test. Figure 1. Full size image. Results Separate one-way ANOVAs indicated no differences between groups in any of the variables at baseline measurement.

Body Weight BW There was no change in BW from baseline to post measurement in the Cr Table 1 Mean ± SD of maximal oxygen consumption VO 2PEAK , time to exhaustion VO 2PEAK TTE , and ventilatory threshold VT at baseline and following four weeks of treatment Full size table.

Figure 2. Effect of Creatine and HIIT on VT. Percent change in VT over time for each group. Discussion High-intensity interval training has been shown to be an effective method for improving endurance performance [ 7 , 12 , 23 — 26 ]. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study supports previous evidence that HIIT is an efficient way to induce cardiorespiratory improvements [ 7 , 12 , 23 — 26 ].

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