Antiviral home remedies -
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Search for stores near:. Find out when it's back ×. Email address. Books Wellness Alternative Health. Herbal Antivirals: Astounding Natural Remedies For Treating Drug Resistant Viral Infections James Rogers. Learn More. ISBN: Select ISBN Ship to me Checking availability….
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com Simply sign in or create your free Kobo account to get started. You can freeze portions of broth for future use. You can shop online for bone broth. The mineral zinc is important for your immune system. This nutrient helps your body make germ-fighting white blood cells. Research shows that zinc might help ease cold and flu symptoms.
Zinc helps your body fight the flu virus and may slow down how fast it multiplies. You can take a zinc supplement or a multivitamin with zinc during flu season. You can normally get plenty of zinc from a balanced daily diet. Foods that are high in zinc include:. You can shop for zinc supplements online.
A warm water and salt rinse sometimes called a salt water gargle can soothe a sore throat. It can also help to clear mucous. Do not swallow the salt water. Do not allow children to gargle until they can safely gargle with plain water.
Several herbs have natural antiviral and antibacterial properties. Star anise is a star-shaped spice from which oseltamivir was traditionally extracted. Oseltamivir phosphate better known as Tamiflu is a prescription drug used to speed recovery from or to prevent getting the flu.
Other herbs and green leafy teas also have germ-fighting and antioxidant benefits. An herbal tea may help your body fight off the flu virus. A hot herbal drink is also soothing to your throat and sinuses.
Sweeten herbal teas with pure honey. Honey, royal jelly, and other bee products have been found to have natural antiviral and antibacterial properties. Some types of essential oils may help protect you against certain viruses and bacteria.
One study found that tea tree oil helps to fight the flu virus by slowing or stopping the rate that the virus multiplies.
This shows that it may help to block the flu virus from multiplying. In practice, you might add a few drops of tea tree oil to liquid hand soap when you wash your hands or mixed into lotion you use. Some commercially made mouthwashes include it as an ingredient.
Other plant and herbal essential oils may also work as natural antibiotics and antivirals. These include:. Use essential oils only as directed. Do not ingest essential oils, many are toxic. You can add fresh and dried herbs and spices to food to get similar benefits.
Diffusing essential oils into the air with a diffuser may also help against some kinds of viruses and bacteria. Be aware that aromatherapy has an influence on children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and pets. The flu virus survives longer in dry indoor air. This may make the virus spread more easily.
Colder, outdoor temperatures generally lower humidity in the air. Indoor air can get dry from heating and air conditioning use.
Using a humidifier to add humidity in your home and workplace might help reduce flu viruses in the air. Breathing in steam from a warm pot of water can help soothe your nose, sinuses, throat, and lungs.
Steam inhalation or steam therapy uses water vapor to help loosen mucous congestion. The warm moist air may also relieve swelling in the nose and lungs. Steam inhalation might help to soothe a dry cough, irritated nose, and chest tightness. Avoid steam from boiling water.
Be careful to test the temperature of the steam before breathing it in. Keep your face and hands far enough away to avoid scalding or burning yourself.
Add a few drops of essential oils or a medicated vapor rub to the water for added antiviral and antioxidant benefits. The stomach flu can give you nausea, cramps, and diarrhea.
Bland foods are easier to digest and may help ease your stomach symptoms. The flu typically causes respiratory — nose, throat, and lung — symptoms.
JavaScript seems to Antiviral home remedies disabled in your Antivital. For the best rdmedies on our site, be sure to turn on Antiviral home remedies in your browser. Antivirxl a Citrus aurantium for stress relief in Your Area. As winter approaches homee end, people seem to be particularly vulnerable to all kinds of health imbalances. With the weakened immune response, the risk of contracting viruses that cause colds, flu, and cold sores increases. Getting enough sleep, avoiding alcohol and cigarettes, and spending time in the fresh air can help improve overall health. However, the immune system needs a bit of an extra boost so it can fight diseases.Antiviral home remedies -
aegyptia Lam. Quercetin 6 and rutin 8 are reported to inhibit the viral neuraminidase activities in vitro and the influenza infection in animal models Savov et al. Quercetin 6 and rutin 8 were isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract of Humulus lupulus L.
This extract was found to inhibit replication of various viral strains, at a different time from infection Di Sotto et al. Moreover, Mehrbod et al. studied in vitro anti-influenza virus a potential of extracts of five South African medicinal plants, including Clerodendrum glabrum E.
Mey current name Volkameria glabra E. Yuan , Cussonia spicata Thunb. Mez current name Myrsine melanophloeos L. ex Sweet , Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims and Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst.
The study indicated that in all types of combined treatments such as pre- and post-penetration combined treatments, the methanol leaf extracts of Rapanea melanophloeos had an EC50 value of viridiflorum had EC50 values of 3.
Additionally, the authors found that quercetino-α- l -rhamnopyranoside 9 isolated from R. Also, further experiments on quercetino-α- l -rhamnopyranoside 9 showed that the compound in combination with H1N1 was able to induce apoptosis and showed an immunomodulatory effect on some selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Mehrbod et al.
Kim and co-workers proved that it damaged the viral membrane and blocked viral penetration into cells and marginally suppressed the viral and nonviral neuraminidase NA activity in an enzyme-based assay system Kim et al.
The association of influenza A virus infections with secondary complications caused by bacterial pathogens, mostly Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been reported McCullers Two prenylated flavonoid derivatives named sanggenon G 11 and sanggenol A 12 were found to act as dual inhibitors of both viral and bacterial NAs.
Interestingly in contrast to the approved NA inhibitor oseltamivir, these compounds inhibited planktonic growth and also biofilm formation of pneumococci Grienke et al. In the screening of natural products for anti-influenza potential, two chalcones named echinantin 15 and isoliquiritigenin 16 revealed strong inhibitory action against various neuraminidases originating from the influenza viral strains H1N1, H9N2, novel H1N1 WT , and oseltamivir-resistant novel H1N1 HY expressed in T cells.
Echinantin was identified as the most active compound against NA derived from the novel H1N1 influenza with an IC 50 of 2.
Additionally, the efficacy of oseltamivir was increased against HY neuraminidase in the presence of compound 15 5 L µM Dao et al. Also, isoliquiritigenin 16 was among eighteen polyphenols isolated from methanol extracts of the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC.
with neuraminidase inhibitory activity Ryu et al. Fourteen C-methylated flavonoids including chalcones, flavanones, isoflavones, and one flavanonol were isolated from the methanol extract of Cleistocalyx operculatus Roxb.
and L. Perry current name Syzygium nervosum A. Coumarins are a very large family of natural products. Many coumarin derivatives have been isolated from plants Cao et al.
Some coumarins have been reported to possess antiviral effects against influenza A virus. Glycyrol 20 is a coumarin isolated from G. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of Ferula assa-foetida L also known as Ferula foetida Bunge Regel afforded twenty sesquiterpene coumarins.
Among the isolated compounds, nine compounds were more potent against influenza A virus H1N1 with IC 50 between 0. Ten xanthone derivatives were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble extract of Polygala karensium Kurz.
The inhibitory effect of five compounds 22 — 26 with a hydroxy group at C-1 against neuraminidases from various influenza viral strains, notably H1N1, H9N2, novel H1N1 and oseltamivir-resistant novel H1N1, was reported.
Moreover, the cytopathic potential of H1N1 swine influenza virus in MDCK cells was reduced by these compounds Dao et al. Rosmarinic acid methyl ester methyl rosmarinate 27 isolated from the methanol extract of erial parts of Salvia plebeia R.
Br was active against H1N1 neuraminidase with an IC 50 value of Also, this compound reduced cytopathic effects of the H1N1 virus during replication Bang et al.
They had neuraminidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of Embeline 30 is an alkyl-benzoquinone isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of fruits of Embelia ribes Burm.
This compound demonstrated antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza virus, with an IC 50 of 0. It was proved that embelin 30 was most effective when added at the early stages of the viral life cycle Hossan et al. Four diarylheptanoids out of six isolated constituents from the ethanol extract of the seed of Alpinia katsumadai K.
Schum current name Alpinia hainanensis K. Chang et al. The compound 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-b- d -glucopyranoside TGBG 32 obtained from Euphorbia humifusa Willd. It was proven that the mode of action of TGBG 32 was different from the FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs.
It significantly inhibited the nuclear export of influenza nucleoproteins NP and suppressed the Akt signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner Chang et al. In , cynanversicoside A 33 was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Cynanchum paniculatum Bunge Kitag.
Hara current name Vincetoxicum mukdenense Kitag. It showed potent anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects on influenza A virus -infected MPMEC by the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways Wei et al.
Forsythoside A 34 was isolated from the methanol extract of Forsythia suspensa Thunb. Vahl fruit. It increased the survival rate of infected mice in an influenza virus infection model and reduced the viral titers of different influenza virus subtypes in cell cultures.
Forsythoside A 34 caused a reduction in the influenza M1 protein, which limited the virus spread Law et al. In , the influenza virus NA inhibitory activities of some naturally occurring chlorogenic acids against NAs from Clostridium perfringens , H5N1, and recombinant H5N1 N-His -Tag were investigated.
According to the findings, all chlorogenic acids isolated from C. perfringens and selected derivatives demonstrated considerable activities against NAs Karar et al. It is beneficial for a plant-based natural antiviral remedy to have multiple useful activities such as treating secondary infections as well as symptoms associated with influenza and other viral infections.
Fructus Gardeniae , the dry ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, is widely used as a traditional medicine in several Asian countries. The target fraction was administered orally to rats, blood was collected, and the compounds in rat serum after oral administration were separated and characterized.
Thirteen compounds including iridoid glycosides, phenylpropanoids, and their derivatives were confirmed or tentatively identified Yang et al. The characteristics of natural products against influenza virus have been summarized in Table 1.
Structures of natural products against influenza virus are depicted in Figure 1. Human coronaviruses are responsible for worldwide epidemic outbreaks and infections, and their rapid spread globally is of major concern. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are considered as the most emergent CoVs.
Although several drugs, such as ribavirin, lopinavir-ritonavir, interferon, and corticosteroids, have been used as treatment with some efficacy in patients infected with SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV Shalhoub et al.
In the absence of effective treatments for HCoV infections, natural products might be potential alternative therapies. Many natural products have been tested in terms of their activity against coronaviruses and showed much potential in coronavirus treatment Adem et al.
Bioactive compounds use different mechanisms to inhibit coronaviruses, and inhibition of ACE2, 3CLpro, and PLpro are most common. Here we mention some of these natural products which have been proven to be active against coronaviruses. HCoVE, an α-CoV, is an important cause of respiratory viral infections in high-risk infants Sizun et al.
Saikosaponins are a group of oleanane derivatives that have been isolated from some medicinal plants such as Heteromorpha spp. Recio et al. Saikosaponins A 35 , D 36 , B2 37 and C 38 were found to possess antiviral activity on HCoVE at concentrations of 0.
Saikosaponin B2 37 inhibited HCoVE viral infection by inhibiting attachment of viruses to cells, blocking viral penetration into cells, and also interfering with the early stages of viral replication Cheng et al. Also, the efficacy of aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts from stem bark and leaves of three mulberry species Morus alba L.
alba, Morus alba L. rosa and Morus rubra L. against HCoVE has been investigated. Leaf water-alcohol extracts had the best antiviral activity against human coronavirus E Thabti et al. The structures of natural products against HCoVE are shown in Figure 2.
As mentioned before, SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe respiratory illness and even death. An in silico investigation revealed that some Indian herbal plant extracts inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Highly promising inhibition was shown by extracts of harsingar, Aloe vera L.
Currently, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment available for COVID In this regard traditional medicine and natural compounds can be taken into consideration as one of the treatment modalities. Lianhuaqingwen LH is a traditional Chinese medicine. The antiviral effect of the LH Capsule LHC against influenza has been reported.
It can reduce the duration of the illness and the duration of viral shedding Duan et al. Recently the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of LHC against SARS-CoV-2 was investigated in vitro.
Results showed that LHC significantly inhibited the replication of SARS-COV-2, affected virus morphology, and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in vitro Runfeng et al. These multiple beneficial effects are promising and indicate that further intensive research on this preparation is needed.
Terpenoids are a structurally diverse group of plant secondary metabolites Cheng et al. Some terpenoids, namely ursolic acid 39 , oleanolic acid 40 and carvacrol 41 were shown to be potential inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using integrated molecular modeling approaches Kumar et al.
According to another computational investigation, three natural compounds, digitoxigenin 42 , β-eudesmol 43 , and crocin 44 , had good activity against the main protease of coronavirus and can be proposed as inhibitors of the COVID main protease Aanouz et al. Artemisin 45 and a limonoid, 6-α-acetoxygedunin 46 , as well as glycyrrhizin 47 are terpenoids which showed potential inhibition against the COVID main protease active site and ACE2 in an in silico study Chen and Du, ; Khandelwal and Sharma, ; Omaret al.
Recently over , natural product-based compounds from different species of animals and plants were screened against the COVID main protease and the ADME properties evaluated unpublished data. According to the results, twenty compounds were selected and introduced as new potential inhibitors.
Compound 48 , comprising an alkaloid structure, showed a strong binding affinity to the crucial residues of COVID main protease. Additionally, the excellent ADME properties strengthened the potential of this compound to be a promising drug for the treatment of COVID, but this is still under evaluation.
Monajjemi and co-workers investigated interactions between four natural compounds, extracted from plants of the province Gillan in Iran, and three receptors including human ACE2, COVID main protease, and SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase.
Results showed that cytarabine 49 , a compound obtained from Chuchaq Eryngium planum L. Khandelwal and Sharma reported that an alkaloid named echitamine 51 had a strong inhibitory effect on ACE2. Another alkaloid named nicotianamine 52 , seemed to have the potential to block the entry of nCoV into host cells by binding to ACE2 Chen and Du, Hydroxy-chloroquine and chloroquine, synthetic derivatives of quinine, showed positive activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo.
Quinine is an alkaloid extract from the bark of Remija and Cinchona Rubiaceae species Gautret et al. Moreover, some flavonoids including baicalin 53 , scutellarin 54 and hesperetin 55 exhibited promising antinCoV effects.
They have the potential to bind to ACE2 and block the entry of nCoV into host cells Chen and Du, A computational in vitro and in vivo study on citrus peels showed that naringin 56 could have potential activity in preventing cytokine storms of COVID and naringin 56 and hesperetin 55 had strong binding affinity to the ACE2 Cheng et al.
Additionally, among all the flavonoids available in the traditional Chinese herb, Exocarpium Citri grandis, naringin 56 possessed the greatest potential for application in reducing the respiratory symptoms caused by COVID In this study some notable features of naringin 56 were revealed, namely that it could improve lung function, alleviate acute lung injury, have effects in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis, and enhance the antiviral immune response through its catabolite HPPA Su et al.
An in silico study proved that quercetin 6 , hispidulin 3 , and cirsimaritin 57 exhibited better potential inhibition than hydroxy-chloroquine potential inhibition against the COVID main protease active site and ACE2 Omar et al.
Moreover, according to the results of another in silico study in which 8, small molecule candidates of known drugs and natural products were screened, quercetin 6 was among the top five most potent compounds for binding strongly to the S-protein ACE2 Smith and Smith, Based on the results of a computational study in which a library of phenolic natural compounds comprising 80 flavonoids was investigated against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, some other flavonoids including hesperidin 58 , rutin 8 , diosmin 59 and apiin 60 were found to have the potential to bind to the active site.
Hesperidin was reported to have the best binding affinity to the main protease Adem et al. Also, in another in silico study, rutin 8 showed notable inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 main protease Das et al. Despite the notable effects of quercetin 6 and its derivatives, there are some issues which should be considered.
Quercetin and its glucosides found in plants were preferred for interaction with proteins Day et al. It has been proven that, despite administration of a high oral dose of quercetin, plasma contained traces of the glycoside due to biotransformation in the gastrointestinal tract Mullen et al.
However, by using a nasal spray containing quercetin glucosides in a suitable form, the appropriate concentration can be delivered to the active sites Zhao et al. Later in , administration of quercetin was recommended to be done directly through alternative routes such as a nasal or throat spray to be effective in clinical trials Williamson and Kerimi, As mentioned earlier, there is more than one host-cell receptor which has been reported to be recognized by the viral spike protein.
HSPA5, also termed GRP78 or BiP, is one of these receptors in the cell-surface. Some active components found in some natural products have been tested against HSPA5 in silico.
Based on the obtained results, some phytoestrogens diadiazin, genistein, formontein, and biochanin A and estrogens have the best binding affinities to HSPA5 Elfiky, According to the results of a computational study there are several natural molecules like δ-viniferin 66 , myricitrin 61 , taiwanhomoflavone A, lactucopicrin oxalate, nympholide A, afzelin, biorobin, hesperidin, and phyllaemblicin B that strongly bind to the SARS-CoV-2 M Pro.
The flavonoid myricitrin 61 showed strong binding with SARS-CoV-2 M Pro and also high solubility and bioavailability. Interestingly, this compound also showed strong binding with other potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection like viral receptor ACE-2 and RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp Joshi et al.
An in silico study with a focus on three target proteins important in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, namely Spike glycoprotein, main protease and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase was performed. The results showed that silybin 62 , an active constituent found in Silybum marianum , showed binding affinity with targets in SARS-CoV Also, withaferin A from Withania somnifera showed significant binding to the target proteins Pandit and Latha, According to many studies, PLpro and 3CLpro can be considered as important targets for antiviral drugs against coronaviruses.
About 38 drugs and analogues with antiviral activity and 55 of natural origin were screened for inhibitory activities against PLpro and 3CLpro. The results showed that saikosaponin D 36 possessed the highest affinity to 3 CL-PRO; Conversely, amentoflavone 63 seemed to be a promising inhibitor of PLpro Contreras-Puentes and Alvíz-Amador, Agsirga is a traditional Mongolian medicine commonly used to treat tumor and cancer Cheng et al.
Curcumin 65 , the principal curcuminoid in the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. This compound has been proven to bind to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease Das et al.
Also, δ-viniferin 66 showed strong binding with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and strong binding affinity to ACE-2 and RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp Joshi et al. As mentioned before¸ TMPRSS2 is essential for viral spread and pathogenicity and a TMPRSS2 inhibitor might constitute a treatment option.
A virtual screening of natural products against TMPRSS2 indicated that among compounds with promising features, geniposide 67 can be considered as the best drug candidate for drug development.
Geniposide 67 is an iridoid found in the Gardenia genus Rubiaceae and is endemic in Central America and China Rahman et al. Eight compounds found in rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum and ginger were identified as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro.
Binding affinities to closed and open conformer of PLpro were evaluated. Based on the obtained results, five compounds from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum were identified.
Compound 68 binds with the highest affinity to the open conformer of SARS-Cov-2 PLpro and three compounds including 8-gingerol, gingerol and 6-gingerol from ginger were identified to be potent inhibitors of PLpro Goswami et al.
Resveratrol 69 is a stilbenoid commonly found in Vitis species grapes , red wine and some other plants Akinwumi et al. There have been some studies assessing the impact of resveratrol on SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 activity. An in silico study revealed that resveratrol showed significant binding with ACE2 over other tested stilbenoids in the study Wahedi et al.
Also, resveratrol 69 and pterostilbene 70 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Vero-E6 model. The compounds interfered with the viral infectious cycle and significantly inhibited COVID infection in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured under air liquid interface conditions ter Ellen et al.
The structures of natural products against SARS-CoV-2 are demonstrated in Figure 3. The efficacy of some natural compounds and medicinal plants has been tested clinically. Based on biological therapeutic activities, resveratrol 69 has been suggested as a potential treatment adjunct for COVID Filardo et al.
Resveratrol 69 can reduce copper II to copper I thereby generating highly unstable free-radicals which can degrade cell-free chromatin and can lead to prevention of endotoxin sepsis in mice.
In one study, a nearly two-fold reduction in mortality following treatment with resveratrol-copper was observed. In this study thirty patients with severe COVID received, in addition to standard care, resveratrol 69 and copper at doses of 5.
Lianhua Qingwen prescription capsules or granules is an innovative patented Chinese medicine that is composed of 11 herbs with gypsum and menthol, and this preparation had antiviral activities against viral respiratory infections. It includes Forsythia suspensa Thunb. Vahl Lianqiao , Lonicera japonica Thunb Jinyinhua , Ephedra sinica Stapf Mahuang , Armeniacae Amarum Semen Kuxingren , Gypsum Fibrosuum Shigao , Isatis tinctoria L Banlangen , Dryopteridis Crassirhizomatis Rhizoma Mianmaguanzhong , Houttuynia cordata Thunb Yuxingcao , Pogostemon cablin Blanco Benth Guanghuoxiang , Rheum palmatum L Dahuang , Rhodiola rosea Linn Hongjingtian , Mentha haplocalyx Briq Bohe , Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch Gancao with a herbal ratio of g: g: 57 g: 57 g: g: g: g: g: 57 g: 34 g: 57 g: 5 g: 57 g, which is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia.
A study of patients who received Lianhua Qinwen Capsules in combination with basic treatment showed the recovery rate in treatment group was significantly higher than the control group.
Time of recovery of symptoms, fever, fatigue, and coughing was remarkably shorter in treatment Hu et al. Also, another study reported that Lianhua Qingwen Granules could inhibit fever and cough, reduce their duration and improve individual symptoms Yao et al.
Also, some other traditional Chinese medicines were found to improve patient recovery Luo et al. SARS is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV Drosten et al. There is evidence that supports medicinal plants and natural products in having beneficial effects in the treatment or prevention of SARS.
In , a study revealed that taking a modified formula of two Chinese herbal medicines Yupingfeng Powder and Sangju Decoction resulted in the prevention of SARS-CoV Lau et al. None of the health care workers using the supplement contracted SARS, in comparison to 0.
Improvements in influenza-like symptoms in addition to quality of life measurements were also noted among herbal supplement users Lau et al.
As mentioned before, PLpro can be considered as an important target for antiviral agents Lenschow et al. Paulownia tomentosa Thunb. Flavonoids possess hydrophobic aromatic rings and hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, so they have a wide range of binding affinity to SARS-CoV 3CLpro.
The binding affinity and mode of the chromenone moiety depends on the presence of carbohydrate groups Jo et al. Many small molecules capable of targeting PLpro have been isolated from the methanol extracts of the fruits of the Paulownia tree P.
Five new geranylated flavonoids, including tomentin A-E 71—75 were among these compounds. They all contain a 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran group. Most isolated compounds 71 — 82 were evaluated as PLpro inhibitors with IC 50 values ranging between 5. All new compounds with a dihydro-2H-pyran group in their structure showed better inhibition than their parent compounds Cho et al.
According to the results of an induced-fit docking experiment, the presence of an additional 8-hydroxyl group of herbacetin 83 was anticipated to be critical for its high binding affinity around the S1 and S2 sites. The occupation of the S1 and S2 sites by carbohydrate groups of rhoifolin 84 and pectolinarin 85 was expected to be an additional way to achieve a high affinity to SARS-CoV 3CLpro in glycosylated flavonoids Jo et al.
In , a natural product library comprising compounds was screened for inhibitory activity against 3CLPro. Also the 3CLPro-inhibitory activity of extracts from different types of teas, including green tea, oolong tea, Puer tea and black tea was further investigated. Two types of tea, including Puer and black tea, showed inhibitory activities against 3CLPro.
Moreover, some biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera L. are reported to be active against the 3CLpro. The biflavone amentoflavone 87 was the most potent inhibitor of the 3CLpro Ryu et al. Also, quercetin 6 , epigallocatechin gallate 10 , and gallocatechin gallate GCG 88 isolated from the yeast Pichia pastoris displayed good inhibition of 3CLpro Nguyen et al.
Additionally, the structure—activity relationship of eight new derivatives of quercetin 6 was investigated with the help of molecular modeling. Results revealed that the bioactivity of the derivatives was reduced by the removal of the 7-hydroxy group of the quercetin 6 moiety and acetoxylation of the sugar moiety Chen et al.
Xanthoangelol E 88 , isolated from Angelica keiskei Miq. Compound 90 showed 3CLpro and PLpro inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of Further protein-inhibitor mechanistic analysis revealed that inhibition properties of chalcones to the SARS-CoV 3CLpro seem to be competitive, whereas non-competitive inhibition was observed with the SARS-CoV PLpro Park et al.
Papyriflavonol A 91 is a polyphenol isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera L. ex Vent. It acted as an inhibitor of PLpro with an IC 50 value of 3.
These phytochemicals were identified as replication inhibitors of SARS-CoV by inhibiting PLpro in a dose-dependent manner with IC 50 ranging between 4. Myricetin 97 and scutellarein 98 are two naturally-occurring flavonoids.
Both compounds act as potent inhibitors of the SARS-CoV helicase protein in vitro by affecting the ATPase activity Yu et al.
Some natural products showed moderate inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV, for instance procyanidin B1 99 , procyanidin A2 , and cinnamtannin B1 extracted from Cinnamon cortex dried bark of Cinnamomum verum J.
Presl and the ethanol extract of Cinnamon cortex have been reported with a low or moderate anti-SARS-CoV activity Zhuang et al.
The abietane type diterpenoids isolated from the ethanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge such as tanshinone IIA , tanshinone IIB , methyl tanshinonate , cryptotanshinone , tanshinone I , dihydrotanshinone I , and rosmariquinone were identified as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV 3CLpro and PLpro.
The inhibitory activity of all seven compounds — was considerable ranging from 0. Interestingly, the inhibition was selective because no inhibitory effects against other proteases were observed Park et al.
According to the results of an investigation on phytocompounds in , 20 compounds including ten diterpenoids, two sesquiterpenoids, two triterpenoids, five lignoids and one curcumin were identified to be active against SARS-CoV in a cell-based assay of cytopathogenic effect on Vero E6 cells.
All compounds exhibited significant inhibition on SARS-CoV 3CLpro Wen et al. Glycyrrhizin 47 is the principal triterpenoid isolated from licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. In , the results of an investigation showed that glycyrrhizin 47 acted as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication in Vero cells with a selectivity index of Although glycyrrhizin 47 had a low selectivity index, it was a significantly potent inhibitor of replication of all the viruses tested and few toxic effects of glycyrrhizin 47 were reported Cinatl et al.
In , some commercial antiviral agents and purified compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against SARS-CoV. Glycyrrhizin 47 and some other compounds including interferon-beta-1a, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, rimantadine, lopinavir and baicalin showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV.
The two interferons were only effective when the cells were pre-incubated with the drugs 16 h before viral inoculation, and antiviral activity depended on the cell lines used. Vero, Vero E6, and fRhK-4 cell lines were used in this investigation.
Inhibitory activities were not observed for artesunate, glycyrrhizin 47 and chlorogenic acid in fRhK-4 cell line. Ribavirin, baicalin and lopinavir were less active in the Vero-E6 cell line while glycyrrhizin, rimandatine, leukocytic interferon-alpha and interferon-beta were more active.
Since antiviral activity could be shown for most of the agents in Vero cells, Vero cells were used instead of Vero E6 or fRhK-4 cells for the plaque reduction assay Chen et al.
Some alkaloids have been reported to be active against SARS-CoV. Six cinnamic amides — were isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. These compounds were proven to be active against SARS-CoV PLpro with IC 50 values in the range Indigo is an alkaloid isolated from Isatis indigotica with the ability to block the cleavage processing of the 3CLpro Lin et al.
In , antiviral activities of more than Chinese medicinal herb extracts against SARS-CoV were evaluated. had the most potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV. The process of further purification in order to identify the active compound led to the isolation and identification of an alkaloid, lycorine , as a potent antiviral compound against SARS-CoV with EC50 ranging from 2.
In the cytotoxicity assay, this compound had a CC50 value of 14, Aloeemodin and hesperetin 55 are two phenolic compounds, isolated from Isatis indigotica Fortune ex Lindl. root extract, that inhibit cleavage activity of the 3CLpro in dose-dependent manners.
Sinigrin , and beta-sitosterol are other isolated compounds with the ability to block the cleavage processing of the 3CLpro in cell-free and cell-based assays Lin et al. The inhibitory action of dieckol , a phlorotannin isolated from the algal species Ecklonia cava , against SARS-CoV 3CLpro was investigated.
Additionally, in silico molecular docking simulation of dieckol was performed to evaluate its interactions with protein residues in the original ligand-binding site. The findings from docking experiments confirmed the important inhibitory effect of this compound against SARS-CoV 3CLpro Park et al.
Psoralidin is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Psoralea corylifolia L. which has been proved to inhibit PLproof SARS-CoV Kim et al. Emodin is an anthraquinone which significantly blocked the S protein, and also ACE2 interaction, in a dose-dependent manner.
It was derived from the genera Rheum officinale Baill. and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb current scientific name Reynoutria multiflora Thunb. Emodin inhibited the infectivity of S protein-pseudotyped retrovirus to Vero E6 cells Ho et al. Wu and co-workers highlighted potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV and identified numerous potent SARS-CoV inhibitors through screening of a library of natural products.
These compounds showed inhibitory activity against viral replication. Some active compounds were able to inhibit the 3CL protease and viral entry Wu et al.
Moreover, the potential activity of the extracts of some plants against SARS-CoV has been studied. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. water extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV 3CLpro Lau et al. There is evidence of H.
cordata protecting cells against other coronaviruses as well Yin et al. Methanol extracts of Cimicifuga rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex, and Sophora subprostrata radix have been identified as inhibitors of RNA synthesis and N and S expression in vitro Kim et al.
The structures of mentioned natural compounds against SARS-CoV are shown in Figure 4. MERS-CoV, belonging to β-CoVs, is mainly endemic in the Middle East but it can also spread outside this region.
In , compounds derived from natural products, either animal or plant, were screened for their ability to block MERS-CoV entry. Of all tested compounds, dihydrotanshinone exhibited antiviral activity against MERS-CoV in the post-attachment assay. Also, it showed antiviral activities in the pre-attachment assay.
Therefore dihydrotanshinone may have dual inhibitory effects that block virus entry and inhibit S proteins Kim et al. The binding affinity of four compounds isolated from Coriandrum sativum L.
with six proteins of MERS-CoV was evaluated via in silico methods. Virtual screening and molecular docking results showed that dodecanal had the highest binding affinity with all the selected proteins Rao et al. In , a high-throughput screening of potential inhibitors of CoVs in vitro resulted in the identification of seven compounds as inhibitors of the replication of CoVs.
Among the seven inhibitors, the alkaloid emetine exhibited the strongest anti-MERS-CoV activity with an EC50 value of 0.
It acted as an entry inhibitor blocking MERS-CoV-S-mediated infection Shen et al. Natural products against coronaviruses are summarized in Table 2 and their structures are shown in Figure 5. At the present time no specific anti-COVID drugs are available and research communities, countries, and public health organizations are investigating all means to combat this globally transmitted pandemic.
Early implementation of strict physical distancing and sanitation protocols has played a role in reducing the incidence of COVID in many parts of the world Islam et al.
Evaluation of current promising antiviral agents is a necessary strategy to discover efficient treatments against this disease. Natural compounds are widely recognized as complex structures, crafted by evolutionary processes to interact with macromolecular targets.
Over the past years, investigations all over the world have generated renewed interest in the search for novel antiviral agents from plant origin. With consideration of the provided information on influenza viruses, SARS-CoV, and Mers-CoV, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, which shows a broad clinical spectrum and dramatic expansion, might be controlled based on genomic organization similarities.
In this survey we summarized recently reported discoveries of natural compounds with activity against respiratory viruses.
We introduced natural compounds as possible therapies to fight against respiratory viruses, including influenza virus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Different groups of natural products have antiviral activities but the majority of these compounds belong to the alkaloid, flavonoid and terpenoid families.
Although most of the natural compounds listed in this assay are potential inhibitors of COVID, the results are mostly based on theoretical or in vitro research.
Most current research does not present analytical validation. Some natural products, including xanthoangelol E 88 , hispidulin 3 , quercetin 6 , rutin 8 , saikosaponin D 36 , glycyrrhizin 47 , methyl rosmarinate 27 and hesperetin 55 showed antiviral activities against different respiratory viruses in vitro and in vivo.
These compounds can be recommended as potential lead candidates to prioritise for investigation. Additionally, resveratrol 69 is a natural compound which showed promising activity against COVID in the clinical setting. In some cases the maximal suppression of virus infection and replication can be obtained by using a combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action.
Natural products and herbal medicine can be considered as important drugs which can be used in combination with basic antiviral treatment. Despite several existing reports about natural products and their antiviral activities, working with phytochemicals requires expertize and there are many challenges in working with natural compounds.
For instance, the isolation, purification, and identification of the structures of these compounds might be paved with challenges. Also, the bioavailability of natural products should be considered before embarking on expensive clinical trials. Other issues include difficulties in prediction of a suitable dosage for these compounds, modes of drug delivery, and the outcome of the combination of two or more of these natural products.
The flavonoid quercetin 6 is a highly promising compound on the basis of its antiviral activity against influenza A, SARS-CoV, and COVID Future studies should focus on appropriate methods of delivery to combat respiratory viruses, such as nasal or throat sprays, and in vivo efficacy.
The structure-based drug design approach is recommended to allow synthetic chemists to develop effective anti-COVID agents. In this regard, the relationship between structure and activity of the compound can be a viable strategy and guidance to create a broad range of anti-respiratory viral compounds.
Some previously mentioned studies have given different perspectives, such as activity-guided fractionation, which can be used as a tactic to discover anti-COVID medicines. Accordingly, screening programs may be a rational way to test traditionally used plants all over the world by working on a pseudovirus of COVID Medicinal plants are known as a key natural resource for therapeutic agents.
Whilst the future evolution of the current coronavirus pandemic remains unpredictable, beside the public health strategies there is an urgent need for global interdisciplinary cooperation between chemists, microbiologists, botanists and biochemists in order to find natural medicines against COVID and to combat the current challenges, even during inter-epidemic periods.
MAA and PM co-defined the research theme. MO, MK, and MM carried out in-depth study on the research papers, collaborated on the associated data collection and drafted the manuscript.
MAA, PM, SNE, and LJM revised the manuscript critically for editorial and important intellectual content. All authors have seen and approved the manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Aanouz, I.
Moroccan medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: computational investigations. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text. Adem, S. Identification of potent COVID main protease Mpro inhibitors from natural polyphenols: an in silico strategy unveils a hope against CORONA.
Akinwumi, B. Biological activities of stilbenoids. Bang, S. Anti-influenza effect of the major flavonoids from Salvia plebeia R. via inhibition of influenza H1N1 virus neuraminidase.
Antiviral activities of compounds from aerial parts of Salvia plebeia R. Belouzard, S. Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein.
Viruses 4 6 , — Cao, D. Coumarin-based small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors. Chang, S. A natural component from Euphorbia humifusa Willd displays novel, broad-spectrum anti-influenza activity by blocking nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein.
Chen, C. Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease activity by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate TF3. Based Complem. Chen, F. In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds.
Chen, H. Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 nCoV infection. Chen, L. Binding interaction of quercetinbeta-galactoside and its synthetic derivatives with SARS-CoV 3CL pro : structure-activity relationship studies reveal salient pharmacophore features.
Cheng, A. Plant terpenoids: biosynthesis and ecological functions. Plant Biol. Cheng, J. Cheng, L. Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids for immunoregulation and potential targeting ACE2. Cheng, P. Antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus E in vitro.
Cho, J. Geranylated flavonoids displaying SARS-CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the fruits of Paulownia tomentosa. Cinatl, J. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus.
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Natural products' role against COVID RSC Adv. Dao, T. Xanthones from Polygala karensium inhibit neuraminidases from influenza A viruses. Chalcones as novel influenza A H1N1 neuraminidase inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza inflata.
C-methylated flavonoids from Cleistocalyx operculatus and their inhibitory effects on novel influenza A H1N1 neuraminidase.
Das, S. An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study. Day, A. Conjugation position of quercetin glucuronides and effect on biological activity.
Free Radic. Di Sotto, A. Antiviral and antioxidant activity of a hydroalcoholic extract from Humulus lupulus L. Cell Longev. Elfiky, A. Natural products may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host cell.
Filardo, S. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol against emerging respiratory viral infections. Gautret, P. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Agents 56 1 , Goswami, D. Natural product compounds in Alpinia officinarum and ginger are potent SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitors.
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Ho, T. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Hoffmann, M. Also a member of the mint family, sage is an aromatic herb that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat viral infections 6.
The antiviral properties of sage are mostly attributed to compounds called safficinolide and sage one, which are found in the leaves and stem of the plant 7.
Test-tube research indicates that this herb may fight human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV-1 , which can lead to AIDS. In one study, sage extract significantly inhibited HIV activity by preventing the virus from entering target cells 8.
Sage has also been shown to combat HSV-1 and Indiana vesiculovirus, which infects farm animals like horses, cows, and pigs 9 , Many types of basil , including the sweet and holy varieties, may fight certain viral infections.
For example, one test-tube study found that sweet basil extracts, including compounds like apigenin and ursolic acid, exhibited potent effects against herpes viruses, hepatitis B, and enterovirus Holy basil , also known as tulsi, has been shown to increase immunity, which may help fight viral infections.
In a 4-week study in 24 healthy adults, supplementing with mg of holy basil extract significantly increased levels of helper T cells and natural killer cells, both of which are immune cells that help protect and defend your body from viral infections Fennel is a licorice-flavored plant that may fight certain viruses.
A test-tube study showed that fennel extract exhibited strong antiviral effects against herpes viruses and parainfluenza type-3 PI-3 , which causes respiratory infections in cattle According to animal research, fennel may also boost your immune system and decrease inflammation , which may likewise help combat viral infections Garlic is a popular natural remedy for a wide array of conditions, including viral infections.
In a study in 23 adults with warts caused by human papillomavirus HPV , applying garlic extract to affected areas twice daily eliminated the warts in all of them after 1—2 weeks 16 , Additionally, older test-tube studies note that garlic may have antiviral activity against influenza A and B, HIV, HSV-1, viral pneumonia, and rhinovirus, which causes the common cold.
However, current research is lacking Animal and test-tube studies indicate that garlic enhances immune system response by stimulating protective immune cells, which may safeguard against viral infections Lemon balm extract is a concentrated source of potent essential oils and plant compounds that have antiviral activity Test-tube research has shown that it has antiviral effects against avian influenza bird flu , herpes viruses, HIV-1, and enterovirus 71, which can cause severe infections in infants and children 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , Peppermint is known to have powerful antiviral qualities and commonly added to teas, extracts, and tinctures meant to naturally treat viral infections.
Its leaves and essential oils contain active components, including menthol and rosmarinic acid, which have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity In a test-tube study, peppermint-leaf extract exhibited potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus RSV and significantly decreased levels of inflammatory compounds Rosemary is frequently used in cooking but likewise has therapeutic applications due to its numerous plant compounds, including oleanolic acid Oleanolic acid has displayed antiviral activity against herpes viruses, HIV, influenza , and hepatitis in animal and test-tube studies Plus, rosemary extract has demonstrated antiviral effects against herpes viruses and hepatitis A, which affects the liver 28 , Echinacea is one of the most popularly used ingredients in herbal medicine due to its impressive health-promoting properties.
Many parts of the plant, including its flowers, leaves, and roots, are used for natural remedies. In fact, Echinacea purpurea , a variety that produces cone-shaped flowers , was used by Native Americans to treat a wide array of conditions, including viral infections Several test-tube studies suggest that certain varieties of echinacea , including E.
pallida , E. angustifolia , and E. purpurea , are particularly effective at fighting viral infections like herpes and influenza Notably, E. purpurea is thought to have immune-boosting effects as well, making it particularly useful for treating viral infections Sambucus is a family of plants also called elder.
Elderberries are made into a variety of products, such as elixirs and pills, that are used to naturally treat viral infections like the flu and common cold.
A study in mice determined that concentrated elderberry juice suppressed influenza virus replication and stimulated immune system response Licorice has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and other natural practices for centuries.
Glycyrrhizin, liquiritigenin, and glabridin are just some of the active substances in licorice that have powerful antiviral properties Test-tube studies demonstrate that licorice root extract is effective against HIV, RSV, herpes viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoV , which causes a serious type of pneumonia 35 , 36 , Astragalus is a flowering herb popular in traditional Chinese medicine.
It boasts Astragalus polysaccharide APS , which has significant immune-enhancing and antiviral qualities Test-tube and animal studies show that astragalus combats herpes viruses, hepatitis C, and avian influenza H9 virus 39 , 40 , 41 , Plus, test-tube studies suggest that APS may protect human astrocyte cells, the most abundant type of cell in the central nervous system, from infection with herpes Ginger products, such as elixirs, teas, and lozenges, are popular natural remedies — and for good reason.
Ginger has been shown to have impressive antiviral activity thanks to its high concentration of potent plant compounds. Test-tube research demonstrates that ginger extract has antiviral effects against avian influenza, RSV, and feline calicivirus FCV , which is comparable to human norovirus 43 , 44 , Additionally, specific compounds in ginger, such as gingerols and zingerone, have been found to inhibit viral replication and prevent viruses from entering host cells Ginseng , which can be found in Korean and American varieties, is the root of plants in the Panax family.
Long used in traditional Chinese medicine, it has been shown to be particularly effective at fighting viruses. In animal and test-tube studies, Korean red ginseng extract has exhibited significant effects against RSV, herpes viruses, and hepatitis A 47 , 48 ,
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