Associations tkssue Ideal eating schedule viscceral abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue tiesue markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in obese adults. Milleo, Nutrient absorption in the lymphatic system. Download Digestive system function. Plus, not sleeping enough increases the appetite hormone ghrelin, so you crave sugary foods and eat more. Axe on Facebook Dr. Excessive visceral fat, which surrounds vital organs and poses health risks, is a growing issue in Western countries, affecting both overweight and thin individuals.

Reduce visceral adipose tissue -

Losing belly fat is a common goal. In this article, we look at some natural ways of achieving it. Various diet and exercise adjustments can help.

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Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Human Biology. Nervous system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Digestive system Immune system. Ways to lose subcutaneous fat. Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M. Causes Difficulty to lose Strategies to shed Connection to health Subcutaneous fat is fat that is visible just under the skin.

What causes it and why is it hard to lose? Why is it so hard to lose? Strategies for shedding subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat and health. How we reviewed this article: Sources.

Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles.

You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause.

RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission. Try to aim for at least 7 hours of sleep daily. Studies have shown that excess cortisol can increase visceral fat storage 63 , Women who already have large waists in proportion to their hips, which is a marker of visceral fat, tend to produce more cortisol when stressed A few proven strategies to reduce stress include exercising more, trying yoga or meditation or just spending more time with friends and family.

Studies have shown that chronic stress is linked to visceral fat gain. To relieve stress, try exercising more, yoga, meditation or more family time.

Probiotics are live bacteria that can benefit your gut and digestive health. Some studies suggest that certain probiotics can help you lose weight and visceral fat. They may reduce dietary fat absorption in the gut, increasing how much of it you excrete in feces In addition, probiotics may help promote higher levels of GLP-1, a fullness hormone, and ANGPTL4, a protein that may help reduce fat storage 68 , 69 , Studies have shown that some probiotic bacteria from the Lactobacillus family, such as Lactobacillus fermentum , Lactobacillus amylovorus , and especially Lactobacillus gasseri , may help you lose visceral fat 71 , 72 , For example, a study in healthy Japanese adults investigated the effects of taking Lactobacillus gasseri over a week period.

It found that people who took Lactobacillus gasseri lost 8. However, as soon as participants stopped taking the probiotic, they gained all of the visceral fat back within a month Interestingly, not all studies have shown that probiotics help weight loss.

In fact, some studies have shown that certain strains of probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus may actually lead to weight gain 74 , Research in this area is quite new, so future studies will help clarify the link between probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus gasseri and visceral fat.

Probiotics, especially Lactobacillus gasseri , may help you lose visceral fat. However, more research in this area is needed. Intermittent fasting is a popular way to lose weight.

Unlike dieting, intermittent fasting does not restrict any foods. It simply focuses on when you should eat them. Following an intermittent style of eating will generally make you eat fewer meals and, in turn, fewer calories. Studies also show that intermittent fasting may help you lose visceral fat 76 , You can find out more about intermittent fasting and how to do it here.

Visceral fat is incredibly harmful and may increase your risk of chronic disease, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes and even certain cancers. Some of these include eating fewer carbs and less added sugar, doing more aerobic exercise and increasing your protein intake.

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. We all have belly fat, but having too much can harm your health.

This article explains the different types of belly fat, how they affect your health…. Visceral fat is located near vital organs like the liver and stomach.

Find out about diagnosis, the complications it may cause, and more. Everyone is born with subcutaneous fat. It can indicate risk for…. Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed…. Some studies suggest vaping may help manage your weight, but others show mixed….

The amount of time it takes to recover from weight loss surgery depends on the type of surgery and surgical technique you receive. New research suggests that running may not aid much with weight loss, but it can help you keep from gaining weight as you age.

Here's why. New research finds that bariatric surgery is an effective long-term treatment to help control high blood pressure. Most people associate stretch marks with weight gain, but you can also develop stretch marks from rapid weight loss.

A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based How to Get Rid of Visceral Fat.

By Ryan Raman, MS, RD — Updated on April 12, What Is Visceral Fat? Share on Pinterest. Why Is Visceral Fat Harmful? Try a Low-Carb Diet. Do More Aerobic Exercise. Try Eating More Soluble Fiber. Eat More Protein. Limit Added Sugar Intake. Limit Alcohol Intake.

Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 9 GraphPad Software, Inc. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used as test of significancy for weight change in mice fed with high fat diet in treated and sham groups compared to baseline.

Slurry treatment was tolerated well in mice. Mice did not demonstrate any clinical signs of distress, skin damage, bleeding or infection.

Histological analysis of adipose tissue taken at day 21 post treatment was consistent with cryolipolysis, notable for panniculitis as previously seen in subcutaneous adipose tissue Fig. Mice were fed with high-fat diet during the study to avoid any confounding bias due to diet change.

Mice fed with high-fat diet are expected to have continued increase in body weight over time. Body weight in mice treated with slurry decreased significantly at 5 days post treatment with gradual increase to baseline level Fig. Control mice treated with the same procedure, but using room temperature RT control solution sham group did not show significant decrease in body weight post treatment.

Body weight of mice in slurry treatment group were significantly less than the sham group only at day 28 post treatment when normalized to its baseline It took 36 days for the slurry treated animals to achieve weight gain that was significantly higher than baseline, in contrast to 28 days for the control RT solution treated mice to obtain weight gain significantly higher than the baseline Fig.

Slurry induces cryolipolysis of visceral adipose tissue and weight loss. A Representative images of adipose tissue in mice fed with high-fat diet at baseline and at day 21 post slurry treatment showing panniculitis around dying adipocytes; scale bar, μm.

B Graph shows weight change in mice fed with high fat diet in treated and sham groups. Histology analysis in samples taken at different time points post slurry injection in rats showed changes consistent with cryolipolysis, marked by panniculitis with abundance of inflammatory cells including lipid-laden macrophages, followed by normal wound healing process with evidence of new collagen deposition as previously described in subcutaneous fat treatments Supplementary Fig.

Blood chemistry analysis showed no adverse effect on level of alkaline phosphatase ALP , Alanine transferase ALT , blood urea nitrogen BUN , creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglyceride after injection of slurry at any of the time points tested when compared to baseline Table 1. Since these rats were on high-fat diet they did have elevated baseline levels of ALP and triglyceride which did not change with treatment Table 1.

RNA-sequencing was performed on samples collected at day 1, day 3 and day 14 post treatment to analyze changes in transcriptional profiles with slurry treatment.

Principle Components Analysis PCA showed that RNA-seq libraries are clustered into different groups based on days post slurry injection Supplementary Fig. A RNA-seq was performed on control, D1, D7 and D14 rats. Volcano plots demonstrate differentially expressed genes red data points in each comparison.

B Gene Ontology of differentially expressed genes. On the basis of gene ontology analysis, genes involved in inflammatory and immune response GO were the most upregulated genes at day 1 post treatment Fig.

Notably, Pcsk1 and Hmox1 play important roles in preventing obesity and metabolic disease 30 , Hmox1 is also involved in angiogenesis GO along with Ninj1 Ninjurin 1 , Cxcr4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 , Anpep Membrane alanyl aminopeptidase , Pgf Placental Growth Factor , and Cfh Complement factor H and wound healing GO with Cxcl2, Cfh, Slc11a1, Pf4 Fig.

Other highly expressed genes at day 1 post treatment were genes involved in Chemokine and chemokine receptor interaction R-RNO including Prg4 Proteoglycan 4 Fig. Highly downregulated genes at day 1 included genes associated with obesity including Col6a5 collagen type VI alpha 5 chain , Fgg Fibrinogen Gamma Chain , and adipokines Lcn2 Lipocalin 2 and Retn resistin Fig.

On day 3 post slurry treatment cellular responses such as fatty acid metabolic process GO , regulation of lipolysis rno and triglyceride biosynthetic process GO in adipocytes were significantly downregulated Fig. Among most downregulated genes were adipokines including Lep leptin , Retn resistin , and RBP4 retinol binding protein 4 Fig.

Processes such as regulation of cell cycle GO , regulation of cell division GO , vasculature development GO and angiogenesis GO were upregulated at day 3 Fig. In addition, there was significant upregulation of genes involved in collagen biosynthesis and organization GO and GO including genes such as Col1a1 collagen type I alpha 1 chain , Col3a1 collagen type III alpha 1 chain , Col5a2 collagen type V alpha 2 chain , Col6a3 collagen type VI alpha 3 chain , Col12a1 collagen type XII alpha 1 chain , Col22a1 collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain , Col24a1 collagen type XXIV alpha 1 chain , Col27a1 collagen type XXVII alpha 1 chain Fig.

Among most highly expressed genes at this time point was Adamts14 a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 14 which is involved in collagen fibril organization GO and Rcn3 reticulocalbin 3 that is involved in collagen biosynthesis GO along with Col1a1 and Col22a1 Fig.

On day 14 post treatment which is the peak of inflammatory response post slurry injection, there was significant upregulation in expression of genes involved in regulation of immune response GO, GO, and GO , positive regulation of cell killing GO , negative regulation of cytokine production GO Fig.

Notably, there was significant upregulation of genes involved in positive regulation of interleukin production GO including Syk, Irf4, Nod2, Tlr9 Fig. Among genes with downregulated expression at day 14 were genes involved in cellular response to interleukin-1 GO including IL-6 Fig.

In addition, there was downregulation of adipokine Lcn2 Lipocalin 2 at day 14 Fig. Mice in slurry treatment group showed increased level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to play role in inflammatory response in adipose tissue and subsequent normal wound healing including IL-6, IL-1 b, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-1 a, IL, and TNF a in perigonadal adipose tissue at day 1 post treatment in comparison with the sham group, consistent with RNA-Seq data Fig.

Slurry Induces cell death in adipocytes. A Graphs show expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue samples of slurry treated group at day 1 post treatment. B Representative images of TUNEL stained adipose tissue samples in mice in slurry treated and sham groups at day 1 post treatment.

TUNEL positive nuclei fragments are marked in green; scale bar, μm. To examine if expression of these pro-inflammatory markers was associated with adipocyte cell death, TUNEL staining was performed.

Slurry treatment induced adipocyte cell death, marked by presence of TUNEL positive nuclei at day one post treatment in mice Fig. In this study ice slurry injection was a safe and effective method to produce cryolipoysis for selective reduction of VAT, leading to weight loss.

This is the first report of successful use of ice slurry for targeting VAT and inducing weight loss. Furthermore, ice slurry treatment induced visceral adipocyte cell death as early as day 1 post treatment, associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers in adipose tissue, followed by significant upregulation of genes involved in neocollagenesis and angiogenesis at later time points.

Since VAT is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, the results of this study offer the possibility of injecting slurry into abdominal VAT for targeted reduction thus improving not only weight but possibly also metabolic disease.

Many more safety and feasibility trials will be required in large animals to demonstrate that injection of slurry into abdominal VAT will not pose a risk to surrounding organs or vessels. Adding image guidance such as ultrasound can help reduce the challenges associated with precise needle placement into abdominal VAT.

Given that slurry is selective to targeting only adipose tissue makes this a potentially viable treatment. Slurry-induced cryolipolysis in VAT is consistent with our previous findings of subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction with slurry treatment Histological analysis showed inflammatory infiltrate in VAT consistent with panniculitis Fig.

There was abundance of inflammatory cells including lipid-laden macrophages at day 7 followed by normal wound healing process that is similar to histological changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue Supplementary Fig.

Cryolipolysis of VAT by slurry induced weight loss in high-fat diet fed mice Fig. In a clinical setting, patients would be able to have multiple treatments and will likely be advised to modify their diet after treatment to allow for more sustained weight loss after VAT reduction.

Future studies are required to determine the efficacy of multiple treatments. We speculate the weight loss to be in part caused by reduced VAT mass itself which is supported by our finding of adipocyte cell death marked by positive TUNEL staining in slurry treated VAT.

In addition, changes in expression of biologically active adipokines secreted by VAT could be another contributing factor in causing weight loss. Adipokines are peptides produced by adipose tissue that are known to systemically affect body weight by regulating the metabolism of tissues and organs Examples of adipokines are leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, and retinol-binding protein Obese patients have increased level of adipokines secreted by excess VAT volume and decreased expression of these adipokines by reduction of VAT is known to improve metabolic profile To investigate the mechanism of slurry induced reduction of VAT, RNA-sequencing was performed on rat perigonadal fat samples collected after slurry treatment and compared to untreated controls.

We found decreased expression of multiple adipokines at different time points post slurry treatment. At day 1, resistin and lipocalin were downregulated; at day 3 there was decreased expression of resistin, leptin and retinol-binding protein and at day 14 lipocalin was downregulated.

In addition to adipokines, increased expression of genes such as Pcsk1 and Hmox1, which play important roles in preventing obesity and metabolic disease, could potentially contribute to reducing the risk of metabolic disease post slurry treatment 30 , Level of Pcsk1 expression in adipose tissue is generally low and it is mostly expressed in neural and endocrine tissues Patients with genetic Pcsk1 deficiency experience obesity due to decreased proinsulin processing 30 , and a recently FDA-approved medication named setmelanotide is used as treatment for these patients Hmox1that is increased after injection of slurry is a heme oxygenase and antioxidant which maintains insulin sensitivity and its deficiency causes metabolic disease Moreover, some of the down-regulated genes including Col6a5 and Fgg are associated with obesity.

Col6a5 codes collagen type VI alpha 5 chain. Expression of Col6a5 in adipose tissue is associated with obesity, and insulin resistance Fgg that codes fibrinogen gamma chain was another gene with decreased expression that is associated with diet induced obesity Although authors of this study did not show weight loss or check for changes in expression of adipokines and genes associated with obesity that led to improved metabolic disease profile in these swine, this study provides proof for the notion that reduction of VAT with cooling in this swine model does promote concomitant reduction in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome risk.

Our findings provide a potential new and practical method of selective and targeted reduction of viscleral fat that can lead to weight loss and improved methabolic disease profile.

Unlike topical cooling, injectable slurry can make such procedures minimially invasive and less time consuming to perform. Studying the mechanism of slurry induced cryolipolysis showed increased expression of genes regulating the inflammatory and fibrotic responses at different stages of wound healing process.

These findings are consistent with slurry induced adipocyte cell death that is associated with increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1 b, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-1 a, IL, and TNF a in q-PCR data at day 1. These pro-inflammatory cytokines are needed for influx and differentiation of inflammatory cells including macrophages in adipose tissue that promote clearance of cell debris, and initiate normal wound healing Slurry induced adipocyte cell death explains the presence of lipid-laden macrophages in VAT after slurry treatment seen on histology which is consistent with our previous findings of slurry injection in subcutaneous adipose tissue Consistent with the normal wound healing process, slurry treatment turned on neocollagenesis as early as day 3 post treatment as seen in the RNA-Seq results.

We had previously reported that neocollagenisis was present after ice-slurry treatment of subcutaneous adipose tissue, supporting the reduced laxity of tissue seen after cryolipolysis Increased expression of Col1a1 has been reported as a result of cryolipolysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue using topical cooling Among the genes upregulated by slurry treatment, presence of Prg4 was noticeable as early as day 1.

Prg4 is a proteoglycan that enhances connective tissue regeneration while suppressing scar formation This finding hints on controlled neocollagenesis caused by slurry without risk of scar formation.

Similar to the controlled wound healing process, immune response following slurry treatment shows a controlled pattern. The inflammatory response peaked at day 14 as seen on histology Supplementary Fig.

Most importantly, there was upregulation of genes involved in positive regulation of IL, including Syk, Irf4, Nod2, Tlr9 at day 14 post slurry treatment to maximize the level of IL that had already started to rise as early as day 1 IL is the cytokine with strong anti-inflammatory properties that plays a crucial role in supressing host immune response and preventing damage to the host and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis The peak in expression of IL at day 14 post-slurry treatment likely leads to the controlled supression of the immune response which is critical for avoiding a chronic inflammatory state.

Treatment of VAT with slurry, similar to subcutaneous adipose tissue 24 , did not induce any observable local or systemic side effects or lab chemistry abnormalities.

The safety of the slurry was confirmed by a recent human study in which slurry was safely injected into subcutaneous adipose tissue Although more studies are needed to investigate the safety of using slurry to target fat in other areas of the body such as visceral fat, the data from this study and the pre-existing human safety study for subcutaneous adipose tissue, make the translation of our technology to human patients for reducing VAT possibly attainable in near future.

We speculate that contraindications for using large volumes of injectable slurry could include chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure as slurry consists of a hypertonic solution. Other contraindications are known history of cold sensitivity, cryoglyobulenima, and cold induced vasculitis.

A limitation of our study was that we used a surgical approach to expose VAT for slurry treatments since we were working with small animal models that make injections of 10ml slurry challenging. However, in patients, we envision the use of laparoscopy or image guidance to inject or infuse ice slurry directly into the intra-abdominal cavity to selectively target and reduce intra-abdominal VAT.

We have previously shown that due to the presence of ice particles, slurry can easily be visualized using ultrasound 29 , Although ice slurry is a selective treatment, the safe placement of the needle into the abdominal VAT while avoiding any injury by the needle to important anatomic structures will require further testing and development.

In our future study, we plan to examine the feasibility of slurry injection in visceral fat under ultrasound guidance in large animal models. In this study we showed that the initial safety, feasibility and mechanism of ice slurry-induced cryolipolysis of VAT in rodents.

Although more studies will be needed in large animals to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this approach, slurry could potentially serve as a novel method for safe and selective reduction of abdominal VAT in obese patients that cannot tolerate current obesity treatment methods.

All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. RNA-Seq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus GEO with the accession number of GSE Accessed 2 Jan Fox, C. et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study.

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Pitombo, C. Amelioration of diet-induced diabetes mellitus by removal of visceral fat. Xia, L. Endoscopic visceral fat removal as therapy for obesity and metabolic syndrome: A sham-controlled pilot study with video.

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We recently developed a novel method of selective fat reduction using a biocompatible injectable ice slurry Similar to topical cooling, slurry is able to induce cryolipolysis and selective reduction in subcutaneous adipose tissue without any damage to surrounding tissues Injection of slurry in subcutaneous adipose tissue was also shown to be safe in human subjects and effective in inducing cryolipolysis This simple and injectable method of selective fat reduction can potentially allow adipose tissue at any anatomic location to be targeted, thus expanding the medical indications and applications for which selective cryolipolysis can be used.

In this study, we hypothesized that injectable ice slurry can be used for safe and effective reduction of VAT and lead to weight loss in obese mice. Using histological and transcriptomic studies we also sought to determine the potential mechanism of slurry induced VAT reduction.

Animal studies were approved by Massachusetts General Hospital Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee IACUC. All experiments were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health.

Authors complied with the ARRIVE guidelines. Twenty-seven mice were used in this study. Perigonadal adipose tissue on one side was exposed through an abdominal incision and it was submerged in slurry or room temperature control solution melted slurry solution at 20 °C for 10 min.

Slurry treatment in mice was performed by topical application due to limitation of volume that can be injected into the mice without causing volume overload. Abdominal incision was closed with sutures after treatment. Body weight of animals was monitored for duration of the study. Animals were sacrificed at day 1, day 21, and day 56 post treatment.

In comparison to mice, rats tolerate larger volumes of injection without becoming volume overloaded. Therefore, the slurry injection studies were performed in a rat model of obesity.

For rat experiments, adult male Sprague-Daley rats g and 8 weeks old were purchased from the Charles River Laboratories Wilmington, MA and housed at MGH in accordance with animal care regulations.

Twenty rats were used in this study. Perigonadal adipose tissue on one side was exposed through an abdominal incision, and injected with 10 ml of slurry prior to closing the incision with sutures. The untreated side served as control. To test the safety of slurry injections on kidney and liver function, and on lipid profile, blood samples were taken from rats treated with slurry at baseline and at different time points post treatment as mentioned above.

Animals were sacrificed at 24 h, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 1 month, and 2 months after treatment and samples were taken for histology and molecular studies. Carbon dioxide overdose followed by bilateral thoracotomy as secondary physical method was used as the method of euthanization for all animals in this study.

A board-certified pathologist blindly assessed the biopsy samples for histologic changes. RNA-seq libraries were constructed from total RNA using polyA selection followed by NEBNext UltraDirectional kit workflow New England Biolabs, MA and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq instrument, resulting in approximately 30 million reads per sample on average.

Transcripts were quantified using Salmon Salmon index for rat was generated based on the Ensembl fasta file for mRatBN7. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was performed with Metascape To determine the mechanism of VAT tissue reduction based on the histological findings and RNA-seq data, we used quantitative RT-PCR to examine the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to play a role in the inflammatory response in adipose tissue and subsequent normal wound healing, including IL-6, IL-1 b, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-1 a, IL and TNF a.

Quantitative RT-PCR was used to assess the expression level of mRNA in perigonadal adipose tissue samples in mice at 1 day post treatment.

TissueLyser II Qiagen, Germantown, MD was used to homogenize samples in Qiazol Lysis Reagent Qiagen, Germantown, MD. RNeasy Lipid Tissue Mini Kit Qiagen, Germany was used for RNA isolation. To make cDNA, High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit Applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA was used with 1 μg of total RNA.

For measuring mRNA expression levels LightCycler SYBR Green I Master Roche Diagnostics, Germany and LightCycler System Roche Molecular Systems Inc, Pleasanton, CA were used. List of primer sequences for SYBR green analysis is included in Supplementary Table 1. Reaction volume was 20μL 2μL cDNA with 18μL of SYBR green master mix and corresponding primers 2 μM and reactions were performed in triplicates.

All transcription levels were normalized to β-actin levels. Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 9 GraphPad Software, Inc. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used as test of significancy for weight change in mice fed with high fat diet in treated and sham groups compared to baseline.

Slurry treatment was tolerated well in mice. Mice did not demonstrate any clinical signs of distress, skin damage, bleeding or infection. Histological analysis of adipose tissue taken at day 21 post treatment was consistent with cryolipolysis, notable for panniculitis as previously seen in subcutaneous adipose tissue Fig.

Mice were fed with high-fat diet during the study to avoid any confounding bias due to diet change. Mice fed with high-fat diet are expected to have continued increase in body weight over time. Body weight in mice treated with slurry decreased significantly at 5 days post treatment with gradual increase to baseline level Fig.

Control mice treated with the same procedure, but using room temperature RT control solution sham group did not show significant decrease in body weight post treatment. Body weight of mice in slurry treatment group were significantly less than the sham group only at day 28 post treatment when normalized to its baseline It took 36 days for the slurry treated animals to achieve weight gain that was significantly higher than baseline, in contrast to 28 days for the control RT solution treated mice to obtain weight gain significantly higher than the baseline Fig.

Slurry induces cryolipolysis of visceral adipose tissue and weight loss. A Representative images of adipose tissue in mice fed with high-fat diet at baseline and at day 21 post slurry treatment showing panniculitis around dying adipocytes; scale bar, μm. B Graph shows weight change in mice fed with high fat diet in treated and sham groups.

Histology analysis in samples taken at different time points post slurry injection in rats showed changes consistent with cryolipolysis, marked by panniculitis with abundance of inflammatory cells including lipid-laden macrophages, followed by normal wound healing process with evidence of new collagen deposition as previously described in subcutaneous fat treatments Supplementary Fig.

Blood chemistry analysis showed no adverse effect on level of alkaline phosphatase ALPAlanine transferase ALTblood urea nitrogen BUNcreatinine, total cholesterol, and triglyceride after injection of slurry at any of the time points tested when compared to baseline Table 1.

Since these rats were on high-fat diet they did have elevated baseline levels of ALP and triglyceride which did not change with treatment Table 1. RNA-sequencing was performed on samples collected at day 1, day 3 and day 14 post treatment to analyze changes in transcriptional profiles with slurry treatment.

Principle Components Analysis PCA showed that RNA-seq libraries are clustered into different groups based on days post slurry injection Supplementary Fig. A RNA-seq was performed on control, D1, D7 and D14 rats. Volcano plots demonstrate differentially expressed genes red data points in each comparison.

B Gene Ontology of differentially expressed genes. On the basis of gene ontology analysis, genes involved in inflammatory and immune response GO were the most upregulated genes at day 1 post treatment Fig.

Notably, Pcsk1 and Hmox1 play important roles in preventing obesity and metabolic disease 30 ,

: Reduce visceral adipose tissue

Ways to lose subcutaneous fat	Read reduce visceral adipose tissue reuce final viscerzl of manuscript: Viscdral WH JT JPB JP LVG. This may cause fat adiplse build Ginseng for respiratory health in reduce visceral adipose tissue liver and potentially lead to liver insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes 11 Eating more protein can help fend off hunger by increasing levels of the fullness hormones GLP-1, PYY and cholecystokinin. Who says you have to go hungry or diet to reduce weight? Visceral fat produces more of these toxic substances than subcutaneous fat, so it can be more harmful to your health.
Publication types	Hey Paul. His website is bengreenfieldlife. God bless you- I am excited for your progress! Hi Paul, These are the things that work for me: Get a walking buddy and commit to walk every day. There are lots of healthy recipes that can be found online. Do some research to find recipes that appeal to you. Have a friendly competition with a buddy to reduce weight. Hey Anthony, at least Paul is an honest person seeking solutions to his problem. Good luck with yours, going to take some major changes for you to find happiness and peace. It took me 35 years of losing 50 lbs and gaining 60 to realize that a program like Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, keto or fasting was not going to save me. I had to change my behavior and I had to do it one step at a time. I decided to eat fruit every day. One serving of fruit and I was done. After about 3 weeks, eating fruit became a normal part of my day: a habit. My next goal was lean protein, then veggies, then a 5 minute walk… I probably averaged 1 small change each month. My weight loss was slow and steady. After a couple of years I lost lbs and gained a positive attitude and a lot of healthy habits. That was 15 years ago, so it seems sustainable…. I was able to eliminate my visceral fats in with a day program. The program is a life changer because it taught me the right approach to eating meals and the portions. Who says you have to go hungry or diet to reduce weight? Because of this program, I was able to maintain fit upto now. Help me I have 4 heart conditions plus edemia. I can barely walk my lungs are filling with fluid because of this. Then it starts right back up water weight they call it puff huff I am disgusted. I only feel like resting and sleeping and drinking my water. My weight keeps going up. Oh I have gastro intestinal bleeding too an ulcer in my stomach and bleeding hemorrhoids inside and out. Now what help fatty. Hi helping Fatty. But , I do have heart issues along with COPD, Sleep apnea and rheumatoid arthritis. I am the very same. This year my weight too has increased up into lbs, I struggle to take it off. Its frustrating to no end , exspecially when you try hard to feel better. My prayers go out to you in this struggle. Try to start doing some exercises while seated every day for about 10 mins. Leg lifts. Arm lifts. Patting your body firmly to aid your circulation. Make this a regular habit. Eat more green vegetables with protein and leave out all carbohydrates and all processed foods. Soon the benefits of fresh foods with protein the size of yours closed fist will bring you healing. All the best. This article is missing information about people in perimenopause and menopause and how hormone changes impact visceral fat and health risks that result. If being healthy, was only about eating right, exercise and sleep. As much as I love wines I thought they were a big contributor to an excessive waistline, no? I was eating beans and green veggies only for 8 weeks, no sweet , no soda,no meat no bread. Did sit ups every day. My stomach is the same size. Dose people who write all dose food tips are making crap up just to have something to write. No education in fitness health. If you wann get rid off stomach fet you need to get liposuction and tummi tac surgery. Do your research but I can tell you first hand it works. Now I have a BMI of Wish me luck. I pray for all who struggle with losing weight and being healthy. I think we should support each other and be positive. Peoples honest tips are appreciated. Before I eat anything I ask myself is this good for you? Will it nourish you? So far the weight loss is incredible! All good deeds will be blessed and surely our evil Deeds will have their day too. Look at all the people who have expired from this this will not go unpunished. But the main focus is these doctors are not handling this situation correctly. After anybody that has been diagnosed with diabetes. These people are not dealing with this situation correctly thousands of lives are being lost because of their inadequacy. It is a pandemic this is a pandemic. Instead, go and see a registered dietician to figure out what works for you. First of all calories a day is WAAAAAAY too low for most adults, calories depending on weight and height is more reasonable for an adult male. Subcutaneous fat is normally harmless and may even protect against some diseases. Visceral fat is fat that surrounds the organs. Though it is not visible from the outside, it is associated with numerous diseases. It is possible to lose both subcutaneous and visceral fat. While subcutaneous fat loss might be the goal for people who want to fit into smaller clothes, losing visceral fat improves health. Everyone has some subcutaneous fat, but lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, as well as genetics, affect the amount of subcutaneous fat each person develops. People are more likely to accumulate both visceral and subcutaneous fat when they. Research increasingly suggests that subcutaneous fat can play a protective role, particularly in obese people with a lot of visceral fat. However, subcutaneous fat can be a sign of having more fat overall. People with lots of subcutaneous fat often also have lots of visceral fat. Aiming for overall fat loss will help them lose subcutaneous fat. Recognizing the interaction between visceral and subcutaneous fat is key to shedding subcutaneous fat. Fitness strategies that burn fat in general, as well as those that counteract the negative effects of visceral fat, can maximize success. To lose weight, people need to reach a negative energy balance. This means consuming fewer calories than their body expends each day. When losing weight, people do not need to cut out any foods or food groups — however, focusing on including certain foods can make weight loss easier. Protein, for example, helps people feel fuller longer. Eating more protein can make it easier to stick to a diet and reduce cravings for high-fat and high-sugar foods. Some research suggests that excess carbohydrate consumption can cause abdominal fat, both visceral and subcutaneous. While people do not need to avoid carbs, it is a good idea to consume them as part of a balanced meal containing carbs protein, and fat. Adding exercise to a daily routine can make it easier to achieve a negative energy balance, which can aid weight loss. Movement is also good for health and can make people feel better, physically stronger, and more energized. Mental health matters for people trying to lose weight. Chronic stress causes the body to continually release a hormone called cortisol. In small, short-lived bursts, cortisol is harmless. But prolonged exposure to cortisol can undermine weight loss. The glucose concentration was measured using a glucometer Glutest Neo Alpha; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Nagoya, Japan. The area under the curve AUC of the IPGTT results was analyzed. They were sectioned into 7-mm thick slices that were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. The average cell area and lipid droplets per cell were measured using the ImageJ software according to the method described in the previous study [ 19 ]. After deparaffinization using xylene and ethanol, immunolocalization was performed in the paraffin sections of eWAT and sWAT. Primary antibodies 4 °C, 12 h and secondary antibodies room temperature, 1 h were applied to the slides upon dilution with PBS. Primary antibody used was Rabbit anti-UCP1 Abcam, , and secondary antibodies used were Alexa conjugated Invitrogen and HRP conjugated DAKO. Biotinylated IB4 Vector Labs, was used with Alexa conjugated streptavidin. Images were acquired using a BZ-X fluorescence microscope Keyence, Osaka, Japan. UCP1 expression in the white adipose tissues were quantified through measuring the cumulative pixel intensity in multiple fields of view using the ImageJ software. The feces 20 mg and serum 50 µL samples were added in μL of acetonitrile and μL of diluted water and grinded in a ball mill at rpm for 2 min. Then, the samples were shaken at rpm for 30 min at 37 °C, and centrifuged at 14, rpm for 3 min at room temperature. The supernatant uL was separated and added in μL of acetonitrile, and further shaken at rpm for 3 min at 37 °C. Then, the samples were centrifuged at room temperature for 3 min at 14, rpm, and adjusted for pH to 8 using 0. Flash-SPE ACXs AiSTI SCIENCE were used for the solid stratification. For measuring the level of amino acids and organic acids, 50 µL aliquots of each of the aforementioned sample extracts were loaded onto the solid phase and washed with acetonitrile and water Then, the samples were dehydrated with acetonitrile and impregnated with 4 μL of 0. Then, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide MSTFA was supplied to the solid phase to perform methoxylation and trimethylsilylation while derivatization, and eluted with hexane. The final product was injected through PTV injector, LVI-S AiSTI SCIENCE , and the temperature was maintained at °C for 0. The sample was injected in the split mode at a split ratio of As for measuring SCFA, 50 μL aliquots of each of the aforementioned sample extracts were loaded onto the solid phase and washed with acetonitrile and water Then, the samples were dehydrated with acetone and impregnated with 4 μL of N - tert -butyldimethylsilyl- N - methyltrifluoroacetamide MTBSTFA -toluene solution and eluted with hexane after derivatization on the solid phase. The final product was injected through the PTV injector, LVI-S, and the temperature was maintained at °C for 0. All results were normalized to the peak height of norleucine, adipic acid, and tetradeuteroacetic acid of 0. Briefly, the adipose tissue sample 15 mg was methylated using the fatty acid methylation kit Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan. The sample was injected in the split mode with a split ratio of Each fatty acid methyl ester was detected in the selected ion monitoring mode. All results were normalized to the peak height of the C internal standard. The data were analyzed using JMP version Analysis of covariance ANCOVA was used to evaluate energy expenditure [ 20 ]. Figures were generated using the GraphPad Prism software Version 8. To investigate the effect of inulin treatment on metabolic disorders, we examined the body weight, daily food intake, and glycolipid metabolism related parameters. Initial body weight was comparable between the two groups. After being fed with the control and inulin containing HFHSD for 12 weeks, the body weight change of the mice remained unaffected Fig. The two groups were strictly pair-fed, and the caloric intake of both the groups was the same as shown in Additional file 2 : Figure S1A. The AUC of IPGTT in the inulin group were significantly smaller compared with that in the control group Fig. Effects of inulin on body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, and blood glucose in mice. A Body weight gain. B Glucose tolerance test. The area under the curve AUC over the course of min in each experiment was averaged. C Ratio of the weight of epididymal eWAT per body weight. Area of average white adipocyte size in eWAT. Moreover, the size of adipocyte in eWAT was significantly smaller in the inulin group compared to the control group Fig. The result of VO 2 and VCO 2 analyses are presented in Fig. We compared the energy expenditure in the inulin and control groups. Effects of inulin on respiratory quotient, and energy expenditure in mice. A O 2 consumption VO 2 and CO 2 production VCO 2. B Energy expenditure during light and dark cycles. C Respiratory quotient, and energy expenditure. Light and dark cycles are indicated with white and gray backgrounds, respectively. The RQ Fig. The immunostaining analysis revealed that the expression of UCP1 in eWAT was elevated in the inulin group compared to the control group Fig. On the other hand, there was no difference in UCP1 expression between the two groups in sWAT Additional file 2 : Figure S1C. Immunostaining expression of UCP1 in epididymal white adipose tissue eWAT. Results of the metabolomics analysis of the content of jejunum, feces, and portal vein serum. Lipidomics analysis. A Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, and short-chain fatty acids SCFAs in the jejunum. B Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, and short-chain fatty acids SCFAs in the feces. C Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, and short-chain fatty acids SCFAs in the portal vein serum. D Lipidomics analysis of epididymal white adipose tissue eWAT. Lipidomics analysis revealed that inulin decreased saturated fatty acids in eWAT. Inulin and other soluble dietary fibers are highly fermentable and the role of gut metabolites, including SCFAs, has gained attention. Since the changes in the gut microbiota of Japanese diabetic patients were found to be significantly associated with the intake of a high-fat, and high-sucrose diet in our cohort study [ 21 ], we further aimed to investigate the effects of inulin supplementation in a high-fat, and high-sucrose diet fed mice model. No difference in the final body weight was observed between the two groups as a result of pair-feeding and equal caloric intake considering that inulin has an energy content of 1. However, there were significant differences in fat distribution in the body, gut metabolites, and metabolic activity between the two groups, which is suggestive. As mentioned above, inulin produces SCFAs, succinic acid, and lactic acid via gut microbiota [ 3 , 22 , 23 ]. Consistent with previous reports [ 12 ], bacterial fermentation in the intestine increased the content of fecal SCFAs in the inulin group. There was a significant increase in the content of postprandial portal vein plasma succinic acid and SCFAs in the inulin group. The increase in amino acids, organic acids, and SCFAs in both the feces and serum in the inulin group reflected increased fermentation and absorption from the intestinal tract into the portal circulation. The reason why some metabolites were found to be increased in the feces but not in the serum could be that they were absorbed by the colon tissue [ 24 , 25 ]. It is also noteworthy that succinic acid was found to be increased in the stool and portal vein serum of the inulin group. Consistent with previous reports, in the present study, inulin increased the level of succinic acid, a gut metabolite, in both the plasma and feces through bacterial fermentation. In regard with glucose metabolism, it is known that the increase in the content of SCFAs promotes the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 from enteroendocrine cells and suppresses postprandial blood glucose elevation and appetite [ 26 , 27 ], which may have resulted in a positive effect on the glucose metabolism in this study as well. In addition, it has been suggested that succinic acid and GLP-1 has synergistic insulinotropic effects [ 28 ]. Succinic acid is also shown to contribute to the improvement of glucose tolerance by acting as a substrate of intestinal glucogenesis and inhibits hepatic glucose production via intestinal glycogenesis [ 29 ]. Succinic acid from the microflora not only acts as a glucose precursor, but has been suggested to be akin to hormones as a reporter of metabolism and stress and an integrator of macrophage immune response [ 30 ]. In addition, succinate is known to activate heat production in adipose tissue and increase energy expenditure [ 8 ]. The underlying mechanism is that the oxidation of succinate promotes the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species ROS via succinate dehydrogenase oxidation [ 31 , 32 ], which further leads to thermogenesis [ 8 ], thereby resulting in the acceleration of fat metabolism. It is suggested succinic acid produced in the intestine, after being absorbed in the body, further promotes fat metabolism and thermogenesis of visceral fat, which ultimately contributes to the reduction of visceral fat mass in the inulin group. We observed a decrease in the visceral fat mass in the inulin group compared with the subcutaneous fat mass, and that the fatty acid profile of the visceral fat improved, thereby resulting in improved glucose tolerance in the individuals. As reported by Kimura et al. Moreover, as a remarkable effect of SCFA on systemic metabolism, it has been confirmed that white adipose tissue WAT beiging and an increase in energy expenditure are positively induced upon SCFA supplementation [ 6 ]. These reports are in line with our results that the inulin group showed increased SCFA in the serum and the relative decrease in the visceral fat mass. Furthermore, the activation of UCP1 expression in visceral adipose tissue in the inulin group may have resulted in adipocyte beiging [ 34 , 35 ], and an increase in energy expenditure in visceral fat. Our results demonstrate two important points. First, inulin reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves glucose tolerance, even though it has no effect on whole body weight. Second, we evaluated the effect of inulin under the calorie-matched condition calculated by considering the calories produced by soluble fiber fermentation in the gut. This study provides new insight into the significant benefit of taking soluble fiber. Conclusively, our study revealed that inulin regulates energy metabolism and the adipocyte quality in visceral adipose tissue and improves glucose tolerance through altering gut metabolites. The data that support the fndings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, et al. Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics ISAPP consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Hong YH, Nishimura Y, Hishikawa D, Tsuzuki H, Miyahara H, Gotoh C, Choi KC, Feng DD, Chen C, Lee HG, et al. Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Boushra D, Lukas VO, Bram V, Kristin V. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Article Google Scholar. Inoue D, Kimura I, Wakabayashi M, Tsumoto H, Ozawa K, Hara T, Takei Y, Hirasawa A, Ishihama Y, Tsujimoto G. Short-chain fatty acid receptor GPRmediated activation of sympathetic neurons involves synapsin 2b phosphorylation. FEBS Lett. Shimizu H, Masujima Y, Ushiroda C, Mizushima R, Taira S, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I. Dietary short-chain fatty acid intake improves the hepatic metabolic condition via FFAR3. Sci Rep. Kimura I, Ozawa K, Inoue D, Imamura T, Kimura K, Maeda T, Terasawa K, Kashihara D, Hirano K, Tani T, et al. The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR Nat Commun. Google Scholar. Canfora EE, Meex RCR, Venema K, Blaak EE. Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Mills EL, Pierce KA, Jedrychowski MP, Garrity R, Winther S, Vidoni S, Yoneshiro T, Spinelli JB, Lu GZ, Kazak L, et al.
Visceral Fat: What It Is and How to Get Rid of It - Dr. Axe	Exercise is an excellent way to reduce visceral fat. Stress can also play a role in storing excess visceral fat. Some doctors recommend that people with high levels of visceral fat try to reduce their stress levels. Relaxation techniques, such as meditation, deep breathing, and other stress management tactics, can be beneficial and help a person lose visceral fat more efficiently. A healthful diet that is low in sugar laden, processed foods will also help a person lose weight and shift excess visceral fat. A healthful diet should include:. Boiling, steaming, baking, and grilling foods will help to make meals healthier and lower in fat. A man with a waistline that measures 40 inches or more or a woman whose waistline measures 35 inches or more is likely to have stores of visceral fat. Men and women who fall into these categories might want to make an appointment with a doctor to have levels of visceral fat measured, discuss potential risks, and get advice on how to make health and lifestyle changes to reduce visceral fat levels. Some doctors may carry out some blood and other tests, or refer individuals to a nutritionist or dietitian. Visceral fat is fat that we cannot see, so it is not always easy to know whether a person has an excess of it. Because the associated health risks can be severe, it is essential for those who suspect their visceral fat levels are high to seek advice from a health professional. Usually, it is possible to avoid high levels of visceral fat by leading a healthy and active lifestyle. Those who do store dangerous amounts of visceral fat can reduce their levels by making positive changes to their lifestyle. Changes include eating a nutritious, low-fat diet, increasing the amount of exercise, and lowering stress levels. It is not possible to spot-reduce back fat. If you lead a sedentary life you risk building up large amounts of visceral fat in your body. WHAT IS VISCERAL FAT? Researchers say bariatric surgery can help with weight loss, but it can also help improve cognitive functions including memory. Researchers say running can help with weight loss but only in the short term. This form of exercise does have other health benefits from maintaining…. Researchers people with diabetes who also have obesity or other weight issues can lower their risk of chronic kidney disease with regular moderate to…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? While subcutaneous fat loss might be the goal for people who want to fit into smaller clothes, losing visceral fat improves health. Everyone has some subcutaneous fat, but lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, as well as genetics, affect the amount of subcutaneous fat each person develops. People are more likely to accumulate both visceral and subcutaneous fat when they. Research increasingly suggests that subcutaneous fat can play a protective role, particularly in obese people with a lot of visceral fat. However, subcutaneous fat can be a sign of having more fat overall. People with lots of subcutaneous fat often also have lots of visceral fat. Aiming for overall fat loss will help them lose subcutaneous fat. Recognizing the interaction between visceral and subcutaneous fat is key to shedding subcutaneous fat. Fitness strategies that burn fat in general, as well as those that counteract the negative effects of visceral fat, can maximize success. To lose weight, people need to reach a negative energy balance. This means consuming fewer calories than their body expends each day. When losing weight, people do not need to cut out any foods or food groups — however, focusing on including certain foods can make weight loss easier. Protein, for example, helps people feel fuller longer. Eating more protein can make it easier to stick to a diet and reduce cravings for high-fat and high-sugar foods. Some research suggests that excess carbohydrate consumption can cause abdominal fat, both visceral and subcutaneous. While people do not need to avoid carbs, it is a good idea to consume them as part of a balanced meal containing carbs protein, and fat. Adding exercise to a daily routine can make it easier to achieve a negative energy balance, which can aid weight loss. Movement is also good for health and can make people feel better, physically stronger, and more energized. Mental health matters for people trying to lose weight. Chronic stress causes the body to continually release a hormone called cortisol. In small, short-lived bursts, cortisol is harmless. But prolonged exposure to cortisol can undermine weight loss. This means that managing stress may help in the effort to shed subcutaneous fat. Cortisol is particularly harmful to weight loss, and having high levels of it can make it harder to lose weight. People experiencing bouts of stress should try to also avoid stress-eating, particularly eating a lot of sweets and carbohydrates. A diet and exercise strategy that focuses solely on losing subcutaneous fat can be unhealthy and ineffective. However, these are expensive and time-consuming procedures. Instead, healthcare providers will typically use general guidelines to evaluate your visceral fat and the health risks it poses to your body. According to research, about 10 percent of all body fat is visceral fat. If you calculate your total body fat and then take 10 percent of it, you can estimate the amount of visceral fat. An easy way to determine if you may be at risk for related health problems is to measure your waist. According to the Harvard T. However, you can figure out your waist-to-hip ratio WHR at home or ask your healthcare provider to determine this measurement for you. According to a report by the World Health Organization WHO , citing a study , a waist-to-hip ratio above. According to a study , the WHtR is particularly useful for people with type 1 diabetes. Researchers found that having a high WHtR was one of the best indicators that a person with type 1 diabetes also has a high percentage of visceral fat. It was considered a more reliable metric than the WHR, body mass index BMI , and a body shape index ABSI. Having a larger waist circumference was also strongly associated with a high visceral fat percentage. To calculate your WHtR at home, simply divide your waist circumference by your height. You can measure in either inches or in centimeters, as long as you measure your waist and height with the same units. An ideal WHtR is typically no greater than. Research has found that visceral fat contributes to insulin resistance. Visceral fat can also raise blood pressure quickly. Most importantly, carrying excess visceral fat increases your risk for developing several serious and life threatening medical conditions. These include:. When possible, exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. Make sure to include both cardio exercises and strength training. Strength training will slowly burn more calories over time as your muscles get stronger and consume more energy. As often as possible, eliminate processed , high sugar foods from your diet and include more lean proteins , vegetables , and complex carbs , such as sweet potatoes , beans , and lentils. Low carb diets , such as the keto diet , may also help you lose visceral fat. Discover other ways to reduce visceral fat. The stress hormone cortisol can actually increase how much visceral fat your body stores, so reducing the stress in your life will help make it easier to lose the fat.