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For some people, this timing works out best to be at bedtime. The active ingredient in Alli, orlistat, causes digestive side effects related to undigested fats passing through your digestive system. They generally lessen over time and with proper use of the drug. These side effects include:.
Before taking Alli, talk with your health care provider about possible interactions with other drugs, particularly if you take drugs for any of the following conditions:. A weight-loss plan with diet, exercise and drug therapy is generally considered successful if you lose about 1 pound 0.
If the treatment is successful, you are more likely to keep weight off or lose more weight if you continue with the diet, exercise and drug treatment plan.
Most weight loss with the drug occurs within the first few months. The risks, side effects and cost related to taking the drug likely override any potential benefit.
Alli isn't an easy answer to weight loss. Losing weight and keeping it off require a commitment to eat a healthy, calorie-controlled diet and get regular physical activity. Work with your health care provider to evaluate the potential benefits and risks of Alli or any other weight-loss drugs.
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Show references Frequently asked questions Alli. Accessed Feb. IBM Micromedex. Orlistat oral. Perreault L. Obesity in adults: Drug therapy. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Khera R, et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Xenical prescribing information. Genentech; Products and Services The Mayo Clinic Diet Online A Book: The Mayo Clinic Diet Bundle.
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: Water weight reduction supplements review| Water Weight: What It Is, Plus 9 Ways To Lose It | It contains several active ingredients that the company claims can lead to weight loss. Coffee extract as Coffea robusta is the main ingredient in Hydroxycut Original. One serving 2 capsules contains mg of caffeine — though the company recommends taking up to 2 servings 4 capsules per day, for a total intake of mg of caffeine. Keep in mind that the FDA recommends a maximum caffeine intake of around mg per day, which is quickly exceeded with 2 servings of Hydroxycut Original Numerous studies show that caffeine may help increase your metabolism and enhance fat burning. In fact, a review of studies found that caffeine intake is associated with greater reductions in weight, fat mass, and body mass index BMI Interestingly, the researchers also observed a dose-response relationship, suggesting that consuming greater amounts of caffeine led to greater weight and fat loss Several other studies and reviews also suggest a relationship between caffeine intake from coffee and greater weight loss and metabolism. However, results appear to be modest at best 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , In summary, caffeine intake is linked with minor weight loss. However, most studies looked at coffee consumption, meaning that their results may not apply to coffee extract supplements. Furthermore, consuming large amounts of caffeine is not recommended. Hydroxycut Original also contains robusta coffee extract as C. This extract is a nonstimulant form of coffee derived from green coffee beans. One review of 16 studies found that supplementing with GCE resulted in significant decreases in BMI and body weight, especially after 4 or more weeks Note that the original study had an error that reported no changes in body weight, which was corrected in a follow-up paper Another randomized study observed significant reductions in waist circumference 2. Additionally, a study in 60 women with obesity found that taking mg of GCE for 8 weeks alongside a calorie-reduced diet led to a significantly greater reduction in weight 1. Made from fermented apple juice, apple cider vinegar ACV is a popular ingredient for weight loss, despite mixed research on its effectiveness. In one small randomized study, 39 participants were placed on a calorie-restricted diet with a deficit of calories per day. The ACV group was also instructed to drink 30 mL of ACV per day After 12 weeks, participants in the ACV group lost an average of 8 pounds 4 kg , while those in the control group lost an average of 5 pounds 2. Furthermore, the ACV group reported significantly lower appetite scores, suggesting that ACV may help curb appetite However, both groups observed a decrease in body fat percentage and waist circumference, with no significant differences between groups A review of studies on ACV found that taking ACV supplements was not effective in decreasing BMI or body fat percentage. However, the authors noted that the research on ACV supplements for weight loss is overall limited and lacks high quality studies Plums are a highly nutritious and fiber-filled fruit. With that said, eating whole plums can be a great way to increase your fiber intake , which may help curb appetite and support weight loss Plums also contain sorbitol, a type of sugar alcohol that has laxative effects. In theory, sorbitol from plums could result in more frequent bowel movements and therefore a loss of water weight. Baobab is a fruit that comes from the baobab tree. As a whole fruit, baobab is high in fiber and many vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Due to its high fiber content, it may increase feelings of fullness and support weight loss. Interestingly, one small study with 20 people found that those who took baobab powder 15 g in a smoothie had greater satiety than those whose smoothies did not contain baobab. Another small study found baobab extract to be more effective for regulating postmeal glucose levels than the control That said, more research is needed Furthermore, the amount of baobab found in Hydroxycut products is very small, and likely not enough to provide any meaningful benefit. Cardamom is a pod spice that belongs to the ginger family. One study with 80 women with overweight or obesity found that those who consumed 3 grams of cardamom powder for 3 months experienced a significant — although small — reduction in waist circumference 0. The control group had no improvements Another study found that rats that were fed cardamom powder were less likely to develop obesity and store fat around the stomach. Finally, a 3-month study involving 87 people with overweight or obesity found no significant differences in weight or BMI in participants who took 3 grams of cardamom powder per day compared with the control group All of these vitamins play a key role in energy metabolism , and low levels of them are associated with decreased energy and fatigue. However, if your levels are already sufficient, increasing your intake of these vitamins is unlikely to have additional benefits 34 , 35 , The company recommends starting slowly and gradually increasing the number of Hydroxycut Original capsules you take per day. Current dosage recommendations for Hydroxycut Original are as follows 1 :. Keep in mind that dosage recommendations vary between products. Hydroxycut recommends gradually increasing your daily dosage to up to four capsules per day. While the two supplements make similar claims, they contain different ingredients and are marketed toward different audiences. For example, Hydroxycut Hardcore contains higher amounts of caffeine and stimulants for increased energy. Capsaicin — the main ingredient in cayenne pepper — in particular has been researched for its potential metabolism-boosting effects, though taking it as a supplement is unlikely to lead to meaningful weight loss 37 , 38 , Carbs can also impact fluid retention, especially if you start adding them back after a period of restricting them. Glycogen pulls in water. As a result, the more glycogen your body stores, the more water you take in. Sitting for long periods on cross-country flights or long road trips can cause water retention. Your muscles contract from sitting too long. Your feet and legs may swell in response as fluid pools there. Water weight is not typically a cause for concern. You can typically lose water weight using home remedies. Still, excess fluid build-up and swelling are sometimes signs of a severe health condition, such as heart, liver, or kidney disease. See a healthcare provider if you have:. There are many possible causes of water weight, including eating a lot of salty and sugary foods, sitting for long periods, and taking certain medications. Try these tips to help you get rid of that extra fluid. Some lifestyle changes might help. Try getting enough sleep, reducing your salt intake, and staying hydrated. Talk to a healthcare provider for additional help if water weight affects your quality of life and makes you uncomfortable. Water weight and edema are sometimes signs of severe health conditions, such as congestive heart failure and DVT. You might require medications, like blood thinners or diuretics, to manage those illnesses. NIH News in Health. When body parts swell. Tobias A, Ballard BD, Mohiuddin SS. Physiology, water balance. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; Moreb NA, Albandary A, Jaiswal S, et al. Fruits and vegetables in the management of underlying conditions for COVID high-risk groups. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Brain basics: Understanding sleep. Solocinski K, Gumz ML. The circadian clock in the regulation of renal rhythms. J Biol Rhythms. Sodium in diet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sodium and health. Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Nelson RK, et al. Relationship between muscle water and glycogen recovery after prolonged exercise in the heat in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. Fluid and electrolyte balance. Gerbino A, Russo D, Colella M, et al. Int J Mol Sci. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B6 - health professional fact sheet. Khadka S, Joshi R, Shrestha DB, et al. Amlodipine-induced pedal edema and its relation to other variables in patients at a tertiary level hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. J Pharm Technol. Hunter RW, Ivy JR, Bailey MA. J Physiol. Endocrine Society. Adrenal hormones. Raff H, Carroll T. Cushing's syndrome: From physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care. Sawicka-Gutaj N, Ziółkowska P, Wojciechowska K, et al. Eye symptoms in patients with benign thyroid diseases. Sci Rep. Contraception: Do hormonal contraceptives cause weight gain? Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care IQWiG ; Tacani PM, Ribeiro Dde O, Barros Guimarães BE, et al. Characterization of symptoms and edema distribution in premenstrual syndrome. Int J Womens Health. Sawai A, Tochigi Y, Kavaliova N, et al. MRI reveals menstrually-related muscle edema that negatively affects athletic agility in young women. PLoS One. Molnár AÁ, Nádasy GL, Dörnyei G, et al. Error Include a valid email address. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Appointments at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Request Appointment. Healthy Lifestyle Weight loss. Sections Basics Weight-loss basics Diet plans The Mayo Clinic Diet Diet and exercise Diet pills, supplements and surgery In-Depth Expert Answers Multimedia Resources News From Mayo Clinic What's New. Products and services. Can natural diuretics reduce fluid retention and help with weight loss? Answer From Katherine Zeratsky, R. With Katherine Zeratsky, R. Thank you for subscribing! Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry. Show references Dandelion. Natural Medicines. Accessed Sept. Accessed September 25, Black tea. Green tea. Using dietary supplements wisely. |
| Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss | Supplementts weight loss pills. Reduce body fat slimming pills patients For patients. The company also revview a program supplemeents Plexus Pivotal. Most reported adverse effects are minor, consisting mainly Reduce body fat slimming pills Coenzyme Q side effects disturbances, such as abdominal discomfort and pain, constipation, diarrhea, loose stools, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia [ 3,]. Habitual use of caffeine however, leads to caffeine tolerance and a diminishment of these effects [ 4143 ]. In vitro and animal studies suggest that raspberry ketone might help prevent weight gain by increasing fatty acid oxidation, suppressing lipid accumulation, and inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity [ 16 ]. |
| We Made This Weight-Loss Supplement | What's more, experts warn against taking the large amounts used in many studies—and recommended on many supplement labels. There have been reports of serious liver damage in people who used green tea supplements. And one study published in in the journal Cancer Prevention Research found that postmenopausal women who'd taken green tea extract twice a day for a year as part of a breast cancer clinical trial had elevated liver enzymes—a sign of potential liver damage often seen in people who abuse alcohol. Hoofnagle, MD, director of the Liver Disease Research Branch at the National Institutes of Health. The potential risk of liver damage is one reason green tea extract is included on CR's list of 15 supplements you should never take. Still, when it comes to losing weight, working a few cups of brewed green tea into your diet isn't necessarily a bad idea. If you don't add sugar, it's calorie-free and can be a good replacement for sugary drinks. Consumption of up to eight cups a day is believed to be safe, according to NIH, though people that are pregnant or breastfeeding should not have more than six cups daily to limit caffeine intake. Compounds called catechins are often credited for green tea's cancer-fighting potential. These antioxidants have the ability to block the action of molecules called free radicals, which can cause changes in healthy cells that sometimes lead to cancer. But there's no solid proof yet that the catechins in green tea help to prevent cancer in humans, despite some promising studies in test tubes and animals. In the Cochrane Library published a review of 51 studies that included a total of more than 1. Each study investigated whether consuming green tea reduced the risk of developing specific types of cancer, including those of the breast, colon , oral cavity, liver, pancreas, and prostate. After scrutinizing the data, Boehm says, the evidence of a benefit wasn't strong enough to recommend using green tea to protect against cancer. In a update to that review , the authors concluded that the evidence for a beneficial effect against cancer remains limited, with inconsistent results between studies. Some data suggests that green tea can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease —a narrowing of the arteries that can lead to heart attack, chest pains, or stroke. For example, in a study of more than 40, adults, researchers in Japan found that those who consumed five or more cups of green tea per day were 26 percent less likely to die of cardiovascular disease over an year period than those who drank just one cup per day. Similarly, a study of 76, people published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health in found that women who drank one to six cups of green tea per day had a reduced risk of dying of cardiovascular disease over an average of 13 years compared with those who drank none. How might green tea protect the heart? Experts say it may reduce high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure , which are important factors in cardiovascular disease. But while this is a potential benefit, it's not conclusive, and high doses of green tea can reduce the effectiveness of the drug nadolol, used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems, cautions NIH. To reduce your risk of diseases such as cancer and heart disease as well as keep your weight in check , he says, you need to eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. You should also exercise and avoid smoking. The bottom line: From what we know now, drinking a few cups of green tea a day is a perfectly healthy habit as long as it's not loaded with sugar and may have a few small benefits. But skip supplements. The evidence for any health boost is lacking, and there are potential risks. The Truth About Green Tea for Weight Loss. It's hailed as a fat burner and a cure for conditions like cancer and heart disease. Does it work, and is it safe? By Consumer Reports. Several other studies and reviews also suggest a relationship between caffeine intake from coffee and greater weight loss and metabolism. However, results appear to be modest at best 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , In summary, caffeine intake is linked with minor weight loss. However, most studies looked at coffee consumption, meaning that their results may not apply to coffee extract supplements. Furthermore, consuming large amounts of caffeine is not recommended. Hydroxycut Original also contains robusta coffee extract as C. This extract is a nonstimulant form of coffee derived from green coffee beans. One review of 16 studies found that supplementing with GCE resulted in significant decreases in BMI and body weight, especially after 4 or more weeks Note that the original study had an error that reported no changes in body weight, which was corrected in a follow-up paper Another randomized study observed significant reductions in waist circumference 2. Additionally, a study in 60 women with obesity found that taking mg of GCE for 8 weeks alongside a calorie-reduced diet led to a significantly greater reduction in weight 1. Made from fermented apple juice, apple cider vinegar ACV is a popular ingredient for weight loss, despite mixed research on its effectiveness. In one small randomized study, 39 participants were placed on a calorie-restricted diet with a deficit of calories per day. The ACV group was also instructed to drink 30 mL of ACV per day After 12 weeks, participants in the ACV group lost an average of 8 pounds 4 kg , while those in the control group lost an average of 5 pounds 2. Furthermore, the ACV group reported significantly lower appetite scores, suggesting that ACV may help curb appetite However, both groups observed a decrease in body fat percentage and waist circumference, with no significant differences between groups A review of studies on ACV found that taking ACV supplements was not effective in decreasing BMI or body fat percentage. However, the authors noted that the research on ACV supplements for weight loss is overall limited and lacks high quality studies Plums are a highly nutritious and fiber-filled fruit. With that said, eating whole plums can be a great way to increase your fiber intake , which may help curb appetite and support weight loss Plums also contain sorbitol, a type of sugar alcohol that has laxative effects. In theory, sorbitol from plums could result in more frequent bowel movements and therefore a loss of water weight. Baobab is a fruit that comes from the baobab tree. As a whole fruit, baobab is high in fiber and many vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Due to its high fiber content, it may increase feelings of fullness and support weight loss. Interestingly, one small study with 20 people found that those who took baobab powder 15 g in a smoothie had greater satiety than those whose smoothies did not contain baobab. Another small study found baobab extract to be more effective for regulating postmeal glucose levels than the control That said, more research is needed Furthermore, the amount of baobab found in Hydroxycut products is very small, and likely not enough to provide any meaningful benefit. Cardamom is a pod spice that belongs to the ginger family. One study with 80 women with overweight or obesity found that those who consumed 3 grams of cardamom powder for 3 months experienced a significant — although small — reduction in waist circumference 0. The control group had no improvements Another study found that rats that were fed cardamom powder were less likely to develop obesity and store fat around the stomach. Finally, a 3-month study involving 87 people with overweight or obesity found no significant differences in weight or BMI in participants who took 3 grams of cardamom powder per day compared with the control group All of these vitamins play a key role in energy metabolism , and low levels of them are associated with decreased energy and fatigue. However, if your levels are already sufficient, increasing your intake of these vitamins is unlikely to have additional benefits 34 , 35 , The company recommends starting slowly and gradually increasing the number of Hydroxycut Original capsules you take per day. Current dosage recommendations for Hydroxycut Original are as follows 1 :. Keep in mind that dosage recommendations vary between products. Hydroxycut recommends gradually increasing your daily dosage to up to four capsules per day. While the two supplements make similar claims, they contain different ingredients and are marketed toward different audiences. For example, Hydroxycut Hardcore contains higher amounts of caffeine and stimulants for increased energy. Capsaicin — the main ingredient in cayenne pepper — in particular has been researched for its potential metabolism-boosting effects, though taking it as a supplement is unlikely to lead to meaningful weight loss 37 , 38 , It also includes several B vitamins to support the metabolism of nutrients 1. Hydroxycut Hardcore contains a highly concentrated form of caffeine and is targeted toward athletes and bodybuilders, claiming to support weight loss and boost energy levels. In contrast, Hydroxycut Original claims to support general weight loss. However, like any other quick weight loss method, taking Hydroxycut supplements is unlikely to produce long-term results unless followed by lasting lifestyle changes. Losing weight is a marathon, not a race, and there are no shortcuts. These behaviors may indicate a disordered relationship with food or an eating disorder. Disordered eating and eating disorders can affect anyone, regardless of gender identity, race, age, socioeconomic status, or other identities. They can be caused by any combination of biological, social, cultural, and environmental factors — not just by exposure to diet culture. Additionally, there have been reports of unwanted side effects such as jitters, rapid heart rate, nausea, and — in severe cases — liver damage. Hydroxycut states that its products are suitable for non-pregnant adults over age 18 who are looking to lose weight. The company even offers an online quiz to help find out which product is best suited for you based on your goals and lifestyle. That said, Healthline does not recommend Hydroxycut as a weight loss tool due to its insufficient evidence and potential health risks. Here are our picks for the best weight loss programs and resources to try instead:. Hydroxycut is a weight loss supplement company that promises to boost your energy and metabolism. Some Hydroxycut products also contain high levels of caffeine, which may cause side effects depending on the amount consumed. Instead of spending your money on Hydroxycut products, Healthline recommends following a sustainable healthy lifestyle that will help you achieve long-term results. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. How can you boost your metabolism? Is there a special pill or food out there? Learn how to separate fact from fiction in the world of weight loss…. Discover some vitamins for weight loss and some minerals too …. Hydroxycut products came onto the market in Early formulations contained ephedra, a plant extract said to increase energy. Many people think laxatives can help them lose weight quickly. However, there are serious concerns over their safety and effectiveness. Cayenne pepper may help you lose weight, but before you jump on this diet trend, learn more about it. A weight loss plateau is when you temporarily stop losing weight. Here are 14 simple ways to break through a plateau and start losing fat again. Weight loss is a common goal, but you may want to know what a healthy rate for weight loss is. This article explains the factors that affect how long…. Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed…. |
| Do any weight loss pills really work? | The medical complications associated with purging The effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on weight loss and body fat has been examined in a few clinical trials, which had inconsistent results. Laboratory research indicates that Phaseolus vulgaris extract inhibits alpha-amylase activity, so experts have hypothesized that the plant interferes with the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract [ 16 , ]. However, the authors noted that the research on ACV supplements for weight loss is overall limited and lacks high quality studies Enhances lipolysis and reduces appetite. In eight trials, the daily carnitine doses ranged from 1. |
| We are sorry, but this page is not available to your current location. | Weighg Rep. Water weight reduction supplements review Post-workout recovery food United States. Sharing is Nice Yes, send me a copy xupplements this email. Cayenne pepper may help you lose weight, but before you jump on this diet trend, learn more about it. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. You may see swelling in your hands, feet, or ankles. |
Water weight reduction supplements review -
Some studies have found modest reductions in body weight associated with green tea supplementation, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. But other human trials have found no benefit. What's more, experts warn against taking the large amounts used in many studies—and recommended on many supplement labels.
There have been reports of serious liver damage in people who used green tea supplements. And one study published in in the journal Cancer Prevention Research found that postmenopausal women who'd taken green tea extract twice a day for a year as part of a breast cancer clinical trial had elevated liver enzymes—a sign of potential liver damage often seen in people who abuse alcohol.
Hoofnagle, MD, director of the Liver Disease Research Branch at the National Institutes of Health. The potential risk of liver damage is one reason green tea extract is included on CR's list of 15 supplements you should never take. Still, when it comes to losing weight, working a few cups of brewed green tea into your diet isn't necessarily a bad idea.
If you don't add sugar, it's calorie-free and can be a good replacement for sugary drinks. Consumption of up to eight cups a day is believed to be safe, according to NIH, though people that are pregnant or breastfeeding should not have more than six cups daily to limit caffeine intake.
Compounds called catechins are often credited for green tea's cancer-fighting potential. These antioxidants have the ability to block the action of molecules called free radicals, which can cause changes in healthy cells that sometimes lead to cancer.
But there's no solid proof yet that the catechins in green tea help to prevent cancer in humans, despite some promising studies in test tubes and animals.
In the Cochrane Library published a review of 51 studies that included a total of more than 1. Each study investigated whether consuming green tea reduced the risk of developing specific types of cancer, including those of the breast, colon , oral cavity, liver, pancreas, and prostate.
After scrutinizing the data, Boehm says, the evidence of a benefit wasn't strong enough to recommend using green tea to protect against cancer. In a update to that review , the authors concluded that the evidence for a beneficial effect against cancer remains limited, with inconsistent results between studies.
Some data suggests that green tea can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease —a narrowing of the arteries that can lead to heart attack, chest pains, or stroke. For example, in a study of more than 40, adults, researchers in Japan found that those who consumed five or more cups of green tea per day were 26 percent less likely to die of cardiovascular disease over an year period than those who drank just one cup per day.
Similarly, a study of 76, people published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health in found that women who drank one to six cups of green tea per day had a reduced risk of dying of cardiovascular disease over an average of 13 years compared with those who drank none. IGOB might also reduce total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein LDL levels [ 18 ].
Studies have examined the effects of Irvingia gabonensis on weight loss to only a limited extent in humans. Participants who received the extract had significantly lower body weight, body fat, and waist circumference at the end of the trial than those taking a placebo.
This trial, along with two others, was included in a systematic review whose authors reported that Irvingia gabonensis extract causes statistically significant reductions in body weight and waist circumference [ 19 ]. The authors noted, however, that the trials included in the review used different study methodologies, small samples, short intervention periods, and varying daily doses of Irvingia gabonensis extract mg to 3, mg ; in addition, the trials were all conducted by the same authors.
Additional trials with larger samples and diverse populations are needed to determine whether Irvingia gabonensis extract is effective for weight loss [ 19 ].
Irvingia gabonensis extract appears to be well tolerated. Most reported adverse effects are mild, including headache, difficulty sleeping, flatulence, and gas [ 19 ]. However, Irvingia gabonensis has been associated with renal failure in a patient with chronic kidney disease [ 21 ]. Beta-glucans are glucose polysaccharides found in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and cereal grains such as oats and barley.
As soluble dietary fibers, beta-glucans are proposed to increase satiety and gastrointestinal transit time and to slow glucose absorption [ 16 ]. Consumption of beta-glucans from barley has been shown to reduce energy intake and appetite in humans [ 22 ]. Several studies have investigated the effects of beta-glucans on blood lipids, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, with weight loss as a secondary outcome.
In one of these studies, 66 women who were overweight followed a low-calorie diet designed to produce a 0. At the end of the trial, all groups lost weight and had a smaller waist circumference, but there were no significant differences between groups.
Beta-glucans appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse effects include increased flatulence but not changes in stool consistency, stool frequency, or bloating [ 24 ].
Bitter orange is the common name for the botanical Citrus aurantium. The fruit of this plant is a source of p-synephrine often referred to simply as synephrine and other protoalkaloids [ 28 ]. As alpha-adrenergic agonists, synephrine alkaloids can mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
However, the extent to which bitter orange and synephrine cause similar cardiovascular and central nervous system effects to epinephrine and norepinephrine e. Studies suggest that bitter orange increases energy expenditure and lipolysis and that it acts as a mild appetite suppressant [ 25 , 27 ].
After FDA banned the use of ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplements in [see section on ephedra má huáng ], manufacturers replaced ephedra with bitter orange in many products; thus, bitter orange became known as an ephedra substitute [ 29 ].
Although synephrine has some structural similarities to ephedrine, it has different pharmacological properties [ 27 , 30 ].
Several small human studies have examined whether bitter orange is effective for weight loss [ 30 ]. Interpreting the results of these studies is complicated by the fact that bitter orange is almost always combined with other ingredients in weight-loss supplements.
At the end of the study, participants taking the combination bitter orange product had a significantly greater reduction in percent body fat and fat mass and a greater increase in basal metabolic rate than those in the placebo and control groups.
Participants in all groups lost weight, but the authors did not report whether the mean reduction in body weight in the treatment group 1. The peak rise in resting metabolic rate at baseline was significantly higher in participants taking the herbal supplement than those in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant at the end of the 8-week study.
Participants taking the herbal supplement had a significant increase in mean body weight 1. However, this increase in body weight did not significantly affect body fat and lean tissue levels or waist circumference.
The authors noted that the weight gain might have occurred by chance because the trial was insufficiently powered to detect this small difference. The authors of a review of 23 small human clinical studies involving a total of participants concluded that synephrine increases resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure [ 30 ].
According to all of these reviews, longer term clinical trials with rigorous designs and large samples are needed to determine the value of bitter orange for weight loss.
Products containing bitter orange may have significant safety concerns. Reported adverse effects include chest pain, headache, anxiety, elevated heart rate, musculoskeletal complaints, ventricular fibrillation, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and death [ 34 , 35 ]. However, many of the products with these effects contain multiple herbal ingredients, and the role of bitter orange in these adverse effects cannot be isolated.
Some studies indicate that bitter orange and synephrine—as bitter orange extract or pure synephrine—raise blood pressure and heart rate, but other studies show that they do not have these effects [ , 31 , ].
Some researchers have suggested that synephrine might not act directly as a cardiovascular stimulant [ 27 , 37 , 39 ]. Instead, caffeine, other stimulants in multicomponent formulations, and other constituents of bitter orange or adulterants such as m-synephrine, which is not naturally present in bitter orange might be responsible for its observed effects.
Many dietary supplements promoted for weight loss contain added caffeine or an herbal source—such as guarana Paullinia cupana , kola or cola nut Cola nitida , and yerba maté Ilex paraguariensis —that naturally contains caffeine. Green tea and other forms of tea also contain caffeine see section on green tea.
Some weight-loss supplement labels do not declare the amount of caffeine in the product and only list the herbal ingredients. As a result, consumers might not be aware that the presence of certain herbs means that a product contains caffeine and possibly other stimulants [ 41 ].
Caffeine is a methylxanthine that stimulates the central nervous system, heart, and skeletal muscles. It also increases gastric and colonic activity and acts as a diuretic [ 42 , 43 ]. Caffeine has a half-life of about 6 hours; blood levels increase within 15—45 minutes of consumption, and they peak at around 60 minutes [ 44 ].
Caffeine increases thermogenesis in a linear, dose-dependent fashion in humans [ 45 ]. A mg dose of caffeine, for example, increased energy expenditure by a mean of 9.
Caffeine might also contribute to weight loss by increasing fat oxidation through sympathetic activation of the central nervous system and by increasing fluid loss [ 41 , 45 ]. Habitual use of caffeine however, leads to caffeine tolerance and a diminishment of these effects [ 41 , 43 ].
Caffeine increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation [ 44 ]. However, the extent to which these effects affect weight loss is less clear, partly because clinical trials examining the effects of caffeine on weight loss have all been short and have used combination products.
After 6 months, those in the treatment group lost significantly more weight mean weight loss 5. A product containing caffeine plus glucosyl hesperidin G-hesperidin, a flavonone glycoside found mainly in citrus fruits reduced abdominal fat and BMI in a clinical trial in Japan [ 47 ].
In this study, 75 healthy men and women who were overweight BMI 24—30 received one of five treatments daily for 12 weeks while maintaining their regular lifestyle and eating habits.
The five treatments were placebo and four formulations of 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg caffeine plus mg G-hesperidin. The 75 mg caffeine plus G-hesperidin significantly reduced BMI by a mean of 0. The 50 or 75 mg caffeine plus G-hesperidin also significantly reduced abdominal fat compared to placebo, whereas the G-hesperidin alone or with only 25 mg caffeine did not significantly affect BMI or abdominal fat.
These findings indicate that the higher doses of caffeine might be responsible for the observed effects. At the end of the study, participants taking the herbal product lost a mean of 5. Data from a year prospective observational study provide some insight into the long-term association between caffeine intake and body weight [ 49 ].
On average, participants gained some weight during the study, but men who increased their caffeine intake during the 12 years of follow-up gained a mean of 0. For women, the corresponding mean difference in weight gain was 0.
However, further research is needed to confirm this finding. For comparison, an 8-ounce cup of brewed coffee contains about 85— mg caffeine. Caffeine can cause sleep disturbances and feelings of nervousness, jitteriness, and shakiness.
Combining caffeine with other stimulants, such as bitter orange and ephedrine, can potentiate these adverse effects. Calcium is an essential mineral that is stored in the bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and function.
Calcium is required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling, and hormonal secretion [ 56 ]. Several studies have correlated higher calcium intakes with lower body weight or less weight gain over time [ ].
Two explanations have been proposed. First, high calcium intakes might reduce calcium concentrations in fat cells by decreasing the production of parathyroid hormone and the active form of vitamin D. Decreased intracellular calcium concentrations, in turn, might increase fat breakdown and discourage fat accumulation in these cells [ 59 ].
Second, calcium from food or supplements might bind to small amounts of dietary fat in the digestive tract and prevent absorption of this fat [ 59 , 62 , 63 ]. Dairy products, in particular, might contain additional components that have even greater effects on body weight than their calcium content alone would suggest [ 60 , ].
For example, protein and other components of dairy products might modulate appetite-regulating hormones [ 61 ]. However, the results from clinical trials examining the effects of calcium on body weight have been largely negative.
Compared to placebo, calcium supplementation for 2 years had no clinically significant effects on weight. The authors of four reviews of published studies on the effects of calcium from supplements or dairy products on weight management reached similar conclusions [ ].
These reviews include a evidence report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality whose authors concluded that, overall, clinical trial results do not support an effect of calcium supplementation on weight [ 70 ].
In addition, a meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials found no benefit of calcium supplementation or increased dairy food consumption for body weight or body fat [ 73 ]. A meta-analysis of 33 randomized trials and longitudinal studies lasting 12 weeks to 6 years found that calcium from foods or supplements had no overall effect on body weight [ 74 ].
However, in subgroup analyses, calcium did reduce body weight in some groups, including children, adolescents, adult men, premenopausal women, women older than 60, and people with normal BMI [ 74 ].
Overall, the results from clinical trials do not support a clear link between higher calcium intakes and lower body weight, prevention of weight gain, or weight loss. High intakes of calcium can cause constipation and might interfere with the absorption of iron and zinc, although this effect is not well established.
High intakes of calcium from supplements, but not foods, have been associated with an increased risk of kidney stones [ 56 , ]. Capsaicinoids give chili peppers their characteristic pungent flavor.
Capsaicin is the most abundant and well-studied capsaicinoid [ 78 ]. Capsaicin and other capsaicinoids have been proposed to have anti-obesity effects via their ability to increase energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, attenuate postprandial insulin response, increase satiety, and reduce appetite and energy intake [ ].
Other research suggests that capsaicin increases satiety by inducing gastrointestinal distress e. Most research on capsaicin and other capsaicinoids focuses on their effects on energy intake and appetite, rather than body weight. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials evaluated the effects of capsaicinoids on ad libitum energy intake in a total of participants who had a normal body weight or were moderately overweight [ 78 ].
Doses of capsaicinoids ranged from 0. Overall, consuming capsaicinoids significantly reduced energy intake by a mean of 74 kcal per meal; body weight was not assessed, so the impact of this calorie reduction on weight loss cannot be quantified.
The authors noted that the results suggest that at least 2 mg capsaicinoids are needed to reduce calorie intake but that the studies were very heterogeneous. However, the calorie reductions did not significantly affect body weight at either 6 weeks or 12 weeks.
It might also increase serum insulin and reduce high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol levels. Otherwise, capsaicin and other capsaicinoids appear to be safe.
Research is underway to reduce the pungency and chili taste associated with capsaicin while retaining its potential biological effects [ 81 ]. Carnitine is the generic term for several compounds, including L-carnitine itself, several acylcarnitines e.
It is composed of the amino acids lysine and methionine [ 84 ]. Carnitine is naturally present in animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, and milk and dairy products; small amounts are present in some plant foods.
Humans synthesize carnitine from its constituent amino acids, so dietary carnitine intake is not necessary. Almost all cells of the body contain carnitine, which transports fatty acids into the mitochondria and acts as a cofactor for fatty acid beta-oxidation [ 85 ].
Because of these effects, carnitine has been proposed as a weight-loss agent. A systematic review and meta-analysis combined the results from nine carnitine supplementation clinical trials in adults including the two described above that assessed weight loss [ 85 ].
The trials included a total of participants. In eight trials, the daily carnitine doses ranged from 1. Overall, study participants who received carnitine supplements lost an average of 1. Additional research on carnitine for weight loss is warranted.
Rarer side effects include muscle weakness in patients with uremia and seizures in those with seizure disorders. Some research indicates that intestinal bacteria metabolize carnitine to form trimethylamine N-oxide TMAO , a substance that might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease [ 91 ].
This effect appears to be more pronounced in people who consume meat than in vegans or vegetarians. The implications of this effect are not well understood and require more research.
Chitosan is a manufactured polysaccharide that is commercially prepared from the exoskeletons of crustaceans. It is purported to promote weight loss by binding to some dietary fat in the digestive tract, preventing its absorption [ 16 , 41 ]. Chitosan might also decrease cholesterol absorption [ 16 ].
Chitosan capsules taken before meals total of 2. However, the amount of fat that the chitosan trapped would result in a loss of only 1 lb body fat over about 7 months. Chitosan had no significant effect on fecal fat excretion in the women compared to the control group.
At the end of the study, those in the treatment group lost a mean of 1 kg body weight compared to a mean weight gain of 1. In this study, chitosan treatment reduced body weight mean weight loss about 2. The authors of a Cochrane Review that included 13 trials examining the effect of chitosan on body weight found that chitosan, when taken for 4 weeks to 6 months, reduced body weight by a mean of 1.
They concluded that chitosan appears to be more effective than placebo for short-term weight loss, but most studies have been of poor quality. The authors also noted that results from high-quality trials indicate that chitosan has minimal effects on body weight, and these effects are probably clinically insignificant.
The adverse effects of chitosan are minor and primarily involve the gastrointestinal tract. They include flatulence, bloating, mild nausea, constipation, indigestion, and heartburn [ 93 , 95 , 96 ]. Because chitosan is derived from shellfish, people who are allergic to shellfish could theoretically be allergic to chitosan [ 97 ].
The trivalent form of chromium chromium III is an essential trace mineral that potentiates the action of insulin. Dietary supplements commonly contain chromium in the form of chromium picolinate, which consists of chromium and picolinic acid, although they might also contain other forms, including chromium nicotinate and chromium yeast [ 99 ].
Poor chromium status might contribute to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes [ 98 ]. Researchers have hypothesized that chromium supplements increase lean muscle mass and promote fat loss, but study results have been equivocal [ 41 , ]. Some research indicates that these supplements might also reduce food intake, hunger levels, and fat cravings [ ], although data on these effects are sparse.
Several studies have evaluated the effects of chromium supplements, usually in the form of chromium picolinate, on weight loss. Six of the trials included resistance or weight training, and three did not. Chromium picolinate supplementation reduced body weight by 1. Also in , a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials including most of the trials evaluated in the Cochrane Review examined the effects of chromium supplementation in a total of individuals with overweight or obesity [ 99 ].
The authors concluded that daily doses of to 1, mcg chromium for 8 to 26 weeks reduce body weight by 0. Like the authors of the Cochrane Review, these authors noted that the effect is small and of "uncertain" clinical relevance.
Similar findings were reported from an earlier meta-analysis of 12 trials [ ]. Trivalent chromium appears to be well tolerated. Adverse effects from clinical trials include watery stools, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, vertigo, and urticaria hives [ 99 , ].
Chromium does not have an established UL because few serious adverse effects have been linked to high intakes [ 98 ]. Hexavalent chromium chromium VI is toxic and not found in food or dietary supplements. Forskolin is a compound isolated from the roots of Coleus forskohlii , a plant that grows in subtropical areas, such as India and Thailand.
Forskolin is purported to promote weight loss by enhancing lipolysis and reducing appetite [ , ], possibly by stimulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP production.
This increased cAMP production, in turn, is thought to activate lipase and promote the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue [ 16 ]. Although animal studies indicate that forskolin reduces food intake [ , ], research in humans is very limited and inconclusive. Compared to placebo, Coleus forskohlii extract had no effect on body weight, appetite, caloric intake, or macronutrient intake.
In a study in mice, Coleus forskohlii extract caused dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, but pure forskolin did not have this effect, suggesting that other component s of Coleus forskohlii extract might be responsible for the hepatotoxicity [ ].
Forskolin has not been evaluated in longer term trials. Additional research is needed to better understand the safety and side effects of both short- and long-term use. Conjugated linoleic acid CLA is a mixture of linoleic acid isomers containing conjugated double bonds that is present mainly in dairy products and beef.
The various isomeric forms of CLA include c9,tCLA and t10,cCLA, and it is available in dietary supplements as a triacylglycerol or as a free fatty acid [ ].
Researchers have suggested that CLA enhances weight loss by increasing lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, reducing lipogenesis, and promoting apoptosis in adipose tissue [ 17 , ]. Although CLA appears to reduce body fat mass in animals [ 17 ], results from human studies suggest that its effects are small and of questionable clinical relevance [ ].
One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of CLA supplementation as a mixture of c9,tCLA and t10,cCLA in male and female volunteers who were overweight BMI 25—30 consuming an ad libitum diet [ ].
Participants received CLA as a free fatty acid 3. At the end of the study, body fat mass dropped by significant amounts with both forms of CLA compared with placebo; reductions, on average, were 6. Supplementation with CLA as a free fatty acid but not as a triacylglycerol also increased lean body mass compared with placebo.
In another double-blind crossover trial, daily supplementation with CLA oil 6. These findings are similar to those from a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial in 63 adults with overweight or obesity BMI 24—35 that found statistically significant, but small, reductions in mean weight 0.
In contrast, those in the placebo group did not lose a significant amount of body weight 0. However, 3. The authors of a systematic review and meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials concluded that taking 2. However, the authors noted that the "magnitude of these effects is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain.
CLA appears to be well tolerated. Most reported adverse effects are minor, consisting mainly of gastrointestinal disturbances, such as abdominal discomfort and pain, constipation, diarrhea, loose stools, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia [ 3 , , , , , ].
CLA might also increase some markers of oxidative stress and decrease breastmilk fat levels, but additional research is needed to confirm these effects [ ]. CLA has been linked to hepatitis in three case reports [ ]. Take a multivitamin at least two hours after your last dose of Alli. For some people, this timing works out best to be at bedtime.
The active ingredient in Alli, orlistat, causes digestive side effects related to undigested fats passing through your digestive system. They generally lessen over time and with proper use of the drug.
These side effects include:. Before taking Alli, talk with your health care provider about possible interactions with other drugs, particularly if you take drugs for any of the following conditions:.
A weight-loss plan with diet, exercise and drug therapy is generally considered successful if you lose about 1 pound 0. If the treatment is successful, you are more likely to keep weight off or lose more weight if you continue with the diet, exercise and drug treatment plan.
Most weight loss with the drug occurs within the first few months. The risks, side effects and cost related to taking the drug likely override any potential benefit. Alli isn't an easy answer to weight loss. Losing weight and keeping it off require a commitment to eat a healthy, calorie-controlled diet and get regular physical activity.
Work with your health care provider to evaluate the potential benefits and risks of Alli or any other weight-loss drugs. As a team, you and your provider can create the right weight-loss plan for you.
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