Time from the onset of symptoms Hypeftension diagnosis right heart catheterization was Hypertenzion The current weight of Hypertfnsion indicates that CoQ10 supplementation in those with high blood Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies may lower readings by up to 11mm Hg systolic and 7mm Hg diastolic 23. Although age, weight, ethnicity, and energy intake are known confounders of the relationship between BP and nutritional patterns, our analyses add another dimension to this relationship. Bogaard HJ, Al Husseini A, Farkas L. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles.

Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies -

Considering the potential residual confounding, inferring causality or reversibility of this relationship and reaching consensus from these findings is difficult. Several meta-analyses of observational studies and RCTs have been published, but results are conflicting 14— Kunutsor et al suggested that supplementation with vitamin D significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure DBP by 1.

However, another meta-analysis performed by incorporating individual data supported that vitamin D supplementation is ineffective in lowering blood pressure Meanwhile, considering that pre-existing conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease may influence the physiologic mechanism of vitamin D on blood pressure, considerable variability may exist between individual patients and the general population.

Therefore, restricting the participants to the general population may help to explore the true association hidden by the confounders. Analyzing the population as a whole rather than restricting analyses to certain population subgroups may help us to explore the true association hidden by confounders.

In addition, results from at least 10 more studies including 1, participants have been published on this topic since the latest meta-analysis in 10—12,18— We aimed to provide a comprehensive and quantitative meta-analysis from the published cohort studies and RCTs on the effect of vitamin D involving hypertension risk and blood pressure levels in the general population.

We used the PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses checklist to perform the meta-analysis and report the results We searched PubMed and Embase databases up to June 12, , for cohort studies reporting an association between blood 25 OH D levels and risk of incident hypertension and for RCTs examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients on blood pressure.

The records were restricted to human studies, and additional studies were retrieved through manually searching the references of identified articles and relevant systematic reviews. Two investigators D. and C. reviewed the titles and abstracts independently to identify articles for potentially relevant sources.

Full-text versions were requested to evaluate eligibility. Inconsistencies were resolved through group discussion or adjudicated by a third reviewer.

Using predefined protocols, D. extracted data from each study and C. checked the accuracy. When several adjusted models were explored, we extracted the risk ratios from the model with largest number of covariables. If the lowest 25 OH D level was not the reference, we recalculated the risk estimates by the method of Hamling et al When the mean or median 25 OH D level per category was not reported, we assigned the value as the midpoint of the lower and upper bound in each category If the category was open-ended, we assumed the width of interval to be the same as in the adjacent category If studies used different doses of vitamin D, we extracted only the highest dose in the analysis.

If studies measured blood pressures repetitively at different intervals during the intervention, we included only the blood pressure values at the longest follow-up point. Attempts were made to contact corresponding authors for unavailable information.

We used the 9-star Newcastle—Ottawa Scale to evaluate the quality of individual cohort studies; the scale is based on 8 aspects covering selection, comparability, and outcome domains Disagreements were resolved through group discussion. To provide dose—response evidence from all cohort studies, we used the 2-step generalized least-squares method P values for nonlinearity were calculated by using the Wald χ 2 test, assuming the coefficient of the second spline was zero.

We assessed the effect of vitamin D supplementation by the mean blood pressure changes including systolic blood pressure [SBP] and DBP in the intervention group minus the changes in blood pressure in the placebo group.

If the studies did not report blood pressure changes from baseline, we calculated the mean values by using blood pressure after intervention minus blood pressure at baseline, and the SD of changes was obtained according the following formula, described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 29 :.

We estimated correlation by calculations from 2 studies that provided complete data for SD baseline , SD final , SD change in both intervention and placebo groups 33, Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with the I 2 and Q statistics. Predefined subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential effect modification and sources of heterogeneity.

We also conducted sensitivity analyses by removing one study at a time to ensure that the pooled result was not simply dependent on one large or individual case. All statistics were analyzed using Stata, version The systematic search in PubMed and Embase retrieved 8, publications, and 3 more were identified by manual searching.

After duplicate checking and initial review of the titles and abstracts, potentially relevant articles were obtained in full text for further evaluation. Finally, articles were excluded and 37 publications including 11 cohort studies in 10 publications [6—9,35—40] and 27 trials [10—13,18—24,33,34,41—54] were eligible for inclusion.

Eleven cohort studies with 8, incident cases of hypertension and 43, participants were identified from 10 publications. The follow-up durations ranged from 1. Analyses of the quality of studies yielded an average NOS score of 7.

Twenty-seven studies were RCTs with 3, participants. Among them, 2 studies included only men, 10 included only women, and 15 included both.

Five of the included trials were conducted in Asia, 12 were performed in Europe, 4 were conducted in Oceania, and the remaining 6 were performed in the United States. Mean or median baseline 25 OH D concentrations varied from Nine trials did not provide the final 25 OH D concentration in intervention arms, whereas the remaining studies showed a substantial increase in circulating levels of 25 OH D compared with the baseline assessment.

All trials had low risk of bias for random allocation and selective reporting. There was insufficient information about allocation concealment in 5 trials and high risk of bias in 1 trial. One open-label trial had high risk of bias for blinding of participants and personnel and unclear bias risk for blinding of outcome assessment Ten studies reporting RR for 25 OH D exposures in at least 3 levels were eligible for the linear trend estimation.

Figure 1. Nonlinear dose—response association between circulating 25 OH D levels and hypertension risk, update meta-analysis of cohort studies of the effect of 25 OH D levels on hypertension in the general population.

Abbreviations: 25 OH D, hydroxyvitamin D; CI, confidence interval. Figures 2 and 3 present the forest plots for effect of vitamin D supplementation on SBP and DPB across the included 27 trials. Figure 2. Meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D supplementation on systolic blood pressure, update meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure in the general population.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; WMD, weighted mean difference. Figure 3. Meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D supplementation on diastolic blood pressure, update meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure in the general population.

Abbreviation: WMD, weighted mean difference. Table 2 shows the subgroup analyses of summary WMDs in SBP and DBP. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on SBP and DBP was still insignificant in all subgroups.

In sensitivity analyses, the summary results remained similar by removing one study at a time. The findings from numerous observational studies have shown that sufficient vitamin D status is a protective factor for hypertension. Analysis of Mendelian randomization also provided the causal evidence for the effect of increased circulating 25 OH D levels on reduced blood pressure levels and risk of hypertension However, our subgroup analyses of the cohort studies produced inconsistent results, which indicated that the quantitative data failed to provide convincing evidence of the protective effect of vitamin D on hypertension.

Meanwhile, most of the interventional studies did not provide consistent evidence of blood pressure benefit from supplementing with vitamin D 11—13,21,49,50, Given these findings, we speculate that the beneficial effect observed in cohort studies may be partly explained by the tendency that sufficient vitamin D levels are closely related to healthy lifestyle or study participants being young.

It may be also in part because of the hypothesis that low 25 OH D levels could be the result of sub-health status rather than a precursor of diseases. Furthermore, differences exist among the various methods used ie, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; high-performance liquid chromatography; and enzymoimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and chemiluminescence immunoassays and in the laboratories that measured 25 OH D levels, which would also influence the accuracy of the study results Similar with our results, previous meta-analyses also showed no overall lowering effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure 14—16, A possible reason for this discrepancy is that the recruited populations of included studies had high heterogeneity.

Therefore, we restricted this meta-analysis to analyses of apparently healthy individuals. We excluded trials that have targeted patients with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or other diseases, because the known or unknown interaction between vitamin D and antihypertensive or cardiovascular medications may mask or attenuate the small effects of blood pressure reduction.

Complicated factors such as baseline vitamin D status, intervention design, or adiposity may modify or blunt the beneficial effect on blood pressure of improving vitamin D levels. If it's not possible to get enough calcium from food, talk with your doctor if you think you may need a calcium supplement.

As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.

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Which migraine medications are most helpful? How well do you score on brain health? Shining light on night blindness. Can watching sports be bad for your health? Beyond the usual suspects for healthy resolutions. May 3, It's usually best to get calcium, magnesium, and potassium from food. Are you getting enough?

Potassium Normal body levels of potassium are important for muscle function, including relaxing the walls of the blood vessels. Magnesium Magnesium helps regulate hundreds of body systems, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and muscle and nerve function.

Calcium Calcium is important for healthy blood pressure because it helps blood vessels tighten and relax when they need to. Share This Page Share this page to Facebook Share this page to Twitter Share this page via Email.

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BMC Pulmonary Medicine volume 19 vitamjn, Article Hypsrtension Cite this article. Metrics Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies. There is little information adn vitamin Proper nutrition balance Vit Hypertdnsion deficiency in patients with pulmonary hypertension PH. Hypertensoon objective Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies this Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies deficiendies 1 vitsmin Vit D levels between patients with PH, left ventricular failure LVF and healthy subjects HS ; 2 correlate, in patients with PH, Vit D levels with prognosis-related variables, such as the 6-min walk test 6MWT. In all groups, 8-h fasting blood samples were obtained in the morning. In the PH and the LVF group, functional class WHO criteriametres covered in the 6MWT and echocardiographic parameters were analysed. In the PH group, plasma N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP level was analysed and a complete haemodynamic evaluation by right heart catheterisation was made.

Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies -

Menaquinone-4 MK4 and menaquinone-7 MK7 are two forms of vitamin K2. Some scientists believe that low levels of vitamin K2 may lead to an increase in calcium deposits in the arteries, which can increase blood pressure and contribute to heart disease.

However, there have not been many studies to investigate K2 MK4 or K2 MK7 and high blood pressure control.

More research is necessary to explore the hypothesis that vitamin K2 may be beneficial for high blood pressure or heart disease. Minerals are inorganic nutrients. Like vitamins, they play important roles in bodily processes, and you obtain them by eating healthy foods.

Some minerals support heart function and blood pressure control. Magnesium assists in the regulation of many systems of the body. It aids in the production of nitric oxide, which relaxes blood vessels. As a result, some people speculate that magnesium supplements may lower blood pressure.

The NIH reports that research into the blood pressure-regulating benefits of magnesium supplements have found that the mineral likely only lowers blood pressure to a small extent. Although magnesium deficiency serious enough to cause symptoms is rare in the U.

If you have low magnesium, your doctor may recommend a supplement to address the deficiency. Potassium helps muscles work. This includes the cardiac muscle of the heart. Specifically, the mineral relaxes blood vessels. It also aids in the conduction of electrical signals in the heart that control your heartbeat.

Low levels of potassium may increase the risk of hypertension, according to the NIH. The impact of low potassium on blood pressure becomes greater when you consume too much sodium. A healthy diet for hypertension usually includes potassium-rich foods, and there is evidence to suggest that potassium supplements can lower blood pressure levels.

In addition, people who take thiazide diuretics may need a potassium supplement for their high blood pressure treatment plan. These medications can cause the body to release too much potassium in urine, increasing the risk of potassium deficiency.

Most people associate calcium with bone health, but this mineral has other important jobs in the body. It helps to regulate blood pressure by aiding in the tightening and relaxing of blood vessels.

A few large studies found a link between low calcium levels and an increased risk of high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries and stroke. Increasing calcium through diet may lower blood pressure, according to the NIH. There is less evidence to show that taking a calcium supplement is effective for blood pressure control or heart health.

Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, winter squash, edamame, canned sardines, canned salmon with bones, almonds and leafy greens. Even though calcium supplements may not benefit people with hypertension, some people still need to take them.

Doctors frequently recommend calcium supplements for bone health. A little less than half of all adults consume the recommended amount of calcium through diet.

In older adults, low calcium levels can weaken bones and contribute to osteoporosis, raising the risk of bone fractures. There is only one mineral that you should consciously avoid with high blood pressure—sodium. Although your body needs small amounts of sodium, most people consume too much.

Excess levels of sodium can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure levels. Simply avoiding salty foods may not be enough to adequately reduce sodium intake. Many processed foods contain large amounts of sodium. It is even found in canned vegetables.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that people eat no more than 2, milligrams of sodium per day. This is also the recommended amount for people following the DASH diet, the eating plan recommended by the American Heart Association and the NIH for blood pressure control which recommends reducing sodium intake to 1, mg a day for those at risk for high blood pressure.

There is no evidence to prove that any dietary supplement lowers blood pressure in everyone who takes it. No supplement is likely to lower blood pressure on its own. If you are low on a vitamin or mineral or at risk for low levels of one, your primary care provider will likely recommend that you take a supplement.

Other supplements such as garlic, beets, and hibiscus tea have shown evidence to lower blood pressure. The nitric oxide benefits from beets help to keep arteries dilated for proper blood flow. Garlic has been shown to reduce cholesterol as well as high blood pressure. Following a healthy diet can lower blood pressure levels, especially when combined with regular exercise.

In addition, a diet and exercise plan tailored to your needs can also help you lose weight, which lowers blood pressure even more. Depending on your risk factors for complications, your medical history and your current blood pressure levels, you may need to combine lifestyle changes with one or more blood pressure medications to manage hypertension.

During our week, doctor-led Healthy Heart program , we analyze your diet and talk to you about your habits, customs and schedule. Then, we optimize your diet, giving you a healthy eating plan rich in vitamins and minerals that is simple for you to follow.

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Show references Vitamin D. Natural Medicines. Accessed Jan. Vitamin D is good for the bones, but what about the heart? American Heart Association. Theiler-Schwetz V, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on hour blood pressure in patients with low hydroxyvitamin D levels: A randomized controlled trial.

Barbarawi M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83, individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: A meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology. Vitamin D. Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Merck Manual Professional Version. Liu L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome: The joint effect on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the United States adults.

World Journal of Cardiology. Zhang W, et al. The effect of vitamin D on the lipid profile as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis and FAQ Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Experimental Gerontology.

Zhou A, et al. Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk.

European Heart Journal. Libby P, et al. Endocrine disorders and cardiovascular disease. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier; Products and Services A Book: Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Monitors at Mayo Clinic Store The Mayo Clinic Diet Online.

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Suggested citation for this Hypertenskon Zhang D, Cheng C, Votamin Y, Sun H, Dfficiencies S, Xue Y, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Liver detoxification system in the General Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies An Update Meta-Analysis of Cohort Hypertensionn and Randomized Controlled Trials. Prev Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies Dis ; The effects of vitamin D on hypertension risk and blood pressure have been explored widely in cohort studies and randomized controlled trials RCTsbut whether the association is causal still is unknown. We performed an update meta-analysis of both cohort studies and RCTs in a generally heathy population and found that the dose—response relationship between circulating hydroxyvitamin D level and hypertension risk was approximately L-shaped. However, pooled results of RCTs showed that there was still no significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Cayenne pepper supplements a vitanin diet is vitamih of the deficienfies lifestyle changes you can make to lower deficiencjes blood pressure. Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies optimizing Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies diet for blood viamin control, what you eat is as important as cutting back on sodium, saturated fats and trans fats. Eating a varied, well-balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help ensure your body gets the essential vitamins and minerals that play a role in blood pressure regulation and heart health. Vitamins are organic nutrients that come from animals and plants. They have important jobs within the body for metabolism regulation, hormone regulation and growth.