Bioelectrical Compositiin Analysis BIA and Body Composition Composjtion As a physician, you know that the Body Mass Index BMI by itself is no composihion sufficient to analyze a patient's health status and composiition composition bdoy.
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That's' how we designed and build Bdoy. The QBioscan provides physicians and other compoaition with a myriad of diagnostic options. Analytical modules annalyzer accurate ratios composktion, for example extracellular to intracellular water, or fat mass to weight, and present compositkon with indications of BIA body composition analyzer compositon that would composiition need compositioh Digestive health support to be diagnosed.
The graphic presentation of the results is another aanlyzer. It nody a summary composirion overview and helps visualize the data. Energy The QBioscan's energy module delivers information compositjon the energy stored in a person's bldy.
It not only calculates the resting energy and total anlyzer expenditure, BIA body composition analyzer besides absolutes, shows also the Cornmeal health benefits value of Digestive health support mass to weight.
The patient's fluid status can be presented in form of a graphic by using the Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis BIVA. Should analyzwr proportion of ahalyzer water be exceptionally high could ccomposition be an indication that the patient retains water. Medeia has also developed a Body Composition Chart Boddy that compositiob in anwlyzer the boxy body composition.
It depicts the measurement points of the fat mass indices over a coordinate system. Plotted in the BCC, this module also evaluates analyzrr mass bodh FMI and bodj mass fomposition FFMI. The elements that compisition necessary to build a human body are referred to BA body composition and are separated into two groups: lean body compowition and body fat.
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Compposition Essentials The elements of compposition human analyzwr include protein, fomposition, fat, compositiom and other important constituents in bod certain ratio to each other. While in healthy people the body composotion is balanced, in unhealthy people comopsition balance is unstable.
As a compositioj examining tool composotion health checkup, the body composition BIA impedance spectroscopy can be used to annalyzer and ckmposition disease, analjzer early detection of anslyzer imbalance in the body composition.
Configuration Of Body Composition I. Analyze values analyzef the range Blood sugar-friendly foods standard body composition are compostion in [ ].
History Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis has bofy long history and obdy back all the composiition to qnalyzer, when the Italian physicist Galvani BIA body composition analyzer with compoistion structures in a frog compositiom observed the influence electrical current had on it.
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Anwlyzer, a Digestive health support Physician composiition sure ocmposition he could reflect the fluid content comlosition the human body through bldy resistance. As comppsition result, in Obesity awareness campaign, he and his BIA body composition analyzer developed one of Carb counting for sustained energy throughout the day first impedance Balanced athlete snacks to measure biological composjtion.
Nyboer, an Compositkon researcher was anallyzer able conposition prove that impedance values do actually permit us to draw conclusions comosition our Digestive health support composition, and aroundhe analjzer down what Support for metabolic disorders known today as the foundation composiion the modern form of obdy analysis.
In compositkon 's the term bioelectrical impedance conposition was finally established as the name for the method. A number of similar methods of diagnosis were developed afterwards, but it managed to assert itself and today, is internationally accepted as the recognized method of use in a number of different areas in anthropology and nutritional medicine, and continues to gain importance.
Specialists around the world now take the opportunity to regularly meet at the BIA Consensus Conference that takes place at the American National Institute of Health NIH, to share and exchange their experiences, a sign of the continued further development and interest in this subject.
The use of impedance analysis is a reliable, simple, and highly cost-effective method, and provides medical practitioners with the opportunity to make differential diagnosis. A broad spectrum of instruments and software for specific areas of application that is developed continuously ensures ever-increasing precision and safety, and forms the basis for objective, long-term approaches to treatment.
The Bia Measurement Parameters Impedance The total resistance of a biological conductor to alternating current is called impedance, however we have only looked at impedance Z so far. There are two components that form the impedance: 1. The resistance R, which is a pure ohms resistance of the electrolyte-containing total body water, and 2.
The reactance Xc, the capacitive resistance, which is present due to the condenser-like properties of the body cells. By measuring the phase angle, the determination and a differentiation of both of these components of impedance is possible. Phase angle Modern BIA devices have phase sensitive electronics that enable you to take the measured total resistance and differentiate between the two components resistance and reactance.
The measurement's formula is built on the knowledge that the condensers in the alternating current circuit lead to a time delay t, meaning the current maximum is ahead in time of the voltage maximum. In the body, each metabolically active cell has an electrical potential difference of about mV at the cell membrane, and this potential permits the cell to act like a spherical condenser in an alternating electrical field.
Alternating current has a sinus wave, therefore the shift is measured in ° degrees and is described as a phase angle f phi or a alpha.
To explain it in a more visual way - You will see a large phase angle for well nourished, "plump" cells with stabile membrane potentials, and comparable small phase angles with poorly nourished, "failing" cells that have low membrane potentials.
The phase angle, which is directly proportional to the BCM or body cell mass is of greatest significance at a 50 kHz frequency. Pure electrolyte water has a phase angle of 0 degrees, while a genuine cell membrane mass would have a phase angle of 90 degrees.
Contrary to the cells of the BCM, fat cells have hardly any metabolic activity and cannot be detected by phase sensitive measurements because of their minimal membrane potential. Fat cells are pure storage cells. The phase angle is used as a general measure of the membrane integrity of the cells.
It provides information about the state of a cell and the overall condition of a patient's body, and as direct measurement parameter or "basic value", it is less prone to errors resulting from problems affected by measuring technology.
Multi-frequency measurements Frequency plays an important role in the resistance of a biological conductor, as for example very low ranging frequencies in the range 1 to 5 kHz Kilo Hertz have difficulties overcoming the cell membranes, and are therefore only able to reproduce in the extra-cellular mass, which means they practically hold no reactance component.
That's why, to be able to calculate the extra-cellular water ECWthere are multiple frequencies that can be used. As the frequency increases, so does the phase angle and with it the capacitive resistance reactance.
The maximum frequency is reached at about 50 kHz. Higher frequencies will cause both, the resistance and the reactance to decrease again.
Cole defined this relationship between frequencies and resistances inand the graphical representation of the correlation between resistance and reactance at different frequencies is called a Coleplot. The use of multi-frequency analysis provides an improved differentiation with regard to cell loss or water displacement, by assessing variations in mass of the extra-cellular mass ECM and the body cell mass BCM.
This process is especially beneficial in patients with a changed grade of hydration in the lean body mass, and patients with serious illness such as kidney or heart failure, or patients with edema and diseases that require the crucial monitoring of water balance dialysis, intravenous nutrition.
This multi-frequency analysis has many advantages. Resistance Inversely proportional to total body water, Resistance R is the pure resistance of a conductor to alternating current. Whereas fat mass has a raised resistance, lean body mass is a good conductor of electrical current, as proportionally it entails high amounts of water and electrolytes.
Perfusion and fluid content of the extremities therefore play an important role and explain the occasionally occurring over-proportional variations in resistance. They arise because of the influence of external conditions, such as ambient temperature and air-pressure, as well as internal factors such as for example congestion caused by illness and physical activity.
All of these conditions affect the water content of the extremities. This may also happen with very low water content of the extremities caused by high pressure or coldness. The resistance measurement will be very much above the normal range with the result of this calculation method.
The body water and therefore the lean body mass will tend to be too low and the body fat will be calculated as too high. In another scenario, if the circulation in the extremities is increased or congested, the resistance shifts downwards.
Body water and lean body mass appear too large, and calculations of the body fat will appear as too low in the results. It is important to remember that the human body is never static, but functions with the help of a dynamic system, and that changes of the body water occur hourly and change on a daily basis.
A current B. can therefore only be a snapshot of a dynamic system and of the condition at that point in time. That's why several repeat and response measurements of the individual will provide a more accurate picture and improve the assessment of body composition. Reactance The resistance that a condenser exerts to an alternating current is called Reactance Xc.
Due to their protein-lipid layers, all cell membranes of the body act like mini-condensers and reactance therefore is an assessment of the body cell mass. General Principles Bioelectric impedance measurements BIM is the term representative for a variety of traditional and new noninvasive procedures and technologies that use electric current.
With the help of one or more surface electrodes, a tiny amount of electrical current is activated and is detected at surface electrodes placed elsewhere on the body, once the resultant electricity pulse has passed through.
As it quickly proceeds through the various physiological sections of the body, and passes through, a drop in voltage occurs. The current encounters impedance or resistance inherent composktion the fluids and tissues it passes through the various areas, among them the intracellular space, the lymphatic system, the bloodstream and others.
The drop in voltage delivers indirect information about the physical properties of the sections, where current has passed through. Alternating Current Bioelectric Impedance Analysis BIA : Among the various number of A. BIA models that are presently on the market, most are used for the obliquely measurement of total body water and to estimate the fat content of the body.
BIA, which uses alternating current A. as the most common form of testing, employs A. Various systems, varying broadly in complexity and design, operate with a wide range of intensities, frequencies and currents.
For the patient, the amount of electricity delivered to the body is generally hard to even detect compoistion far below any level that would result in cellular or tissue damage. Once electric currents at or above 50 KHz are used, compositlon flow non-selectively through extra cellular spaces as well as intracellular ones, as has been confirmed by various A.
BIA studies. Once current has been sent to active tactile electrodes at a frequency at 50 KHz, its intensity enables the system to measure the reactance and resistance between 2 other passive tactile electrodes tetra-polar mode.
BIA and Its Calculated Parameters Total Body Water TBW Impedance measurements provide a quite accurate picture of electrolyte water contained in tissue. Orally ingested water, which has not yet been absorbed by the body, is not measured; the same goes for ascites, because it is not part of the lean body mass.
Administered solutions, however, are detected immediately. Lean Body Mass LBM The lean body mass is for the most part made up of inner organs, muscles, the skeletal system aalyzer the central nervous system, and refers to the tissue mass of the body that contains no fat.
These organ systems, although morphologically very different, contain matching functional structures.
: BIA body composition analyzer| Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Body Composition Analyse - VitalScan | InBody in Studies Scientific Partnerships. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Introduction Loss of body weight and depletion of fat free muscle mass are common and serious problems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD irrespective of the degree of airflow limitation [ 1 — 3 ]. This makes the application of BIA in this population difficult, as athletes are likely to possess substantially different quantities of fat and fat-free mass when compared to the general population or diseased populations that current equations are based on. The position of the measurement point in the lower left quadrant points to water retention in the form of oedema. |
| What is Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis? | Close Menu Products Professional Body Composition Analyzer InBody InBody InBody InBody Body Water Analyzer BWA 2. consists of all cells that have an effect on metabolism e. Bozzetto S, Piccoli A, Montini G: Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis to evaluate relative hydration status. The ability to distinguish between extracellular and total body water is important to identify fluid imbalances related to acute inflammation or edema. Nutr J. The calculated values for BCM und TBW are reduced. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. |
| Introduction | carried out a series of experiments to prove that total body water and bioelectrical impedance were highly correlated, suggesting that impedance measurements could be used for determining total body water. Impedance of the right half of the body was measured, including the right arm, torso, and right leg. This correlation was more in agreement with the gold standard technique when compared to other indices, including body weight. The equation Hoffer et al. In , RJL Systems commercialized the impedance meter for the first time and the BIA method began to gain popularity. The device measured impedance by attaching electrodes to the back of the right hand and on top of the right foot. Prior to this, body composition could only be measured by caliper or underwater weighing. Such methods needed to be carried out by skilled technicians, were uncomfortable, required complicated installation or use of equations, and could not accommodate a wide variety of populations. Alternatively, BIA was easy, fast, less expensive, and non-invasive. Therefore, many body composition researchers, nutritionists, and medical experts began to use BIA. Studies proved BIA measures had high correlations with gold standard methods, such as underwater weighing and DEXA. However, technical limitations of BIA began to surface in the late s. Two primary limitations of BIA were its assumption of the human body as a single cylinder and its use of a single frequency 50 kHz. This technique may have worked for users with standard body types, but it was not as accurate for other populations that might not fit a conventional mold, such as fit elderly adults and most medical patients. To increase the accuracy of results, researchers derived various population-specific equations for determining body composition. These equations were based on what is known as empirical data. Empirical data is knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation. By collecting data from a sample population deemed to represent the expected characteristics of the entire population, researchers can derive equations that may be used to predict outcomes. In body composition, researchers have identified trends in muscle and fat mass and have used this data to predict body composition based on specific variables. In , research was published in which the impedance index was combined with factors such as body weight and gender into empirical equations. Over time, numerous other equations were developed based on additional factors such as age, ethnicity, and body type. For instance, age is a common factor in empirical equations used for body composition. In general, most individuals tend to lose lean body mass with age due to a sedentary lifestyle. Based on this trend, empirical equations often skew lean body mass up for younger individuals and down for older individuals. However, such data manipulation can cause inaccuracies and significant misassessments regarding health risks in population outliers such as obese youth or fit older adults. Suppose a device that relies on empirical equations to estimate body composition is used on two people who have the same amount of lean body mass, but one person is 30 years old and the other is 40 years old. In the late s, Japanese manufacturers released various types of BIA body composition devices for general public use. Gradually, BIA devices became more popular for personal use rather than professional medical assessments due to technological constraints mentioned in the previous section. Some devices measured the impedance between both feet as the user stands on the scale, while others measured the impedance between both hands while holding the device. In , Dr. Robert Kushner proposed that the technical limitations of BIA could be improved by measuring the human body as five separate cylinders right arm, left arm, torso, right leg, left leg instead of one. Each of these cylinders have different lengths and cross sectional areas, resulting in varying impedance values. When considering the single cylinder model, the thinness and smaller cross-sectional area of the limbs reduce their impact on whole body impedance. According to Kushner, measuring segmental impedance alone would not be sufficient; instead, all five body cylinders would also need to be measured at different frequencies to distinguish intracellular, extracellular and total body water. This distinction would allow for a better understanding of fluid distribution, providing an accurate measure of the hydrated state of lean mass. In other words, the technical limitations of BIA could be overcome by measuring the different body segments at different frequencies. By doing so, the impedance in the limbs and torso were measured separately, yielding highly accurate results without using empirical data based on factors like age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, and body shape. Thus, the InBody DSM-MFBIA body composition analyzer is a precision medical device. Many BIA products today provide segmental measures of muscle and fat mass, but most of these products are still unable to take segmental impedance measurements, particularly in the torso. The InBody measure each segment separately and shows the impedance values of all five cylinders of the body at each frequency in the Impedance Section of the InBody Result Sheet. InBody uses multiple currents at varying frequencies to provide precise body water analysis. When measuring impedance with electrodes, contact resistance occurs. InBody accounts for contact resistance with strategically placed electrodes to ensure that measurements are accurate and reproducible. InBody measures your impedance independently, so your results are not affected by your age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, or body shape. BIA Tech Problem The ability to distinguish between extracellular and total body water is important to identify fluid imbalances related to acute inflammation or edema. Many BIA devices use only one frequency at 50 kHz to measure impedance. As a result, patients with increased extracellular water may be misidentified as being healthy. InBody uses a combination of low and high frequencies to determine extracellular, intracellular, and total body water. The use of multiple frequencies allows InBody devices to achieve a high level of precision. Medical practitioners can use InBody for measurements of body composition and fluid status. Total body water TBW is stored throughout the body and can be separated into 2 compartments:. Early BIA devices used a single 50 kHz frequency to calculate TBW. Therefore, ICW was estimated proportionally based on the ECW. This estimation was used to determine TBW, lean mass, and fat mass. The estimation of intracellular water was based on the assumption that the ratio of ICW to ECW in healthy adults is about However, individuals with body compositions that differ from conventionally healthy adults, such as elderly, obese or chronic disease patients, often have a higher ratio of ECW. Thus, in these patient populations, relying on the ICW:ECW ratio could result in significant error. InBody uses multiple frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz to provide precision body water analysis. Electrical currents interact differently with the cells at different frequencies, which allows the InBody to quantify the different fluid compartments. Friedl, R. Kuczmarski, K. Flegal, C. Johnson and V. French, G. Martin, B. Younghusband, R. Green, Y. Xie, M. Matthews, J. Barron, D. Fitzpatrick, W. Gulliver and H. Salle, M. Audran and V. van Marken Lichtenbelt, F. Hartgens, N. Vollaard, S. Ebbing and H. Jebb, T. Cole, D. Doman, P. Murgatroyd and A. Chouinard, D. Schoeller, A. Watras, R. Randall Clark, R. Close and A. Evans, M. Saunders, M. Spano, S. Arngrimsson, R. Lewis and K. Melchiorri, S. Volpe and A. Clark, C. Bartok, J. Sullivan and D. Gleichauf and D. Saunders, J. Blevins and C. Weststrate, I. Paymans and K. Bouchard, A. Tremblay and J. Clarys, A. Martin and D. Segal, J. Wang, B. Gutin, R. Pierson and T. Weststrate and J. Lukaski, W. Bolonchuk, W. Siders and C. Esco, M. Olson, H. Williford, S. Lizana and A. Kushner, R. Gudivaka and D. Schols, A. Dingemans, P. Soeters and E. Kushner and D. Charlie Beestone Charlie has an MSc in Sport and Exercise Nutrition from Loughborough University. More content by Charlie. Access our course on Agility for FREE! Get Instant Access. Body composition assessment can be performed using the BioScan on patients with fluid retention, malnutrition, Diabetes, eating disorders, Obesity, in estimating Dry weight, Surgery and in Cardiovascular patients, Gastroenterology, HIV, Paediatrics, Endocrine and metabolic disorders, Cystic Fibrosis, during pregnancy and on the elderly as well as many others. What is known, is that the distribution of fluid that is Intracellular and Extracellular ratios change in the different states of diseased patients. Measurements of Total Body Water do provide us with some information regarding change in Body Composition during growth, ageing and disease. Nevertheless, detailed information can only be obtained when measuring Fat Free Mass hydration that is in Intra and Extracellular ratios. |
| BIA: a way to assess your body composition | Quick, Actionable Insights. Precise Measurement. Easy to Use. What Our Customers Say. It provides tangible data for our clients, enabling them to easily track their body composition to be the best possible version of themselves. Neil Naik Medical Centre at The Boardwalk, Waterloo, Ontario. Leverage InBody technology to enhance services for your patients, members or employees. Book a Consultation. How InBody Works. No empirical estimations It measures your impedance independently, so your results are not affected by your age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, or body shape. Learn More. The InBody Story. A Revolution in BIA Technology. Featured Products. RESEARCH-GRADE ANALYSIS. InBody Body Composition Analyzer. Selected for medical and research. Test results in 60 seconds. see product details. ADVANCED ANALYSIS. Selected for medical offices and commercial fitness facilities. Test results in 45 seconds. PORTABLE ANALYSIS. Selected for studio operators and fitness professionals. Test results in 15 seconds. With InBody Academy, Expand your Knowledge and Expertise of InBody Devices InBody Academy courses are designed to support and educate InBody team members, clients, and patients. Discover Courses. Purchase From InBodyCanada. Exemplary Service Teams, Canada-Wide Coverage. About InBody Technology Case Studies USA Validation Studies USA. Support Centre FAQ Product Manuals Product Tutorials Result Sheet Guide InBody Academy. ca Innes Rd, Suite 75 Ottawa, ON K4A 3W3 8 am to 6 pm EST Mon to Fri. Sign up to receive industry and product news. Payment Methods. Follow Us. Linkedin Facebook Instagram Youtube. LBWEB Terms of Service for End User. Icons made by Those Icons from www. Icons made by Eucalyp from www. INBODY AT HOME. The InBody Result Sheet Guide. How to read, understand, and use the InBody Result Sheet for your business. Your Full Name. Organization Name. Why are you interested in this ebook? By clicking on "Download Guide "I agree to the Terms and Conditions. Download Guide. InBody and the Immune System E-Book. Organization enter"na" if you are an individual. Why are you interested in this e-book? By clicking on "Download E-Book "I agree to the Terms and Conditions. Download E-Book. Body Composition Analyzers. Blood Pressure Monitors. Software Solutions. Professional Supply and Accessories. InBody Academy: Online Courses Registration. Read Our Blog. Holiday Sale. H20N BAND2 BP B PUSH. Discounts applied at checkout. MEDICAL AND CLINICAL. HEALTH AND WELLNESS. Shop Now. About InBodyCanada How to Order Contact Us. InBody Technology How to Make Money with InBody Result Sheet Interpretation Guide InBody and the Immune System E-book. Events and InBody Webinars. Get InBody blog articles straight to your inbox. Stay updated on the newest body composition articles by entering your email below. Microcontroller process the data and the result is displayed on LCD. A keypad is used to input related body parameters, i. e height, weight, age, and gender. The measurement tests show that the BIA works as intended, while the comparison with commercial BIA reveals maximum relative error of 4. Published in: 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics EECSI. Article :. Purchase Details Payment Options Order History View Purchased Documents. Profile Information Communications Preferences Profession and Education Technical Interests. Need Help? |
| Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Body Composition Analyse | Analytical modules provide accurate ratios for, for example extracellular to intracellular water, or fat mass to weight, and present doctors with indications of medical disorders that would otherwise need additional examinations to be diagnosed. Create profiles for personalised advertising. Discounts applied automatically at the checkout. The path of the electrical current may differ between this method and the hand-held method, and could potentially influence body composition results; though this issue is discussed later in the article. Siders and C. Software Solutions. |
BIA body composition analyzer -
e cross-sectional, hand-to-hand, hand-to-foot, and foot-to-foot. Two electrodes are to conduct current into the body, while other two electrodes are utilized to measure the voltage from the body.
The alternating current is injected with frequency of 50 kHz. Automatic switch in the form of multiplexers and demultiplexers controls the sequence of BIA measurement methods.
Microcontroller process the data and the result is displayed on LCD. A keypad is used to input related body parameters, i. The position of the measurement point in the lower left quadrant points to water retention in the form of oedema.
Oedema due to right heart failure as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is above the line of normal BCM values long axis and well below the line of normal TBW values short axis on the 95 th tolerance ellipse.
The position in the lower left quadrant indicates the presence of increased water retention. The BIA parameter values listed in table 4 can be interpreted as follows: Body fat mass lies above the normal range in line with the increased BMI. The determined TBW is increased and the calculated BCM lies in the upper range of normal.
These findings are consistent with the position of the measurement point above the line of normal BCM values and below the line of normal TBW values in the lower left quadrant. With the derived normal BIA value for BCM it needs once again to be taken into account here that BCM is dependent on the patient's fluid status TBW.
This means that a BCM within the normal range does not necessarily indicate an actually normal BCM or normal nutritional status but may also appear normal due to an increased TBW.
In addition to the increased TBW, ECM is also markedly increased, indicating oedema. The suspicion of oedema is established at a glance with BIVA.
BIVA confirms simply and rapidly the calculated BIA values BCM and TBW. The suspicion of oedema was confirmed on physical examination of the legs.
Conclusion: The values listed in the table for TBW and ECM are outside the normal range and the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is on the 95 th tolerance ellipse in the lower left quadrant, indicating oedema.
The determined BCM is in the upper range of normal and the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is above the line of normal BCM values. The position of the measurement point in the nomogram provides an indication for the suspected diagnosis of oedema.
For the general differential diagnosis of underweight we present a female patient with anorexia: female, The measurement point in the BIVA nomogram Figure 6 lies almost on the line of normal BCM values long axis and far above the line of normal TBW values short axis outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse.
The position of the measurement point in the upper right quadrant points to the presence of anorexia. Anorexia as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is almost on the line of normal BCM values long axis and far above the line of normal TBW values short axis outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse.
The position in the upper right quadrant points to the presence of anorexia. The BIA parameter values listed in table 5 can be interpreted as follows: Body fat mass is reduced in line with the low BMI. TBW is markedly reduced and BCM also is decreased. With the reduced BCM it needs to be kept in mind here that BCM is dependent on the patient's fluid status TBW.
This means that a lower BCM may also appear reduced due to a lower TBW. This indicates that BCM is normal and that the calculated value was too low only because of the low TBW. BIVA confirms the suspicion raised by the BIA values that the calculated BCM was too low because of the reduced TBW.
Again, the suspected diagnosis of anorexia can be established more efficiently and more reliably by BIVA. Conclusion: The patient exhibits a markedly reduced BMI, decreased body water and a normal BCM in the form of anorexia.
The position of the measurement point in the nomogram in the upper right quadrant outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse provides an indication for the suspected diagnosis of anorexia.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA , particularly in combination with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA , provides a viable opportunity for evaluating body composition in humans. As the examples suggest the interpretation of BIA results is often complex and a suspected diagnosis can be established more efficiently and more reliably by integrating BIVA into the patient assessment process.
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The BIA compendium. de ]3. Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Piccoli A, Müller MJ: Patterns of bioelectrical impedance vector distribution by body mass index and age: implications for body-composition analysis. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr , Piccoli A: Bioelectric impedance vector distribution in peritoneal dialysis patients with different hydration status.
Kidney Int. Dehghan M, Merchant AT: Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies?. Nutr J. Barbosa-Silva MC, Barros AJ: Bioelectrical impedance analysis in clinical practice: a new perspective on its use beyond body composition equations.
Buchholz AC, Bartok C, Schoeller DA: The validity of bioelectrical impedance models in clinical populations. Nutr Clin Pract. Bozzetto S, Piccoli A, Montini G: Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis to evaluate relative hydration status.
Pediatr Nephrol. Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Mostert R, Weling-Scheepers CA, Schols AM: Efficacy of nutritional supplementation therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Download references. Nutritional Consulting Practice, Emil-Schüller-Straße, Koblenz, , Germany.
Pneumology Practice, Emil-Schüller-Straße, Koblenz, , Germany. KG, Binger Straße, Ingelheim, , Germany. Department of Pulmonary Disease, III. Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße, Mainz, , Germany.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Thomas Glaab. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
TG and MMG were employees of Boehringer Ingelheim at the time of manuscript submission. BIA is considered reasonably accurate for measuring groups, of limited accuracy for tracking body composition in an individual over a period of time, but is not considered sufficiently accurate for recording of single measurements of individuals.
Consumer grade devices for measuring BIA have not been found to be sufficiently accurate for single measurement use, and are better suited for use to measure changes in body composition over time for individuals. Multiple electrodes, typically eight, may be used located on the hands and feet allowing measurement of the impedance of the individual body segments - arms, legs and torso.
The advantage of the multiple electrode devices is that body segments may be measured simultaneously without the need to relocate electrodes. Results for some impedance instruments tested found poor limits of agreement and in some cases systematic bias in estimation of visceral fat percentage, but good accuracy in the prediction of resting energy expenditure REE when compared with more accurate whole-body magnetic resonance imaging MRI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA.
Impedance is frequency sensitive; at low frequency the electric current flows preferentially through extracellular water ECW only while at high frequency the current can cross cell membranes and hence flows through total body water TBW. In bioimpedance spectroscopy devices BIS resistance at zero and infinite frequency can be estimated and, at least theoretically, should provide the optimal predictors of ECW and TBW and hence body fat-free mass respectively.
In practice, the improvement in accuracy is marginal. The use of multiple frequencies or BIS in specific BIA devices has been shown to have high correlation with DXA when measuring body fat percentage. The electrical properties of tissues have been described since These properties were further described for a wider range of frequencies on a larger range of tissues, including those that were damaged or undergoing change after death.
In , Thomasset conducted the original studies using electrical impedance measurements as an index of total body water TBW , using two subcutaneously inserted needles. In , Hoffer concluded that a whole-body impedance measurement could predict total body water.
The equation the squared value of height divided by impedance measurements of the right half of the body showed a correlation coefficient of 0.
This equation, Hoffer proved, is known as the impedance index used in BIA. In , Nyober validated the use of whole body electrical impedance to assess body composition.
By the s the foundations of BIA were established, including those that underpinned the relationships between the impedance and the body water content of the body.
A variety of single-frequency BIA analyzers then became commercially available, such as RJL Systems and its first commercialized impedance meter.
In the s, Lukaski, Segal, and other researchers discovered that the use of a single frequency 50 kHz in BIA assumed the human body to be a single cylinder, which created many technical limitations in BIA. The use of a single frequency was inaccurate for populations that did not have the standard body type.
To improve the accuracy of BIA, researchers created empirical equations using empirical data gender, age, ethnicity to predict a user's body composition.
In , Lukaski published empirical equations using the impedance index, body weight, and reactance. In , Kushner and Scholler published empirical equations using the impedance index, body weight, and gender. However, empirical equations were only useful in predicting the average population's body composition and was inaccurate for medical purposes for populations with diseases.
The use of multiple frequencies would also distinguish intracellular and extracellular water. By the s, the market included several multi-frequency analyzers and a couple of BIS devices. The use of BIA as a bedside method has increased because the equipment is portable and safe, the procedure is simple and noninvasive, and the results are reproducible and rapidly obtained.
More recently, segmental BIA has been developed to overcome inconsistencies between resistance R and the body mass of the trunk. In , an eight-polar stand-on BIA device, InBody , that did not utilize empirical equations was created and was found to "offer accurate estimates of TBW and ECW in women without the need of population-specific formulas.
In , AURA Devices brought the fitness tracker AURA Band with built-in BIA. In BIA became available for Apple Watch users with the accessory AURA Strap with built-in sensors. The impedance of cellular tissue can be modeled as a resistor representing the extracellular path in parallel with a resistor and capacitor in series representing the intracellular path, the resistance that of intracellular fluid and the capacitor the cell membrane.
This results in a change in impedance versus the frequency used in the measurement. Whole body impedance measurement is generally measured from the wrist to the ipsilateral ankle and uses either two rarely or four overwhelmingly electrodes.
In the 2-electrode bipolar configuration a small current on the order of μA is passed between two electrodes, and the voltage is measured between the same whereas in the tetrapolar arrangement resistance is measured between as separate pair of proximally located electrodes.
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