Researchers need further studies done on more people over longer periods of time to confirm these findings. Accumulating research suggests that TRE has potential, but not all studies show it is more effective for weight loss than daily regular calorie restriction.

A review concluded that intermittent calorie restriction, including TRE, offers no significant advantage over limiting calorie intake each day. More recently, a randomized controlled clinical trial in the New England Journal of Medicine showed TRE had no weight loss benefit after 12 months.

In the trial, people with obesity followed TRE while also eating fewer calories or followed daily calorie restriction alone. When the study ended, there were no differences between the groups for weight loss.

Studies from and note that TRE results in equal weight loss to regular daily calorie restriction in people who are overweight or have obesity.

Because of this, it is possible for TRE to be an option for people who want an alternate solution to daily calorie restriction for weight loss. Other research does not show any benefit of TRE for weight loss compared with eating regularly throughout the day with no calorie restriction.

This includes when study participants receive no instruction to change their food choices or activity levels. As the science on TRE for weight loss advances, some researchers have expressed the need for caution around who might consider following TRE.

Among people who are overweight or have obesity, some studies have found that weight loss in TRE may be due to the loss of lean mass muscle versus fat mass adipose tissue. Therefore, it is especially important for people who are overweight or have obesity and who also have comorbidities such as sarcopenia to talk with a doctor before trying TRE.

The current evidence base shows promise for the role of TRE in weight loss in the short term from studies lasting less than 6 months. However, researchers need longer-term studies with larger numbers of more diverse participants to determine whether TRE can lead to clinically meaningful weight loss that a person can maintain over time.

A study from the journal Appetite aimed to look at the barriers to or facilitators of following TRE over the long term. It used 20 middle-aged adults who were overweight or had obesity and were at risk of type 2 diabetes. The researchers assessed how easily people could incorporate TRE into daily life following a 3-month study with structured interviews.

Seven study participants kept up with their instructions on TRE from the study, 10 adjusted their approach to follow a different version of their original instructions, and three did not follow through with their instructions. Researchers need more work to understand how TRE influences the biological, behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental facilitators of and barriers to successful long-term weight maintenance.

One study investigated TRE in 11 adults who were overweight. They followed early-TRE for 4 days, where they ate between 8 a. and 2 p. and 8 p. The authors concluded that when participants followed the early-TRE plan, they had increased activity of mTOR.

This is a protein marker thought to be involved in maintaining muscle mass. A study, in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , randomly assigned 16 otherwise healthy males to follow early-TRE for 2 weeks or just regular calorie restriction.

It found the TRE group saw an improved ability for their muscle to use glucose and branched-chain amino acids. A study in Scientific Reports assigned 46 otherwise healthy older males to follow 6 weeks of either TRE or their regular eating plan. The TRE group had no significant changes in their muscle mass.

This suggests the participants kept their muscle throughout the study period. In studies that paired TRE with a structured resistance training program, muscle mass was maintained or small gains in muscle health occured:. The totality of evidence suggests that in combination with resistance training, TRE may improve body composition and help people maintain fat-free mass similarly to non-TRE plans.

Some researchers note that TRE may not be the best approach if primary health goals include building muscle mass and improving muscle strength because of the inconsistent eating frequency and nutrient availability for muscles. However, TRE may be a good alternative for some people who are interested in changing their body composition or losing weight without it being problematic for maintaining muscle mass, growth, strength, performance, or endurance.

Researchers need additional longer and larger studies in different research settings with different populations to better understand the relationship between TRE and muscle health. One of the main advantages of TRE is that it requires no special food or equipment. However, as with any eating plan, some thought and planning can increase the likelihood of success.

The following tips can help to make TRE safer and more effective:. People should start with a shorter fasting period and then gradually increase it over time. For example, start with a fasting period of p.

to a. Then increase this by 30 minutes every 3 days to reach the desired fasting period. Studies have suggested that restricting feeding periods to less than 6 hours is unlikely to offer additional advantages over more extended feeding periods.

It is tempting to start a vigorous exercise plan alongside eating less for faster results. However, with TRE, this can make the fasting period more difficult. People may wish to keep their existing exercise program the same until their body adjusts to the new eating plan.

This can help to avoid increased hunger from extra workouts, which may cause burnout or failure. Hunger can be difficult for people who do not have experience of fasting for several hours each day. Choosing foods rich in fiber and protein during the eating window can help to combat this.

These nutrients help a person feel full and can prevent a blood sugar crash or food cravings. For example, a person may eat whole grain bread and pasta rather than white or refined grains.

They can choose a snack that includes protein in the form of lean meat, egg, tofu, or nuts. It is normal to have days where TRE does not work out. For example, a night out with friends, a special occasion, or a slip-up may lead to people eating outside of their fixed eating window.

It is best to see setbacks as an opportunity to get back on track. The next day, people can recommence the TRE plan and continue toward their goal. For most people, TRE is unlikely to be a miracle weight loss cure.

However, studies have shown that it can offer health benefits without a high risk of side effects. It can be a simple way for many people to reduce their calorie intake without complicated or strict diet rules. Which people, situations, or medical conditions might a time-restricted eating diet suit and why?

Time-restricted feeding seems to be beneficial for most people who are not experiencing acute illness or taking medications to lower blood sugar, for type 2 diabetes, for example. Adolescents, young adults, or middle-aged people may all benefit from time-restricted eating if they are only lightly or moderately physically active and are interested in:.

Time-restricted eating may also be beneficial for those who are not successful with daily calorie restriction since some study results indicate that both types of diet yield similar results.

The oatmeal diet is a fad diet that involves eating only or mostly oatmeal. Advocates claim that it can help a person to lose weight quickly, but no…. CalFresh Food provides assistance to low-income households and can help buy nutritious foods for better health. For information, call What is intermittent fasting?

What are some of the different methods of intermittent fasting? The Method: The method allows an eating window of 8 hours and a fasting window of 16 hours [1]. Individuals consume food throughout the eating period and refrain from food and calorie-containing beverages during the fasting period.

Individuals participating in the method often select an eating period from 10 am — 6 pm, 11 am — 7 pm, or 12 pm — 8 pm to ensure that they are sleeping through the majority of the fasting period to prevent discomfort from hunger [1].

The Eat-Stop-Eat or Method: The method consists of normal energy intake for 5 days and fasting for 2 non-consecutive days out of the week [1. Depending on the method, fasting days may consist of a significant reduction in calories, to an intake of approximately calories per day, or may prohibit any energy-containing food or beverage for the entire day.

Alternate Day Fasting: In alternate day fasting, individuals restrict calorie consumption every other day to approximately calories per fasting day and resume to normal eating patterns on the following day [1]. Whole Day Fasting: Whole day fasting is similar to alternate day fasting, in that specific days of the week are designated as fasting days.

During specified hour windows, no calorie-containing food or drink is consumed, and normal eating resumes the following day. A week will typically include one or two hour fasting days [4]. What are some reasons that people participate in intermittent fasting?

Religious Practices: Intermittent fasting is a common practice in many different religions, such as Buddhist, Orthodox Christian, Muslim, and Jewish theologies [5]. Religious-motivated fasting may include complete or partial energy restrictions for a specific period of time or prohibit the consumption of particular foods or beverages depending on the practice [6].

For example, Ramadan fasting is the Islamic practice of a day fast restricting all food and beverages from sunrise to sunset [5]. In comparison, Orthodox Christian fasting practices occur every Wednesday and Friday throughout the calendar year, similar to the method [5].

Diagnostic or Medical Fast: A diagnostic or medical fast restricts food and calorie-containing beverages for improved accuracy and safety of the medical procedure.

Specific procedures, such as colonoscopies and endoscopies, blood glucose testing, lipid panels, including cholesterol and triglycerides, or any procedure requiring general anesthesia all involve an extended period of fasting [7].

Weight Loss: As intermittent fasting gains popularity as an effective weight loss strategy in diet culture media, many individuals looking to lose weight are turning to intermittent fasting regimens. Intermittent fasting has gained popularity as a sustainable approach to losing weight because it does not limit the consumption of specific food items, rather the time frame in which an individual consumes food [8].

Some individuals find this method of dieting generally less restrictive than other diet plans because it does not involve tracking calories or amounts, and does not limit types of food.

For this reason, some individuals find intermittent fasting to be an appealing strategy for weight loss and maintenance; however, many people still find it difficult to fast.

What are the possible health benefits of intermittent fasting? The common treatment for MetS is lifestyle modifications for weight loss. There have been multiple studies on intermittent fasting conducted in animal models showing reductions in weight, blood pressure, and serum lipids [14].

However, there are limited studies in overweight or obese humans with MetS demonstrating these outcomes. Intermittent fasting may be an effective strategy for successful weight loss due to the general decrease in caloric intake during fasting periods while not overcompensating during eating periods.

Consequently, when intermittent fasting occurs without decreasing overall caloric intake, it may decrease resting metabolic rate and result in weight gain [11]. Blood Glucose: Intermittent fasting has demonstrated improvements in fasted and postprandial blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM [15].

Beneficial effects on pancreatic function and insulin-mediated glucose uptake as a result of intermittent fasting were demonstrated in human subjects, however, it is important to acknowledge the small, homogenous sample size that limits the generalizability of the results [16, 17].

Additionally, the majority of individuals with T2DM are categorized with a body mass index BMI in the overweight or obese range, and improvements in blood glucose markers often accompany weight loss [18].

Therefore, the first treatment option prescribed by medical professionals is weight loss and increased physical activity to improve glucose homeostasis.

Thus, as intermittent fasting may result in weight loss, improvement in biomarkers associated with T2DM may be related only to weight loss and not attributable to metabolic changes resulting from intermittent fasting specifically [19].

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Intermittent fasting has shown the potential to decrease markers of inflammation, such as TNF- α, Interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in humans [20, 21]. Chronic inflammation may lead to the development or exacerbation of other health conditions, such as cancer and atherosclerosis [22].

The exact mechanism of how intermittent fasting may reduce markers of inflammation has yet to be explained, however, both human and animal studies indicate that sustained calorie restriction may have protective health effects [18]. Additional research is needed to determine the physiological effect of intermittent fasting on inflammatory pathways before health claims can be accepted.

What are the possible adverse effects of intermittent fasting? References: Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, LaCroix AZ, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Senger CM, et al. Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health. J Acad Nutr Diet. Harvie M, Howell A. Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence.

Behav Sci Basel. Year in Search Google Trends. Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM. Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans.

Nutr Rev. Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C. Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review. Trepanowski JF BR. The imapct of religious fasting on human health.

Nutr J. Ljungqvist O, Soreide E. Preoperative fasting. Br J Surg. Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S.

Popular Weight Loss Strategies: a Review of Four Weight Loss Techniques. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Wegman MP, Guo MH, Bennion DM, Shankar MN, Chrzanowski SM, Goldberg LA, et al.

Practicality of intermittent fasting in humans and its effect on oxidative stress and genes related to aging and metabolism. Rejuvenation Res.

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm?

These resources are produced by Dr. Rachel Scherr and her research staff. Produced by Marcela Radtke, BS, Anna M. Jones, PhD, Rachel E. Scherr, PhD.

Intermittent fasting, also called time-restrictive feeding or intermittent energy restriction, refers to a dietary pattern that alternates between periods of normal energy intake and prolonged energy restriction [1, 2]. Intermittent fasting is a dietary approach that can differ in the amount of time spent in the fasted state per day or the number of fasting days per week.

Recently, intermittent fasting has become a popular trend in the diet and fitness industry and is gaining mainstream attention as an approachable weight loss method. Intermittent fasting was the number one diet-related Google search term in [3].

However, much of the research on potential health benefits of intermittent fasting is with animal models, establishing a need for additional research in humans. The majority of research on intermittent fasting has been performed in animal models but as the topic continues to gain public interest, more research is being conducted with human subjects.

The existing research regarding the health effects of intermittent fasting provide inconclusive results, with some studies supporting improvements in health-related biomarkers [4, 9, 10] and other studies disproving health claims and reporting potentially adverse health effects [11].

The impact of intermittent fasting is a relatively new field of research; therefore, future research studies are necessary to determine the broader benefits and implications of the various fasting methods on the human body. Although research focuses on many of the beneficial outcomes of intermittent fasting, adverse effects have been observed [23].

Individuals participating in intermittent fasting may be at risk for nutrient and electrolyte deficiency if they are not consuming adequate water or nutrient-dense foods during the eating period.

Binge eating may occur after fasting periods, and some individuals may compensate with higher caloric intake during their eating window [10].

If this trend of overeating continues, weight gain may occur because the individual is consuming more calories than they are expending, regardless of the calorie deficit experienced during the fasting period [24].

In addition, some individuals have reported fatigue, headache, depression, and irritability resulting during the fasting period [10, 25]. There is concern from health professionals regarding potential risk of developing disordered eating patterns, increased susceptibility to infections, or dehydration when fasting incorrectly [10].

Inquiries regarding this publication may be directed to cns ucdavis. The information provided in this publication is intended for general consumer understanding, and is not intended to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment, or to substitute for professional medical advice.

These institutions are equal opportunity providers and employers. CalFresh Food provides assistance to low-income households and can help buy nutritious foods for better health. For information, call What is intermittent fasting? What are some of the different methods of intermittent fasting?

The Method: The method allows an eating window of 8 hours and a fasting window of 16 hours [1]. Individuals consume food throughout the eating period and refrain from food and calorie-containing beverages during the fasting period.

Individuals participating in the method often select an eating period from 10 am — 6 pm, 11 am — 7 pm, or 12 pm — 8 pm to ensure that they are sleeping through the majority of the fasting period to prevent discomfort from hunger [1]. The Eat-Stop-Eat or Method: The method consists of normal energy intake for 5 days and fasting for 2 non-consecutive days out of the week [1.

Depending on the method, fasting days may consist of a significant reduction in calories, to an intake of approximately calories per day, or may prohibit any energy-containing food or beverage for the entire day.

Alternate Day Fasting: In alternate day fasting, individuals restrict calorie consumption every other day to approximately calories per fasting day and resume to normal eating patterns on the following day [1].

Whole Day Fasting: Whole day fasting is similar to alternate day fasting, in that specific days of the week are designated as fasting days. During specified hour windows, no calorie-containing food or drink is consumed, and normal eating resumes the following day.

A week will typically include one or two hour fasting days [4]. What are some reasons that people participate in intermittent fasting? Religious Practices: Intermittent fasting is a common practice in many different religions, such as Buddhist, Orthodox Christian, Muslim, and Jewish theologies [5].

Religious-motivated fasting may include complete or partial energy restrictions for a specific period of time or prohibit the consumption of particular foods or beverages depending on the practice [6]. For example, Ramadan fasting is the Islamic practice of a day fast restricting all food and beverages from sunrise to sunset [5].

In comparison, Orthodox Christian fasting practices occur every Wednesday and Friday throughout the calendar year, similar to the method [5].

Diagnostic or Medical Fast: A diagnostic or medical fast restricts food and calorie-containing beverages for improved accuracy and safety of the medical procedure. Specific procedures, such as colonoscopies and endoscopies, blood glucose testing, lipid panels, including cholesterol and triglycerides, or any procedure requiring general anesthesia all involve an extended period of fasting [7].

Weight Loss: As intermittent fasting gains popularity as an effective weight loss strategy in diet culture media, many individuals looking to lose weight are turning to intermittent fasting regimens. Intermittent fasting has gained popularity as a sustainable approach to losing weight because it does not limit the consumption of specific food items, rather the time frame in which an individual consumes food [8].

Some individuals find this method of dieting generally less restrictive than other diet plans because it does not involve tracking calories or amounts, and does not limit types of food.

We often are eating every three to four hours and not always because we are hungry. Plus, you don't have to fast all week. For example, people who follow the diet—a type of intermittent fasting—eat regular amounts of food for five days, then flip the switch on the other two days, by reducing caloric intake.

A study in PLoS One suggests that using the method might be a feasible way to lose weight, in part because study participants reported feeling positive about the method. Intermittent fasting is about when you eat, not what or how much.

If you find you consume too many calories while intermittent fasting, you're not alone, says Mills. Mills advises using a scale of zero to 10, where zero is famished and 10 is stuffed.

You should feel hungry before eating, and you should stop eating when you're full, not just to clean your plate. Mills also recommends slowing down while eating so your brain has time to signal when you're getting full. Pictured Recipe: Greek-Inspired Burgers with Herb-Feta Sauce. Mills says the carbonation in soda can mask your sense of hunger, which can set you up for being too hungry at your next meal and lead you to overeat.

Mills adds these beverages may also have caffeine , which can affect people differently. Hydration prevents us from mistaking hunger for thirst," says Mills. During snack breaks, opt for non-starchy veggies and fruits that contain water yep, hydrating foods count toward your daily water goal!

Have sliced cucumbers, celery, watermelon and oranges prepped in the fridge or your lunch bag. Mills says eating adequate lean protein, such as meat, poultry and fish, as well as plant-based proteins like legumes, nuts and seeds with each of your meals will help keep you full longer.

Plus, if you are losing a few pounds, protein will help maintain your metabolically active lean body mass," says Mills.

Another perk is that fiber from fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes will slow the digestion and absorption of the carbs you eat, so you stay full and energized longer between meals. Sure, you want to grab this diet trend by the lapels and run with it, but there's no need to starve yourself.

Taking in less than 1, calories per day might cause greater weight loss—and significantly increased hunger—but also greater bone and muscle loss which is where some of the lost weight will be coming from.

That's not healthy—or sustainable—in the long term. Not to mention, if you make your window for eating too short, you won't be able to get in all the necessary nutrients you need, nor will you be able to stick with it for long.

Make smaller, manageable changes and always listen to your body. Who said to ditch your morning joe, afternoon espresso or warm tea? No one! In fact, coffee isn't bad for you. Just remember to avoid adding sugar or milk if you drink your cup when you're fasting. Whether you stick with intermittent fasting for a week or a month, it needs to feel like a natural part of your routine.

You can exercise, just not like the Hulk. It's hard to go all out in a workout if your tank is empty. Moderate exercise is important for health benefits, but if you want to go a little more hardcore, make sure you're not hours away from your next meal. Basically, don't hit the gym at 5 a.

and then not break your fast until 2 p. When you eat frequently, insulin helps your body store unused energy as fat. But when you go without food for 12 hours or more, instead of storing unused energy, your body burns through its existing energy stores, then begins burning stored fat for energy, which aids weight loss.

It can be difficult to switch from an all-day eating style to a routine that includes 16 or 24 hours of fasting, so you may want to ease into the practice. Start out by skipping breakfast for a few days to get used to fasting until noon, or stop eating late-night snacks for a few days to shorten your eating window.

Researchers are still studying the benefits of intermittent fasting, but some studies have shown that the eating style can help people lose weight in the short term. Special considerations should be made if you have ongoing health problems and you should consult with a physician before pursuing major dietary changes.

The material provided through HealthU is intended to be used as general information only and should not replace the advice of your physician. Always consult your physician for individual care. Subscribe to get the latest health tips from our expert clinicians delivered weekly to your inbox.

The National Institute on Aging concludes that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any fasting diet, especially for older adults.

The intermittent fasting plan is unsuitable for those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to conceive. People who wish to try the method or other types of intermittent fasting should talk with their doctor first, especially if they:.

Anyone who has any concerns or experiences any adverse effects of the diet should consult a doctor. While evidence indicates that the method may be helpful for diabetes prevention, it may not be suitable for those who already have the condition. The intermittent fasting diet is generally not suitable for people with type 1 diabetes.

Additionally, many forms of religious fasting list type 1 diabetes as an exemption due to the potential health risks.

People with diabetes who wish to try the intermittent fasting plan should see a healthcare professional before making changes to their eating habits. The intermittent fasting plan is a time-restricted form of intermittent fasting.

It involves an 8-hour window for food consumption and fasting for 16 hours. Potential benefits may include weight loss, fat loss, and a reduction in the risk of some diseases.

People doing intermittent fasting should focus on eating high fiber whole foods and staying hydrated throughout the day. The plan is not right for everyone.

Individuals who wish to follow the intermittent fasting diet should speak with a doctor or dietitian if they have any concerns or underlying health conditions.

Intermittent fasting is a diet plan that means consuming few to no calories on fasting day and eating normally on nonfasting days. We look at the….

Intermittent fasting has many potential benefits. Tips to start include having a goal and choosing a suitable method. In this Behind the Counter, Dr. Kelly Wood discusses the impact of intermittent fasting on type 2 diabetes, along with the potential benefits and….

Recent research suggests that following the Atlantic diet, which is similar to the Mediterranean diet, may help prevent metabolic syndrome and other….

A new study showed that a Mediterranean or MIND diet improved women's cognitive health during midlife. The study of twins found that those…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.

Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. A guide to intermittent fasting. Medically reviewed by Kathy W.

Warwick, R. About How to do it Tips Health benefits Side effects and risks Diabetes Summary The intermittent fasting plan is a form of time-restricted fasting that may help with weight loss.

What is intermittent fasting? How to do it. Recommended foods and tips. Health benefits. Side effects and risks. How we reviewed this article: Sources.

Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles.

You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause.

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Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. The ultimate beginner's guide to intermittent fasting Medically reviewed by Miho Hatanaka, RDN, LD. How to begin intermittent fasting. Medically reviewed by Grant Tinsley, Ph. Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence.

Behav Sci Basel. Year in Search Google Trends. Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM. Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans.

Nutr Rev. Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C. Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review.

Trepanowski JF BR. The imapct of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J. Ljungqvist O, Soreide E. Preoperative fasting. Br J Surg. Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S. Popular Weight Loss Strategies: a Review of Four Weight Loss Techniques.

Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Wegman MP, Guo MH, Bennion DM, Shankar MN, Chrzanowski SM, Goldberg LA, et al. Practicality of intermittent fasting in humans and its effect on oxidative stress and genes related to aging and metabolism.

Rejuvenation Res. Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. Soeters MR, Lammers NM, Dubbelhuis PF, Ackermans M, Jonkers-Schuitema CF, Fliers E, et al. Intermittent fasting does not affect whole-body glucose, lipid, or protein metabolism.

Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Jr. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Longo VD, Mattson MP.

Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. Barnosky AR, Hoddy KK, Unterman TG, Varady KA.

Intermittent fasting vs daily calorie restriction for type 2 diabetes prevention: a review of human findings. Transl Res. Halberg N, Henriksen M, Soderhamn N, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Schjerling P, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men.

J Appl Physiol Carlson MG SW, Campbell PJ. Fuel and energy metabolism in fasting humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Johnson JB SW, Cutler RG, Martin B, Hyun D, Dixit VD, Pearson M, Nassar M, Maudsley S, Carlson O, John S, Laub DR, Mattson MP.

Alternate Day Calorie Restriction Improves Clinical Findings and Reduces Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Overweight Adults with Moderate Asthma. Brown JE, Mosley M, Aldred S. Intermittent fasting: a dietary intervention for prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. de Azevedo FR, Ikeoka D, Caramelli B. Effects of intermittent fasting on metabolism in men. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira English Edition. Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting.

Ann Nutr Metab. Libby P. Inflammatory Mechanisms: The Molecular Basis of Inflammation and Disease. Nutrition Reviews. Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev.

Johnstone AM. Fasting - the ultimate diet? Obes Rev. Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature.