CLA offers promise as a drug for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory pruritus not only as an oral but also a topical agent. The present findings demonstrate that CLA can be effective for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease with severe pruritus.

Already have an account? Sign in here. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Journal home Advance online publication All issues Featured articles About the journal. Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Anaphylaxis and Allergic Pruritus. Kyoko Ishiguro , Hisae Oku , Akiko Suitani , Yoshikuni Yamamoto Author information.

Kyoko Ishiguro School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University Hisae Oku School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University Akiko Suitani Yamamoto Perfumery Co.

Yoshikuni Yamamoto Yamamoto Perfumery Co. Employing these nutritional factors together may increase CLA content of milk beyond any one factor.

A study was conducted to increase the levels of CLA in milk by affecting rumen biohydrogenation and supplying lipid substrate. Cows were fed a TMR with the addition of corn oil, fish oil, or both.

Including fish oil has been shown to inhibit biohydrogenation allowing more intermediate products of biohydrogenation, including CLA and CLA precursors, to escape the rumen and be incorporated into milk. Lipid substrates such as corn oil has shown to increase CLA content of milk by providing more unsaturated fatty acids for biohydrogenation.

When cows were fed both corn oil and fish oil in combination, CLA content in milk increased ten-fold Table 4. The CLA content of meat from ruminant animals is generally less than the CLA in dairy products Table 1.

Grass fed beef tends to have small increases in CLA compared to grain fed. However, if grass fed beef are finished on higher grain diets prior to slaughter, the CLA content in meat decreases.

In general, diet has a small effect on CLA in beef compared to the dietary influence on dairy products. The potential benefit of CLA in human health is the major reason for the excitement and interest in CLA.

The major interest surrounding CLA is the anti-carcinogenic or anti-cancer effects. The National Academy of Science publication entitled "Carcinogens and Anti-carcinogens in the Human Diet stated that "conjugated linoleic acid is the only fatty acid shown unequivocally to inhibit carcinogenesis in experimental animals.

CLA can reduce new tumor growth and destroy existing tumor cells. CLA has killed existing cancer cells in colon, ovarian and prostate carcinoma, leukemia, melanoma, and breast tumors.

In addition to the anti-carcinogenic properties, other positive health benefits demonstrated in animal models include:. Although much research has been conducted with laboratory animals, specific studies comparing risk of cancer and CLA consumption by humans have been limited to date.

Caution is needed when applying these results to humans. However, an epidemiological study in Finland revealed that as women consumed more dairy products, the risk of breast cancer dropped.

Researchers concluded there was a "protective effect" associated with milk. A study in France showed an inverse relationship between CLA concentrations in milk and the risk of severity of breast cancer.

As research continues on many fronts, the specific physiological effects and the responses will be better defined. This document illustrates the feasibility of producing CLA enriched milk and meat.

An important question is whether the increase achieved will translate into a real benefit for the person consuming the milk. Extrapolation from animal studies suggests that humans may need to consume about 3 g of CLA per day. Using the CLA percentages in Table 1, one serving of whole milk plus a sandwich with butter and cheddar cheese will provide about 1.

To achieve 3 g intake of CLA per day intake, modifying the diet of dairy cows to increase CLA in milk and increased consumption of higher fat dairy products would be needed.

The concept of enhancing the levels of health promoting fatty acids in food is not new. One example of this has been the introduction of eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids. This recognizes the trend among consumers is toward an increased desire to make diet choices that promote good health.

Consumers could increase their CLA intake by taking synthetic CLA in pill form, which is available in health food stores. However, the main difference between the CLA in these products and CLA in milk is the broader range of isomers in the synthetically produced CLA. The relative value for human health of this range of CLA isomers compared to the CLA found in ruminant milk fat is uncertain.

However, most of these isomers are not thought to have anti-carcinogenic properties. Nevertheless, CLA-enriched milk produced through manipulation of the ration fed to cows has an advantage over this type of product in that it can be promoted as a "natural" source of CLA.

It may also be easier for CLA-enriched milk to gain acceptance since milk already has a wide distribution and consumers are accustomed to seeing a broad variety of dairy products in the grocery stores. A challenge will be in overcoming the existing public perception regarding milk fat and health.

CLA-enriched milk may be attractive to those consumers who have abandoned milk and milk products, such as butter, due to concerns over the impact of milk fat on their health. However, the introduction of new products like CLA-enriched milk does require significant investment in marketing and there are no guarantees that the product will attract sufficient consumer interest to be viable.

The incentive for producers to feed special diets needed to enhance CLA levels may require a higher price for the milk. The presence of a compound CLA in ruminant fat with such potent health promoting effects has been an unanticipated discovery. The biological activity of CLA was first discovered by researchers who noted that it could help fight cancer in mice Later, other researchers determined that it could also reduce body fat levels As obesity increased worldwide, interest grew in CLA as a potential weight loss treatment.

Animal studies suggest that CLA may reduce body fat in several ways In mouse studies, it was found to reduce food intake, increase fat burning, stimulate fat breakdown and inhibit fat production 17 , 18 , 19 , CLA has also been studied extensively in randomized controlled trials, the gold standard of scientific experimentation in humans — though with mixed results.

Some studies indicate that CLA can cause significant fat loss in humans. It may also improve body composition by reducing body fat and increasing muscle mass 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , However, many studies show no effect at all 26 , 27 , In a review of 18 controlled trials, CLA was found to cause modest fat loss The effects are most pronounced during the first six months, after which fat loss plateaus for up to two years.

According to this paper, CLA can cause an average fat loss of 0. kg per week for about six months. Another review gathered that CLA caused about 3 pounds 1. While these weight loss effects may be statistically significant, they are small — and there is potential for side effects.

Though CLA supplements are linked to fat loss, the effects are small, unreliable and unlikely to make a difference in everyday life. Many long-term observational studies have assessed disease risk in people who consume larger amounts of CLA. Notably, people who get a lot of CLA from foods are at a lower risk of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cancer 31 , 32 , Additionally, studies in countries where cows predominantly eat grass — rather than grain — show that people with the most CLA in their bodies have a lower risk of heart disease However, this lower risk could also be caused by other protective components in grass-fed animal products, such as vitamin K2.

Of course, grass-fed beef and dairy products are healthy for various other reasons. Many studies show that people who eat the most CLA have improved metabolic health and a lower risk of many diseases. However, the CLA found in supplements is made by chemically altering linoleic acid from vegetable oils.

They are usually of a different form than the CLA found naturally in foods. Supplemental doses are also much higher than the amounts people get from dairy or meat. As is often the case, some molecules and nutrients are beneficial when found in natural amounts in real foods — but become harmful when taken in large doses.

Large doses of supplemental CLA can cause increased accumulation of fat in your liver, which is a stepping stone towards metabolic syndrome and diabetes 35 , 36 , Keep in mind that many of the relevant animal studies used doses much higher than those people get from supplements.

However, some human studies using reasonable doses indicate that CLA supplements may cause several mild or moderate side effects, including diarrhea, insulin resistance and oxidative stress The CLA found in most supplements is different from the CLA found naturally in foods.

Several animal studies have observed harmful side effects from CLA, such as increased liver fat. One review concluded that a minimum of 3 grams daily is necessary for weight loss

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University. Yamamoto Perfumery Co. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid CLA against anaphylaxis and allergic pruritus were investigated using a in vivo assay. Inhibitory effects of CLA were observed on the immediate type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, with CLA significantly suppressing the decrease in blood pressure BP and blood flow BF induced by the hen egg-white lysozyme HEL -anaphylactic reaction in ddY mice.

When painted onto the skin, CLA also inhibited COM, platelet-activating factor, and protease-induced scratching behavior, and COM-induced vasodilation of the skin.

CLA offers promise as a drug for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory pruritus not only as an oral but also a topical agent. The present findings demonstrate that CLA can be effective for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease with severe pruritus.

Already have an account? Sign in here. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.

Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A. Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, et al.

Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults. J Adolesc Health. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements for weight loss. Mirzaii S, Mansourian M, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al. Association of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and liver enzymes in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid CLA as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not? Food Res Int. Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, et al. Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences. Nutr Metab Lond. Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, et al.

Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid. Published Mar Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, et al. Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women.

Martysiak-Żurowska D, Kiełbratowska B, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A. The content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the breast milk of women from Gdansk and the surrounding district, as well as in, infant formulas and follow-up formulas.

nutritional recommendation for nursing women. Dev Period Med. Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-García G, Alvarez F, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and metformin on insulin sensitivity in obese children: randomized clinical trial.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Published Jun By Megan Nunn, PharmD Megan Nunn, PharmD, is a community pharmacist in Tennessee with over twelve years of experience in medication counseling and immunization.

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Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Dietary Supplements. By Megan Nunn, PharmD. Medically reviewed by Melissa Nieves, LND. Table of Contents View All.

Table of Contents. What Foods Have CLA? Frequently Asked Questions. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplement Facts Active ingredients : Linoleic acid Alternate names : transcis-linoleic acid, 10E,12Z -octadeca,dienoic acid Legal status : Over-the-counter OTC supplement in the U.

Suggested dose : 3—6 grams daily Safety considerations : More research regarding CLA for children is necessary, and avoiding it during pregnancy or breastfeeding is recommended. Frequently Asked Questions What is conjugated linoleic acid?

Is conjugated linoleic acid a trans fat? Does conjugated linoleic acid promote weight loss? Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

ess Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Medical Expert Board. One review concluded that a minimum of 3 grams daily is necessary for weight loss Doses of up to 6 grams per day are considered safe, with no reports of serious adverse side effects in people 41 , Studies on CLA have generally used doses of 3.

Losing a few pounds of fat may not be worth the potential health risks — especially as there are better ways to lose fat. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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By Kris Gunnars, BSc — Updated on October 23, What It Is Sources Weight Loss Benefits Side Effects Dosage and Safety Bottom Line Studies suggest that CLA has only modest effects on weight loss. Share on Pinterest.

What Is CLA? Found in Beef and Dairy — Particularly From Grass-Fed Animals. Can It Aid Fat Burning and Weight Loss? Potential Health Benefits. Large Doses May Cause Serious Side Effects. Dosage and Safety. The Bottom Line. How we reviewed this article: History.