Sata, F. Molecular Human Reproduction 11 5 , Palatini, I. This genetic test is provided by Genomic Express, Inc. for educational and informational purposes only.

It is not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of any diseases or disorders. Clients should consult with their own physician or other qualified health care provider for any medical or health needs. Genomic Express, Inc. shall not be held liable for any damages incurred as a result of the use of this information or caused by products described herein.

About the Human Genome Project HGP. HGP Wikipedia article. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Home DNA, Genetics, Genomes DNA and Genetics The Genomic Revolution Genetic Testing Personalized Genomics Genomic Express.

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Genetic Tests Lifestyle Diet Sensitivities Caffeine Metabolism. Information this test provides Do you drink coffee, tea, sodas or eat sweets such as chocolate? Additional Information: Considerations based on your test result. Additional Information Overview Ancestry - Genealogy Inherited Traits Lifestyle Diet Sensitivities Alcohol Metabolism Caffeine Metabolism Gluten Sensitivity Lactose Intolerance Salt Sensitivity Nutrition Weight Management Medical.

Contact Us Genomic Express,Inc. Westlake Village, CA Genetic Tests Ancestry - Genealogy Inherited Traits Lifestyle Medical. Most studies on liver disease and caffeine have specifically examined coffee intake.

Caffeinated coffee intake is associated with a lower risk of liver cancer, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Caffeine may prevent the fibrosis scarring of liver tissue by blocking adenosine, which is responsible for the production of collagen that is used to build scar tissue.

Studies have shown that higher coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of gallstones. Therefore, it is likely that caffeine contributes significantly to this protective effect. The gallbladder is an organ that produces bile to help break down fats; consuming a very high fat diet requires more bile, which can strain the gallbladder and increase the risk of gallstones.

It is believed that caffeine may help to stimulate contractions in the gallbladder and increase the secretion of cholecystokinin, a hormone that speeds the digestion of fats.

Animal studies show a protective effect of caffeine from deterioration in the brain. Caffeine has a similar action to the medication theophylline, which is sometimes prescribed to treat asthma. They both relax the smooth muscles of the lungs and open up bronchial tubes, which can improve breathing.

Caffeine stimulates the release of a stress hormone called epinephrine, which causes liver and muscle tissue to release its stored glucose into the bloodstream, temporarily raising blood glucose levels.

However, regular caffeine intake is not associated with an increased risk of diabetes. In fact, cohort studies show that regular coffee intake is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes , though the effect may be from the coffee plant compounds rather than caffeine itself, as decaffeinated coffee shows a similar protective effect.

Caffeine toxicity has been observed with intakes of 1. Consuming grams at one time is believed to be fatal. Caffeine intake up to 10 grams has caused convulsions and vomiting, but recovery is possible in about 6 hours. Side effects at lower doses of 1 gram include restlessness, irritability, nervousness, vomiting, rapid heart rate, and tremors.

Toxicity is generally not seen when drinking caffeinated beverages because a very large amount would need to be taken within a few hours to reach a toxic level 10 gm of caffeine is equal to about cups of brewed coffee.

Dangerous blood levels are more often seen with overuse of caffeine pills or tablets. The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice.

You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products. Skip to content The Nutrition Source. The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? Absorption and Metabolism of Caffeine The chemical name for the bitter white powder known as caffeine is 1,3,7 trimethylxanthine.

Sources of Caffeine Caffeine is naturally found in the fruit, leaves, and beans of coffee , cacao, and guarana plants. The same amount of instant coffee contains about 60 mg caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains about 4 mg of caffeine. Learn more about coffee. Green tea contains about 28 mg.

Decaffeinated tea contains 2 mg, and herbal tea contains none. Learn more about tea. A ounce can of regular or diet dark cola contains about 40 mg caffeine. The same amount of Mountain Dew contains 55 mg caffeine.

Chocolate cacao. This is a seed from a South American plant that is processed as an extract in foods, energy drinks, and energy supplements.

Guarana seeds contain about four times the amount of caffeine as that found in coffee beans. Energy drinks. However the standard energy drink serving is 16 ounces, which doubles the caffeine to mg.

Energy shots are much more concentrated than the drinks; a small 2 ounce shot contains about mg caffeine. Learn more about energy drinks. Caffeine supplements contain about mg per tablet, or the amount in 2 cups of brewed coffee.

Recommended Amounts In the U. Caffeine and Health Caffeine is associated with several health conditions. Sleep Caffeine can block the effects of the hormone adenosine, which is responsible for deep sleep.

Anxiety In sensitive individuals, caffeine can increase anxiety at doses of mg or more a day about 4 cups of brewed coffee. Cardiovascular disease Caffeine stimulates the heart, increases blood flow, and increases blood pressure temporarily, particularly in people who do not usually consume caffeine.

Pregnancy and infertility Caffeine can cross the placenta, and both mother and fetus metabolize caffeine slowly. Liver disease Most studies on liver disease and caffeine have specifically examined coffee intake. Gallstones Studies have shown that higher coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of gallstones.

Asthma Caffeine has a similar action to the medication theophylline, which is sometimes prescribed to treat asthma. Diabetes Caffeine stimulates the release of a stress hormone called epinephrine, which causes liver and muscle tissue to release its stored glucose into the bloodstream, temporarily raising blood glucose levels.

And yet this beverage has been subject to a long history of debate. Energy Drinks Many energy drinks pack about mg of caffeine, the amount in two cups of brewed coffee. Because of the amount of sugar and stimulant ingredients, there is concern that these beverages may not be helpful, and even worse, harmful to adolescents and people with certain health conditions.

References Clark I, Landolt HP. Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep medicine reviews. Institute of Medicine US Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

This means the enzyme converts degrades caffeine to other chemicals in the liver, which are then eliminatd from from your system. This variant results in slower metabolism of caffeine which means, if you are a carrier, that ingested caffeine remains in your system longer. Individuals with a variant CYP1A2 gene can have either one heterozygous or two homozygous copies, and individuals who are homozygous for the variant allele are the slowest metabolizers of caffeine.

When you undergo testing with Genomic Express , you will learn whether you are heterozygous, homozygous or do not carry this variant form of the CYP1A2 gene. Your CYP1A2 genotype heterozygous, homozygous, or non-carrier of the variant has implications for your health with respect to your level of caffeine consumption.

There is an association between CYP1A2 genotype, caffeine consumption and non-fatal myocardial infarction MI; heart attack. Individuals who are slow metabolizers of caffeine may increase their risk of MI when they consume caffeine.

There is also evidence that pregnant women who are homozygous for this CYP1A2 variant are at increased risk of misscarriage due to caffeine consumption. Other studies have indicated that slow metabolizers are also at increased risk of developing hypertension high blood pressure if they consume caffeine.

Cornelis, M. Journal of the American Medical Association 10 , Sata, F. Molecular Human Reproduction 11 5 , Palatini, I. This genetic test is provided by Genomic Express, Inc. for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of any diseases or disorders.

Clients should consult with their own physician or other qualified health care provider for any medical or health needs. Genomic Express, Inc. shall not be held liable for any damages incurred as a result of the use of this information or caused by products described herein.

About the Human Genome Project HGP. HGP Wikipedia article. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the slow metabolizers found that heavy coffee intake was associated with hypertension 1. The findings of this cohort study revealed that consuming more than 3 cups of coffee per day was associated with increases in albuminuria, hyperfiltration, and hypertension in slow metabolizers but not fast metabolizers.

A previous study 38 reported no association between coffee consumption and albuminuria in the HARVEST cohort.

However, once the results were analyzed according to genotype in the present study, the risk of developing albuminuria was almost 3-fold higher in heavy coffee drinkers who were slow metabolizers compared with those consuming less than 1 cup per day, while no associations were observed among fast metabolizers.

According to 2 meta-analyses, 20 , 45 coffee and caffeine may have beneficial implications for kidney outcomes 20 and may be associated with decreases in all-cause mortality in those with CKD.

In the present study, coffee was defined as Italian espresso, which is a homogeneous form of caffeinated beverage that corresponds to the equivalent of approximately mg of caffeine per cup. In a recent meta-analysis 20 that reported a protective benefit of coffee intake for kidney outcomes, coffee consumption was reported as infrequently as less than 1 cup per week to an upper limit of more than 2 cups per day.

Another meta-analysis, 10 which found no association between coffee intake and CKD outcomes, used binary coffee intake categories comprising those who consumed more than 1 cup of coffee per day or those who consumed less than 1 cup per day. In the present study, we observed a significant coffee-gene interaction with kidney outcomes only when comparing those consuming more than 3 cups per day with those consuming less than 1 cup per day.

In most studies, increased caffeine intake has been associated with eGFR and thus with improvements in CKD, 20 , 21 although these associations were often inconsistent. Another important consideration missed in prior studies is acute vs long-term exposure to caffeine.

Acute exposure to caffeine will likely increase glomerular filtration temporarily; however, long-term exposure might have different outcomes. Hence, the association between coffee intake and kidney dysfunction may vary according to the etiology of kidney disease, stages of kidney disease, exposure time, and genetic differences.

However, those in the highest quartile of eGFR are at significantly higher risk of death, heart failure, cardiopulmonary events, 46 and subsequent kidney disease that eventually manifests as declining eGFR. Hyperfiltration has been identified as a factor associated with CKD in individuals with hypertension 46 and diabetes 48 as well as those with prediabetes and prehypertension.

In the current study, albuminuria and hyperfiltration occurred independent of each other as outcome markers of kidney dysfunction in most of the study population.

Only 4 of 64 participants with hyperfiltration 6. Furthermore, when respective models were adjusted for urinary albumin and creatinine clearance, no material changes in the results were observed. Therefore, the association of hyperfiltration and albuminuria with lifestyle factors such as caffeine consumption may aid in risk-reduction strategies.

Since kidney disease often codevelops with other comorbidities, some studies in older adults might observe coffee being protective indirectly by being protective against other known comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes.

In a large cohort of South Korean participants, coffee consumption was only protective against kidney disease in older diabetic women, and no association was found between coffee intake and kidney disease in other groups.

Previous studies have either found an inverse association between coffee consumption and CKD outcomes 19 , 20 or an increased risk of kidney disease with coffee intake. This study has several limitations. One limitation is that the parent HARVEST study was performed in 17 hypertension units in Italy, yet the present study was conducted in 4 units and did not account for clustering of participants across different units.

Nevertheless, participants were from similar ethnic backgrounds, and no genetic or lifestyle differences were noted in the different groups. The observational nature of the current study could be viewed as a possible limitation, so future intervention studies that restrict caffeine intake among slow metabolizers would help provide more direct evidence to confirm these findings.

In the present cohort study, caffeinated coffee intake was associated with increases in the risks of albuminuria, hyperfiltration, and hypertension only among slow metabolizers of caffeine, suggesting that caffeine may play a role in the development of kidney disease in susceptible individuals.

These findings have implications for DNA-based interventions, such as precision nutrition recommendations, to reduce the risk of kidney disease. Published: January 26, Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. JAMA Network Open. sohemy utoronto.

Author Contributions: Drs Palatini and El-Sohemy had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analyses. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Mahdavi, Palatini, El-Sohemy.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Mahdavi reported serving on the scientific advisory board of Nutrigenomix outside the submitted work. Dr Palatini reported receiving personal fees from Microlife Corporation, Servier Laboratories, and Shenzhen Hingmed Instrument Co, outside the submitted work.

Dr El-Sohemy reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research during the conduct of the study and being a founder and shareholder of Nutrigenomix outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2. Additional Contributions: The authors thank Francesca Saladini, MD, of the Department of Medicine, Cittadella Town Hospital, Cittadella, Italy, for assessing and interviewing participants and for collection and storage of data without financial compensation ; Anton Svendrovski, MBA, of StatsHelp for his assistance in statistical analyses with financial compensation ; Tabo Sikaneta, MD, of Scarborough Hospital for his review and feedback of the initial draft without financial compensation ; and Anahita Lamei of McMaster University for assistance with data management and editing without financial compensation.

full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Comment. Top of Article Key Points Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Article Information References. Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves of the Risk of Albuminuria by Coffee Intake and CYP1A2 Genotype. View Large Download.

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves of the Risk of Hyperfiltration by Coffee Intake and CYP1A2 Genotype. Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves of the Risk of Hypertension by Coffee Intake and CYP1A2 Genotype. Characteristics of Study Participants by CYP1A2 Genotype.

Supplement 1. Supplement 2. Data Sharing Statement. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. doi: Palatini P. Glomerular hyperfiltration: a marker of early renal damage in pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension.

Singh VP, Singh N, Jaggi AS. A review on renal toxicity profile of common abusive drugs. Tofovic SP, Salah EM, Jackson EK, Melhem M. Early renal injury induced by caffeine consumption in obese, diabetic ZSF1 rats.

Ren Fail. Tanner GA, Tanner JA. Chronic caffeine consumption exacerbates hypertension in rats with polycystic kidney disease. Tofovic SP, Jackson EK. Effects of long-term caffeine consumption on renal function in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure prone rats.

Tofovic SP, Rominski BR, Bastacky S, Jackso EK, Kost CK Jr. Caffeine augments proteinuria in puromycin-aminonucleoside nephrotic rats. Tofovic SP, Kost CK Jr, Jackson EK, Bastacky SI. Long-term caffeine consumption exacerbates renal failure in obese, diabetic, ZSF1 fa-fa cp rats.

x PubMed Crossref. Suzuki M, Shindo D, Suzuki R, Shirataki Y, Waki H. Combined long-term caffeine intake and exercise inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats. Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Thamcharoen N, Panjawatanan P, Cheungpasitporn W.

Association of coffee consumption and chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Belibi FA, Wallace DP, Yamaguchi T, Christensen M, Reif G, Grantham JJ. The effect of caffeine on renal epithelial cells from patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Girardat-Rotar L, Puhan MA, Braun J, Serra AL. Long-term effect of coffee consumption on autosomal dominant polycystic kidneys disease progression: results from the Suisse ADPKD, a prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Vendramini LC, Nishiura JL, Baxmann AC, Heilberg IP. Caffeine intake by patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Reyes CM, Cornelis MC.

Caffeine in the diet: country-level consumption and guidelines. Barone JJ, Roberts HR. Caffeine consumption. Vallon V, Osswald H. Adenosine receptors and the kidney. Hu EA, Selvin E, Grams ME, Steffen LM, Coresh J, Rebholz CM. Coffee consumption and incident kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ARIC study.

Kennedy OJ, Pirastu N, Poole R, et al. Coffee consumption and kidney function: a mendelian randomization study. Jhee JH, Nam KH, An SY, et al. Effects of coffee intake on incident chronic kidney disease: a community-based prospective cohort study.

Kanbay M, Siriopol D, Copur S, et al. Effect of coffee consumption on renal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Herber-Gast GCM, van Essen H, Verschuren WM, et al. Coffee and tea consumption in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate: results from the population-based longitudinal Doetinchem Cohort Study.

Miyatake N, Shikata K, Makino H, Numata T. The relation between estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR and coffee consumption in the Japanese. Google Scholar Crossref. Meca R, Balbo BE, Ormanji MS, et al.

Caffeine accelerates cystic kidney disease in a Pkd1-deficient mouse model. Cell Physiol Biochem. Sachse C, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, Roots I.

Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Cornelis MC, Kacprowski T, Menni C, et al; Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension SKIPOGH Team.

Genome-wide association study of caffeine metabolites provides new insights to caffeine metabolism and dietary caffeine-consumption behavior.

Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. Palatini P, Ceolotto G, Ragazzo F, et al. CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension.

Palatini P, Benetti E, Mos L, et al. Association of coffee consumption and CYP1A2 polymorphism with risk of impaired fasting glucose in hypertensive patients. Palatini P, Mormino P, Canali C, et al. Factors affecting ambulatory blood pressure reproducibility.

results of the HARVEST trial. Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Santonastaso M, et al. Association between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension. Sartori M, Semplicini A, Siffert W, et al. G-protein β3-subunit gene T allele and hypertension: a longitudinal study in young grade I hypertensives.

EE PubMed Crossref. British Hypertension Society Working Party. Treating mild hypertension. report of the British Hypertension Society working party. Sever P, Beevers G, Bulpitt C, et al.

Management guidelines in essential hypertension: report of the second working party of the British Hypertension Society. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens. European Society of Hypertension—European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee.

National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. Palatini P, Canali C, Graniero GR, et al. Relationship of plasma renin activity with caffeine intake and physical training in mild hypertensive men.

HARVEST Study Group. Helal I, Fick-Brosnahan GM, Reed-Gitomer B, Schrier RW. Glomerular hyperfiltration: definitions, mechanisms and clinical implications. Casiglia E, Paleari CD, Petucco S, et al. Haemodynamic effects of coffee and purified caffeine in normal volunteers: a placebo-controlled clinical study.

Palatini P, Mormino P, Mos L, et al; HARVEST Study Group. Microalbuminuria, renal function and development of sustained hypertension: a longitudinal study in the early stage of hypertension.

Park KY, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, et al. Effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid: systematic review and meta-analysis. Palatini P, Graniero GR, Canali C, et al. Relationship between albumin excretion rate, ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in mild hypertension.

Levey AS, Stevens LA. Estimating GFR using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration CKD-EPI creatinine equation: more accurate GFR estimates, lower CKD prevalence estimates, and better risk predictions. Bigotte Vieira M, Magriço R, Viegas Dias C, Leitão L, Neves JS. Caffeine consumption and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a nationally representative analysis.

Altay S, Onat A, Özpamuk-Karadeniz F, Karadeniz Y, Kemaloğlu-Öz T, Can G. Marx B, Scuvée É, Scuvée-Moreau J, Seutin V, Jouret F.

Mechanisms of caffeine-induced diuresis article in French. Med Sci Paris.

Here's why. New research finds that bariatric surgery is an effective long-term treatment to help control high blood pressure. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based Can Coffee Increase Your Metabolism and Help You Burn Fat?

By Kris Gunnars, BSc — Updated on October 23, Share on Pinterest. Coffee Contains Stimulants. Coffee Can Help Mobilize Fat From Fat Tissue. Coffee Can Increase Your Metabolic Rate. Coffee and Weight Loss in the Long Term. The Bottom Line. How we reviewed this article: History.

Oct 23, Written By Kris Gunnars. Share this article. Read this next. By Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD. Do Ab Exercises Help You Burn Belly Fat? By Kris Gunnars, BSc. What Is Caffeine, and Is It Good or Bad for Health? By Alina Petre, MS, RD NL. GLP-1 Drugs Like Ozempic and Mounjaro Linked to Lower Risk of Depression Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed… READ MORE.

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Key Takeaways Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, energy drinks, tea, and chocolate. This chemical can increase alertness, enhance exercise performance, and it may speed up metabolism. Some studies suggest caffeine is associated with weight loss, but more research is needed.

There Are So Many Health Studies on Coffee. Which One Should You Trust? How Coffee Affects Diabetes. How Much Caffeine Is Too Much? What This Means For You People react to caffeine differently. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles.

Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Medical Expert Board. Share Feedback.

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These choices will be signaled to our partners and will not affect browsing data. Vallon V, Osswald H. Adenosine receptors and the kidney. Hu EA, Selvin E, Grams ME, Steffen LM, Coresh J, Rebholz CM. Coffee consumption and incident kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ARIC study.

Kennedy OJ, Pirastu N, Poole R, et al. Coffee consumption and kidney function: a mendelian randomization study.

Jhee JH, Nam KH, An SY, et al. Effects of coffee intake on incident chronic kidney disease: a community-based prospective cohort study. Kanbay M, Siriopol D, Copur S, et al. Effect of coffee consumption on renal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies.

Herber-Gast GCM, van Essen H, Verschuren WM, et al. Coffee and tea consumption in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate: results from the population-based longitudinal Doetinchem Cohort Study. Miyatake N, Shikata K, Makino H, Numata T.

The relation between estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR and coffee consumption in the Japanese. Google Scholar Crossref. Meca R, Balbo BE, Ormanji MS, et al.

Caffeine accelerates cystic kidney disease in a Pkd1-deficient mouse model. Cell Physiol Biochem. Sachse C, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, Roots I. Julious SA.

Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Cornelis MC, Kacprowski T, Menni C, et al; Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension SKIPOGH Team. Genome-wide association study of caffeine metabolites provides new insights to caffeine metabolism and dietary caffeine-consumption behavior.

Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. Palatini P, Ceolotto G, Ragazzo F, et al. CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension.

Palatini P, Benetti E, Mos L, et al. Association of coffee consumption and CYP1A2 polymorphism with risk of impaired fasting glucose in hypertensive patients. Palatini P, Mormino P, Canali C, et al. Factors affecting ambulatory blood pressure reproducibility.

results of the HARVEST trial. Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Santonastaso M, et al.

Association between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension. Sartori M, Semplicini A, Siffert W, et al. G-protein β3-subunit gene T allele and hypertension: a longitudinal study in young grade I hypertensives.

EE PubMed Crossref. British Hypertension Society Working Party. Treating mild hypertension. report of the British Hypertension Society working party. Sever P, Beevers G, Bulpitt C, et al. Management guidelines in essential hypertension: report of the second working party of the British Hypertension Society.

Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens. European Society of Hypertension—European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee.

National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. Palatini P, Canali C, Graniero GR, et al. Relationship of plasma renin activity with caffeine intake and physical training in mild hypertensive men. HARVEST Study Group. Helal I, Fick-Brosnahan GM, Reed-Gitomer B, Schrier RW.

Glomerular hyperfiltration: definitions, mechanisms and clinical implications. Casiglia E, Paleari CD, Petucco S, et al. Haemodynamic effects of coffee and purified caffeine in normal volunteers: a placebo-controlled clinical study.

Palatini P, Mormino P, Mos L, et al; HARVEST Study Group. Microalbuminuria, renal function and development of sustained hypertension: a longitudinal study in the early stage of hypertension. Park KY, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, et al. Effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Palatini P, Graniero GR, Canali C, et al. Relationship between albumin excretion rate, ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in mild hypertension. Levey AS, Stevens LA. Estimating GFR using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration CKD-EPI creatinine equation: more accurate GFR estimates, lower CKD prevalence estimates, and better risk predictions.

Bigotte Vieira M, Magriço R, Viegas Dias C, Leitão L, Neves JS. Caffeine consumption and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a nationally representative analysis.

Altay S, Onat A, Özpamuk-Karadeniz F, Karadeniz Y, Kemaloğlu-Öz T, Can G. Marx B, Scuvée É, Scuvée-Moreau J, Seutin V, Jouret F. Mechanisms of caffeine-induced diuresis article in French.

Med Sci Paris. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes.

Lin CH, Chang YC, Chuang LM. Early detection of diabetic kidney disease: present limitations and future perspectives. Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Saladini F, et al.

Factors associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in the early stage of hypertension. Kim BH, Park YS, Noh HM, Sung JS, Lee JK.

Association between coffee consumption and renal impairment in Korean women with and without diabetes: analysis of the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Melsom T, Stefansson V, Schei J, et al. Association of increasing GFR with change in albuminuria in the general population.

Palatini P, Mos L, Ballerini P, et al; HARVEST Investigators. Relationship between GFR and albuminuria in stage 1 hypertension. Stehouwer CDA, Smulders YM. Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: analysis of potential mechanisms. Berton G, Cordiano R, Mbaso S, De Toni R, Mormino P, Palatini P.

Prognostic significance of hypertension and albuminuria for early mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Masson S, Latini R, Milani V, et al; GISSI-HF Investigators. Prevalence and prognostic value of elevated urinary albumin excretion in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the GISSI-Heart Failure trial.

Díaz-López A, Paz-Graniel I, Ruiz V, et al. Consumption of caffeinated beverages and kidney function decline in an elderly Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome. See More About Nephrology Chronic Kidney Disease Lifestyle Behaviors Diet Nutrition, Obesity, Exercise Genetics and Genomics Hypertension.

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Original Investigation. January 26,