This knowledge deficit can be partly attributed to the exclusion of obese subjects from clinical trials, but also because there has not been a suitable body size descriptor to allow dose adjustment across a wide range of body compositions.

The effect of body composition on drug disposition, drug response, and therefore patient outcomes is particularly pertinent in cardiovascular medicine where excessive drug exposure results in adverse drug events, and suboptimal drug exposure leads to clinical failure. To help ensure drug exposure in the obese is similar to normal-weighted subjects, maintenance doses of drugs need to be chosen based upon some metric that is correlated with drug clearance.

Dosing regimens adjusted by LBW rather than total body weight TBW are therefore more likely to result in comparable exposures across the spectrum of body compositions. Jovani Cruz. jj pintos. Mercedes Salamano. Juan Martín.

Novaa Ellen Ramvi. jin kim. Marc Lachièze-Rey. arafa aly. Silvia Jimenez. Cintia Repinaldo. hamidreza farzin. Tadeu Oliveira.

International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research. Davi Sundari. Laura Vilarinho. Dan Rosu. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Christina Froster. See Full PDF Download PDF. Related Papers. Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences BJMS The Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs Olanzapine and Risperidone on Body Weight, Body Fat Percentage and Lipid Profiles of Patients with Psychotic Illness.

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fP al o sychi u rn at Journal of Psychiatry Mulat et al. Keywords: Antipsychotic drugs; Body composition; Body mass been associated with hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary heart index; Waist to hip ratio disease, and stroke [7].

These effects could be devastating in patients with psychosis who are receiving treatment with an antipsychotic for Abbreviations: BF: Body Fat; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical long duration. Weight gain may also cause patients taking antipsychotic Manual of Mental disorders; JUSH: Jimma University Specialized medications to discontinue their medications, which may predispose Hospital; SFT: Skin Fold Thickness; WHR: Waist to Hip Ratio them to relapse and worsened long- term outcome [8,9].

Introduction Antipsychotic drugs fall into two major groups: first generation Psychotic disorders are mainly chronic disabling mental illnesses antipsychotics and second generation antipsychotics [10,11].

Most of that affect millions of people worldwide [1]. Antipsychotic medications, the newer atypical agents appear to exert part of their unique action which comprise one of the most widely prescribed medications, have through inhibition of serotonin receptors 5HT , particularly 5-HT2A proven effective in many psychiatric conditions.

However, weight gain receptors [12]. to morbidity and poor adherence to treatment [2]. The observed Antipsychotics also act on Histamine H1 receptors that induce weight gain with several atypical antipsychotics is often greater than weight gain. Blockade of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors is another that reported with conventional antipsychotics [3].

Several of the potential mechanism involved in antipsychotic-drug-induced weight newer atypical antipsychotic agents have profound effects on weight, the greatest increases occurring with Clozapine and Olanzapine [4]. Moreover, all antipsychotic drugs can cause notable weight gain in Citation: Mulat E, Mossie A, Negash A, Ibrahim M Effect of Antipsychotic Drugs on Body Composition in Patients Attending Psychiatry Clinic, Jimma, patients who are taking these agents for the first time [6].

J Psychiatry It is generally believed that there are multiple mechanisms by DSM-V criteria and start antipsychotic drug treatment were recruited which antipsychotic drugs induce weight gain, but their precise nature successively during the first two months of the study period until remains unknown.

Moreover, synergistic effects between the blockade the required sample size was obtained. and weight gain [15]. In another study of description on socio-demographic as well as socio-economic it is observed that after approximately 12 weeks of olanzapine therapy, characteristics of the patient that are associated with the development the median increase in body weight was 4.

Four psychiatric Nurses of 7. In a similar study done in China, were recruited, trained and collected the required data.

patients were treated for 10 week with risparidone and clozapine, Before starting data collection process four psychiatric Nurses there was a significant increase in both weight and fat indicators were recruited trained and collected the required data. Data collectors mean weight 4.

Another study also were given a 2 days training on the objective, relevance of the study, showed in a month trial involving patients with a first episode of and confidentiality of information as well as to be familiar with data schizophrenia who were treated with antipsychotic drugs such as collection tool, measurement procedure and technique.

Ethical amisulpride, ziprasidone and haloperidol, each drug was associated clearance was obtained from institutional review board of College with a notable weight gain 9. Verbal consent from study the end of the study [17]. participant and caretaker was also obtained.

Globally, mental disorders represent 4 of the 10 leading causes of Measurements disability worldwide. Around million people suffer from a mental or behavioural Balanced-beam scale, stadiometer, measuring tape, and skin disorder [19]; of whom 1.

It fold calliper were used to measure weight, height, waist and hip was long believed that the prevalence of psychotic disorder is attributed circumferences and skin fold thickness SFT.

Body mass index to developed country but rapid urbanization, industrialization, BMI and waist to hip ratio WHR were calculated using WHO migration, conflict and ongoing poverty and deprivation characterize Anthro-Plus software for all patients on admission and after 12 weeks most of sub-Saharan Africa in recent decades; and it is likely that these of antipsychotic drug treatment.

Weight to the nearest 0. and shoes off and height to the nearest 0. BMI was derived from weight in kg and In Ethiopia, mental illness is the leading non-communicable height in m2. Waist circumference was measured midway between disorder in terms of burden.

schizophrenia 0. scapular using callipers. Percent body fat was calculated from skin fold Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of antipsychotic thickness measurements result using body fat calculator software.

drugs taken by these patients on their body composition and its associated factors in low-income settings. Data processing and analysis Methods Data was checked for consistency, cleaned and coded and entered in to Epi-Data version 3.

Study design and setting Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation while, categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and This study was conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital percentage.

Paired sample t-test, Independent sample t-test and one way JUSH from 01 March to July 30, ; using an institution based ANOVA test were used to assess the statistical significance of the mean longitudinal before and after study design.

JUSH is located in Jimma difference between two and more than two categories respectively. A city km Southwest of Addis Ababa.

BMI and percent body care services, psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation under ways. fat were calculated using software WHO Anthro-Plus software and The psychiatric clinic provides outpatient and inpatient services for body fat calculator.

about 10, patients per year in: general adult psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, child psychiatry and addiction psychiatry. Results Sample size and sapling technique Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents The sample size was determined by using Epi-info Version 7.

The mean SD ages of the respondents were Accordingly, the calculation yielded a sample size of 68 subjects. By More than half 43 Out of 74 study the psychiatric clinic was included in the study.

participants 32 The rest 4 5. have no formal education and higher education, respectively. Individual antipsychotic drugs were consistently associ­ated with Change in body composition indicators different degrees of weight gain.

Change in body composition was observed with a mean increase in weight with Chlorpromazine 5. A one way ANOVA was There were 4. Discussion Second measurement was done 12 weeks after the treatment with Body composition changes appear to be a multi-factorial antipsychotic drugs and the result shows the value of mean weight phenomenon resulting from interactions with drugs and different These concerns primarily include metabolic line increment and percent body fat regulation and dyslipidemia, as well as their consequent morbidity.

There were significant increases in all weight and fat indicators after The present investigation showed a significant change in body 12 weeks antipsychotic treatment in the patients with mean increase composition indicators from baseline measurements following in weight 4.

A significant increase in BMI, waist hip 0. ratio and percent body fat were observed after 12 weeks antipsychotic Independent t-test result shows a significant association between drug treatment among patients. Likewise, BMI 1. The mean BMI after treatment was It relies on diagnoses recorded on health-care claims, which might not always be accurate.

Marilyn Tan, an endocrinologist at Stanford University in California, says that she routinely counsels patients with diabetes about the potential for gastrointestinal side effects from GLP-1 medications. Meanwhile, muscle-mass loss seems to be a concern for pharmaceutical companies developing anti-obesity drugs.

Eli Lilly, the maker of tirzepatide, recently acquired Versanis, a company developing a medication called bimagrumab, which is being tested in combination with semaglutide for its potential ability to preserve muscle mass during weight loss. Data presented last week at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meeting in Hamburg, Germany, offered some reassurance.

Researchers, including some from Eli Lilly, used magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate changes in body composition seen in people taking tirzepatide and concluded that some of the muscle volume lost was actually intramuscular fat. Specialists say that both gastrointestinal adverse events and muscle-mass loss can be prevented or managed with adequate dietary modifications, physical activity and other drugs.

Drucker notes that GLP-1 drugs have mainly been studied in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity. But, for most people with obesity, the benefits far exceed the risks, Almandoz notes.

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View article. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Weight gain is a commonly observed adverse effect of atypical antipsychotic medications, but associated changes in energy balance and body composition are not well defined.

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Cited by The resting metabolic rate of people with severe mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indirect Calorimetry to Measure Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure in Psychiatric Populations: A Systematic Review.

Antipsychotic-Induced Alterations in Lipid Turnover. Atypical antipsychotics antagonize GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area GABA neurons to relieve psychotic behaviors.

Effect of Miricorilant, a Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator, on Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain in Healthy Subjects. High fat worsens olanzapine induced metabolic abnormalities in rats. Susceptibility of male wild type mouse strains to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Serum IL-1ra, a novel biomarker predicting olanzapine-induced hypercholesterolemia and hyperleptinemia in schizophrenia.

Prevention of the adverse effects of olanzapine on lipid metabolism with the antiepileptic zonisamide. Activity intervention for first-episode psychosis. Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathobiology, and management.

High Caloric Diets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerois. Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro, was approved in to treat diabetes, but is also prescribed off-label for weight loss.

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A research letter published last week in JAMA looked at a sample of people with obesity in a large health-insurance database. The authors found that the incidence of pancreatitis — inflammation of the pancreas — was 4. The study also found that semaglutide and liraglutide, another GLP-1 medication, were associated with an increased incidence of gastroparesis, a disorder that slows or stops the movement of food from the stomach to the intestine.

Clinical trials had already shown an association between GLP-1 drugs and gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea, constipation and rare cases of pancreatitis.

Jaime Almandoz, an endocrinologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, says that because clinical trials tend to exclude people who are at a higher risk of developing certain conditions, epidemiological studies can provide better insight into complications that might arise in the real world.

But the study has an important limitation, says Daniel Drucker, an endocrinologist at the University of Toronto in Canada. Assessment of a sixteen-week training program on strength, pain, and function in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Association of body composition with disability in rheumatoid arthritis: impact of appendicular fat and lean tissue mass.

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Can progressive resistance training reverse cachexia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a pilot study. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Patellar tendon properties and lower limb function in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis versus healthy controls: a cross-sectional study.

The effects of knee extensor and flexor muscle training on the timed-up-and-go test in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Blockade of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: effects on components of rheumatoid cachexia.

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The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Three months of moderate-intensity exercise reduced plasma 3-nitrotyrosine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Perceived exercise barriers, enablers, and benefits among exercising and nonexercising adults with arthritis: results from a qualitative study.

Author notes 1 Faculty of Health Education and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK. The authors deny any conflicts of interest. Copyright © Clinical Exercise Physiology Association. Send Email Recipient s will receive an email with a link to 'Exercise as Medicine in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Effects on Function, Body Composition, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk' and will not need an account to access the content.

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EFFECTS OF A SINGLE EVENING VINYASA YOGA SESSION ON SLEEP IN ADULTS WITH INSOMNIA SYMPTOMS Caitlin A. Cheruka, PhD , Sally A.

We demonstrated very recently [ 30 ] that TRF did not affect total body composition nor had negative effects on muscle cross-sectional area after 8 weeks in young previously-untrained men performing resistance training, despite a reported reduction in energy intake of ~ kcal per fasting day in the TRF group.

Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an isoenergetic TRF protocol on body composition, athletic performance, and metabolic factors during resistance training in healthy resistance trained males.

We hypothesized that the TRF protocol would lead to greater fat loss and improvements in health-related biomarkers as compared to a typical eating schedule. Therefore, 34 subjects age The research staff conducting outcome assessments was unaware of the assignment of the subjects i.

a single blind design. Anthropometric baseline characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1. All participants read and signed an informed consent document with the description of the testing procedures approved by the ethical committee of the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and conformed to standards for the use of human subjects in research as outlined in the current Declaration of Helsinki.

Dietary intake was measured by a validated 7-day food diary [ 32 — 34 ], which has been used in previous studies with athletes [ 35 ], and analysed by nutritional software Dietnext®, Caldogno, Vicenza, Italy.

Subjects were instructed to maintain their habitual caloric intake, as measured during the preliminary week of the study Table 2. and 8 p. ND group ingested their caloric intake as three meals consumed at 8 a. This meal timing was chosen to create a balanced distribution of the three meals during the feeding period in the TRF protocol, while the schedule for the ND group maintained a normal meal distribution breakfast in the morning, lunch at 1 p.

and dinner at 8 p. The specific calorie distribution was assigned by a nutritionist and was based on the reported daily intake of each subject.

ND subjects were instructed to consume the entire breakfast meal between 8 a. and 9 a. and 2 p. and 9 p. TRF subjects were instructed to consume the first meal between 1 p. and 5 p. No snacks between the meals were allowed except 20 g of whey proteins 30 min after each training session.

Every week, subjects were contacted by a dietician in order to check the adherence to the diet protocol. The dietician performed a structured interview about meal timing and composition to obtain this information.

Training was standardized for both groups, and all subjects had at least 5 years of continuous resistance training experience prior to the study. Training consisted of 3 weekly sessions performed on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks.

All participants started the experimental procedures in the months of January or February The resistance training program consisted of 3 different weekly sessions i. a split routine : session A bench press, incline dumbell fly, biceps curl , session B military press, leg press, leg extension, leg curl , and session C wide grip lat pulldown, reverse grip lat pulldown and tricep pressdown.

the inability to perform another repetition with correct execution with s of rest between sets and exercises [ 36 ]. The technique of training to muscular failure was chosen because it is one of the most common practices for body builders, and it was a familiar technique for the subjects. As expected, the muscle action velocity varied between subjects due to their different anatomical leverage.

Although there was slight variation of repetition cadence for each subject, the average duration of each repetition was approximately 1. The research team directly supervised all routines to ensure proper performance of the routine.

Each week, loads were adjusted to maintain the target repetition range with an effective load. Training sessions were performed between and p.

Subjects were not allowed to perform other exercises other than those included in the experimental protocol. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.

Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA QDR W, Hologic Inc. Muscle areas were calculated using the following anthropometric system. We measured limb circumferences to the nearest 0. We also measured biceps, triceps, and thigh skinfolds to the nearest 1 mm using a Holtain caliper Holtain Ltd, UK.

All measurements were taken by the same operator AP before and during the study according to standard procedures [ 38 , 39 ]. Muscle areas were then calculated using a previously [ 40 ] validated software Fitnext®, Caldogno, Vicenza, Italy. Ventilatory measurements were made by standard open-circuit calorimetry max Encore 29 System, Vmax, Viasys Healthcare, Inc.

The gas analysis system was used: Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output values were measured and used to calculate resting energy expenditure REE and respiratory ratio RR using the modified Weir equation [ 43 ].

After resting for 15 min, the data were collected for 30 min, and only the last 20 min were used to calculate the respiratory gas parameters [ 37 , 44 ]. All tests were performed in the morning between 6 and 8 a.

while the subjects were supine. The room was dimly lit, quiet, and approximately 23 °C. Subjects were asked to abstain from caffeine, alcohol consumption and from vigorous physical activity for 24 h prior to the measurement.

All samples were analysed in the same analytical session for each test using the same reagent lot. Before the analytical session, the serum samples were thawed overnight at 4 °C and then mixed.

The inter-assay coefficient of variations CVs were 3. Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1 was measured using the analyzer Liaison XL DiaSorin S. A, Vercelli-Italy. This test is a sandwich immunoassay based on a chemiluminescent revelation, and the CV for IGF-1 was between 5. Fasting total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C , and triglycerides TG were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method using a Modular D Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland.

The inter-assay CVs for total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triacylglycerol concentrations were 2. Glucose was measured in triplicate by the glucose oxidase method glucose analyzer, Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, CA, USA , with a CV of 1.

Leptin and adiponectin were measured by radioimmunoassay using commercially available kits Leptin: Mediadiagnost; Adiponectin: DRG Diagnostic ; insulin was measured with a chemiluminescent immunoassay Siemens Immulite Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH , free thyroxine T4 , and free triiodothyronine T3 were measured by automated chemiluminescence methods ACS SE; Bayer, Milan, Italy.

Plasma testosterone was determined using Testosterone II Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA performed on Modular Analytics E analyzer with electrochemiluminescent detection. One repetition maximum 1-RM for the leg press and the bench press exercises was measured on separate days.

Subjects executed a specific warm-up for each 1-RM test by performing 5 repetitions with a weight they could normally lift 10 times. Using procedures described elsewhere [ 45 ], the weight was gradually increased until failure occurred in both of the exercises tested.

The greatest load lifted was considered the 1-RM. Previously published ICCs for test—retest reliability for leg press and bench press 1-RM testing was 0. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The sample size was obtained assuming an interaction of a Root Mean Square Standardized Effect RMSSE of 0.

An independent samples t test was used to test baseline differences between groups. The two-way repeated-measures ordinary ANOVA was performed using time as the within-subject factor and diet as the between-subject factor in order to assess differences between groups over the course of the study.

Post-hoc analyses were performed using the Bonferroni test. In order to reduce the influence of within group variability a univariate test of significance ANCOVA was performed. We fixed as depended variable the Δ pre-post for each group and the baseline values of the outcomes were adopted as covariate; IF vs ND were assumed as categorical predictors.

The same trend was observed for arm and thigh muscle cross-sectional area. Leg press maximal strength increased significantly, but no difference was present between treatments. Total testosterone and IGF-1 decreased significantly in TRF after 8 weeks while no significant differences were detected in ND.

Blood glucose and insulin levels decreased significantly only in TRF subjects and conformingly a significant improvement of HOMA-IR was detected. In the TRF group, adiponectin increased, leptin decreased but this was not significant when normalized for fat mass , and T3 decreased significantly compared to ND, without any significant changes in TSH.

No significant changes were detectable for lipids total cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c , except for a decrease of TG in TRF group. TNF-α and IL-1β were lower in TRF at the conclusion of the study as compared to ND. A significant decrease of respiratory ratio in TRF group was recorded Tables 3 , 4.

However, only a single study has reported its effect during a resistance training program aimed at achieving skeletal muscle growth [ 30 ]. Our data demonstrate that during a RT program, TRF was capable of maintaining muscle mass, reducing body fat, and reducing inflammation markers.

However, it also reduced anabolic hormones such testosterone and IGF A key point of the TRF approach utilized in the present study is that total daily calorie intake remained the same while the frequency of meals i.

time between meals was altered. This is dissimilar to many other IF regimens. There are a number of different IF protocols, most of which have the goal of reducing total energy intake.

Additionally, unlike ADF and some other forms of IF, the regimen utilized in the present study employed the same schedule each day, consisting of 16 h fasting and 8 h feeding. Although IF has received a great amount of attention in recent years, the majority of studies have investigated the effects of IF in overweight, obese or dyslipidemic subjects [ 19 — 21 , 47 — 50 ].

However, little is known about the effects of such nutritional regimens in athletes, and more specifically, in body builders or resistance-trained individuals.

The present study provides the first in-depth investigation of IF in this population of athletes. With the exception of reduced triglycerides, our results do not confirm previous research suggesting a positive effect of IF on blood lipid profiles [ 17 — 19 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 52 ], however, it has to be taken into account that our subjects were normolipemic athletes.

The magnitude of reduction in triglycerides was also smaller than is typically seen in individuals who have elevated concentrations prior to IF. As reported, a decrease of fat mass in individuals performing IF was observed. Considering that the total amount of kilocalories and the nutrient distribution were not significantly different between the two groups Table 2 , the mechanism of greater fat loss in IF group cannot simply be explained by changes in the quantity or quality of diet, but rather by the different temporal meal distribution.

Many biological mechanisms have been advocated to explain these effects. Moreover, adiponectin acts in the brain to increase energy expenditure and cause weight loss [ 53 ]. It is notable that in the present study, the differences in adiponectin between groups remained even when normalized relative to body fat mass, whereas the significant decrease of leptin that might be considered a unfavorable factor for fat loss was no longer significant when normalized for fat mass.

Interestingly, although reductions in the anabolic hormones testosterone and IGF-1 were observed, this did not correspond to any deleterious body composition changes or compromises of muscular strength over the duration of the study. It has been previously reported that men performing caloric restriction have lower testosterone than those consuming non-restricted Western diets [ 56 ], however, the present experiment did not restrict calories in the IF group.

Also, the reduction of IGF-1 in the TRF group deserves some discussion. A previous study by Bohulel et al. Even though it is plausible that IF mimics caloric restriction through common pathways e.

It is possible that the increase of adiponectin and the decrease of leptin could influence the IGF-1 concentration, even though it is unclear to what extent changes in adipokines impact circulating IGF-1 levels following weight loss [ 59 ].

Previous studies have reported mixed results concerning the ability to maintain lean body mass during IF, but the vast majority of these studies imposed calorie restriction and did not utilize exercise interventions [ 22 ].

In our study, the nutrient timing related to training session was different between the two groups, and this could affect the anabolic response of the subjects [ 61 ] even though these effects are still unclear [ 62 ]. However, we did not find any significant differences between groups in fat-free mass, indicating that the influence of nutrient timing may be negligible when the overall content of the diet is similar.

There is an increasing amount of data suggesting that IF could potentially be a feasible nutritional scheme to combat certain diseases. In the present study, both blood glucose and insulin concentrations decreased in the IF group.

The potential of IF to modulate blood glucose and insulin concentrations has previously been discussed, but primarily in the context of overweight and obese individuals [ 3 ].

The concurrent increase in adiponectin and decrease in insulin may be related to modulation of insulin sensitivity, as adiponectin concentrations have been positively correlated with insulin sensitivity [ 21 , 50 , 63 , 64 ].

Moreover, related to the well-known anti-inflammatory effect of adiponectin, it is possible that the reduction of inflammatory markers is related to the improvement of insulin sensitivity.

Inflammation plays an pivotal role in insulin resistance development through different cytokines that influence numerous molecular pathways.

Moreover IL-6 could decrease insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle by inducing toll-like receptor-4 TLR-4 gene expression through STAT3 activator of transcription 3 activation.

Modulation of some of these inflammatory markers by IF was seen in the present study: TNF-α and IL-1β were lower in the TRF group than ND at the conclusion of the study, while IL-6 appeared to decrease in the TRF group, but was not significantly different from ND. Previous information on the impact of IF on inflammatory markers is limited, but a previous investigation by Halberg et al.

Although a reduction in T3 was observed in the IF group, no changes in TSH or resting energy expenditure were observed. The observed reduction in RR in the TRF group indicates a very small shift towards reliance on fatty acids for fuel at rest, although a significant statistical interaction for RR was not present.

Fasting RR has been previously reported to be a predictor of substantial future weight gain in non-obese men, with individuals who have higher fasting RR being more likely to gain weight [ 67 ]. Interestingly, it was reported by Seidell et al.

Based on the present study, a modified IF protocol i. TRF could be feasible for strength athletes without negatively affecting strength and muscle mass. Caloric restriction in rodents has been reported to decrease testosterone and IGF-1 even though human data on long-term severe caloric restriction does not demonstrate a decrease in IGF-1 levels, but instead an increased serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 IGFBP-1 concentration [ 60 , 68 ].

However, no data are available for most forms of IF. In addition to altering IGF-1, fasting can promote autophagy [ 28 ], which is important for optimal muscle health [ 70 ].

Additionally, there is a possibility that the different eating patterns of the groups in the present study impacted the relative contributions of different hypertrophic pathways in each group. Some limitations of the present study should be taken into account.

On this point, there is not a consensus among researchers. The beneficial effects of pre-exercise essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement have been suggested [ 61 ], but the same group found that ingesting 20 g of whey protein either before or 1 h after 10 sets of leg extension resulted in similar rates of AA uptake [ 62 ].

Additionally, other studies have reported no benefit with pre-exercise AA feeding [ 71 , 72 ]. Another limitation of the present study is that the energy and macronutrient composition of the diet was based on interview, and this approach has known weaknesses.

Because of the limitations of this method, it is possible that differences in energy or nutrient intake between groups could have existed and played a role in the observed outcomes. In conclusion, our results suggest that the modified IF employed in this study: TRF with 16 h of fasting and 8 h of feeding, could be beneficial in resistance trained individuals to improve health-related biomarkers, decrease fat mass, and at least maintain muscle mass.

This kind of regimen could be adopted by athletes during maintenance phases of training in which the goal is to maintain muscle mass while reducing fat mass. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results and to investigate the long-term effects of IF and periods after IF cessation.

Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Barnosky AR, Hoddy KK, Unterman TG, Varady KA. Intermittent fasting vs daily calorie restriction for type 2 diabetes prevention: a review of human findings.

Transl Res. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Alkandari JR, Maughan RJ, Roky R, Aziz AR, Karli U. The implications of Ramadan fasting for human health and well-being. J Sports Sci. Azizi F. Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Emami-Naini A, Roomizadeh P, Baradaran A, Abedini A, Abtahi M.

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Faris MA, Kacimi S, Al-Kurd RA, Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK, Salem ML. The measurements are taken with calipers, which gauge the skinfold thickness in millimeters of areas where fat typically accumulates i. Once the measurements are recorded, the numbers are inserted into an equation that calculates a body fat percentage and alternatively body lean mass.

Skinfold is a preferred method of body fat measurement for non-clinical settings because it is easy to administer with proven accuracy and is not obtrusive with regards to the patient.

It also provides much more data than just the final composition measurement - it also yields the thickness of many sites, which can be used as bases of comparison with future results. For example, an abdominal skinfold improvement from 35mm to 24mm would show a significant improvement in that site even if the overall body fat percentage may have only reduced minimally.

BMI is often mistaken as measurable guide to body fat. However, BMI is simply a weight to height ratio. It is a tool for indicating weight status in adults and general health in large populations.

BMI correlates mildly with body fat but when used in conjunction with a body fat measurement gives a very accurate presentation of your current weight status. With that being said, an elevated BMI above 30 significantly increases your risk of developing long-term and disabling conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gallstones, stroke, osteoarthritis, and some forms of cancer.

For adults over 20 years old, BMI typically falls into one of the above categories see table above. UC Davis Health School of Medicine Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing News Careers Giving. menu icon Menu. Sports Medicine. Enter search words search icon Search × Enter search words Laura Vilarinho.

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Related Papers. Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences BJMS The Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs Olanzapine and Risperidone on Body Weight, Body Fat Percentage and Lipid Profiles of Patients with Psychotic Illness.

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Keywords: Antipsychotic drugs; Body composition; Body mass been associated with hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary heart index; Waist to hip ratio disease, and stroke [7]. These effects could be devastating in patients with psychosis who are receiving treatment with an antipsychotic for Abbreviations: BF: Body Fat; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical long duration.

Weight gain may also cause patients taking antipsychotic Manual of Mental disorders; JUSH: Jimma University Specialized medications to discontinue their medications, which may predispose Hospital; SFT: Skin Fold Thickness; WHR: Waist to Hip Ratio them to relapse and worsened long- term outcome [8,9].

Introduction Antipsychotic drugs fall into two major groups: first generation Psychotic disorders are mainly chronic disabling mental illnesses antipsychotics and second generation antipsychotics [10,11].

Most of that affect millions of people worldwide [1]. Antipsychotic medications, the newer atypical agents appear to exert part of their unique action which comprise one of the most widely prescribed medications, have through inhibition of serotonin receptors 5HT , particularly 5-HT2A proven effective in many psychiatric conditions.

However, weight gain receptors [12]. to morbidity and poor adherence to treatment [2]. The observed Antipsychotics also act on Histamine H1 receptors that induce weight gain with several atypical antipsychotics is often greater than weight gain.

Blockade of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors is another that reported with conventional antipsychotics [3]. Several of the potential mechanism involved in antipsychotic-drug-induced weight newer atypical antipsychotic agents have profound effects on weight, the greatest increases occurring with Clozapine and Olanzapine [4].

Moreover, all antipsychotic drugs can cause notable weight gain in Citation: Mulat E, Mossie A, Negash A, Ibrahim M Effect of Antipsychotic Drugs on Body Composition in Patients Attending Psychiatry Clinic, Jimma, patients who are taking these agents for the first time [6].

J Psychiatry It is generally believed that there are multiple mechanisms by DSM-V criteria and start antipsychotic drug treatment were recruited which antipsychotic drugs induce weight gain, but their precise nature successively during the first two months of the study period until remains unknown.

Moreover, synergistic effects between the blockade the required sample size was obtained. and weight gain [15]. In another study of description on socio-demographic as well as socio-economic it is observed that after approximately 12 weeks of olanzapine therapy, characteristics of the patient that are associated with the development the median increase in body weight was 4.

Four psychiatric Nurses of 7. In a similar study done in China, were recruited, trained and collected the required data. patients were treated for 10 week with risparidone and clozapine, Before starting data collection process four psychiatric Nurses there was a significant increase in both weight and fat indicators were recruited trained and collected the required data.

Data collectors mean weight 4. Another study also were given a 2 days training on the objective, relevance of the study, showed in a month trial involving patients with a first episode of and confidentiality of information as well as to be familiar with data schizophrenia who were treated with antipsychotic drugs such as collection tool, measurement procedure and technique.

Ethical amisulpride, ziprasidone and haloperidol, each drug was associated clearance was obtained from institutional review board of College with a notable weight gain 9. Verbal consent from study the end of the study [17]. participant and caretaker was also obtained.

Globally, mental disorders represent 4 of the 10 leading causes of Measurements disability worldwide. Around million people suffer from a mental or behavioural Balanced-beam scale, stadiometer, measuring tape, and skin disorder [19]; of whom 1.

It fold calliper were used to measure weight, height, waist and hip was long believed that the prevalence of psychotic disorder is attributed circumferences and skin fold thickness SFT.

Body mass index to developed country but rapid urbanization, industrialization, BMI and waist to hip ratio WHR were calculated using WHO migration, conflict and ongoing poverty and deprivation characterize Anthro-Plus software for all patients on admission and after 12 weeks most of sub-Saharan Africa in recent decades; and it is likely that these of antipsychotic drug treatment.

Weight to the nearest 0. and shoes off and height to the nearest 0. BMI was derived from weight in kg and In Ethiopia, mental illness is the leading non-communicable height in m2.

Waist circumference was measured midway between disorder in terms of burden. schizophrenia 0. scapular using callipers. Percent body fat was calculated from skin fold Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of antipsychotic thickness measurements result using body fat calculator software.

drugs taken by these patients on their body composition and its associated factors in low-income settings. Data processing and analysis Methods Data was checked for consistency, cleaned and coded and entered in to Epi-Data version 3.

Study design and setting Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation while, categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and This study was conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital percentage.

Paired sample t-test, Independent sample t-test and one way JUSH from 01 March to July 30, ; using an institution based ANOVA test were used to assess the statistical significance of the mean longitudinal before and after study design. JUSH is located in Jimma difference between two and more than two categories respectively.

A city km Southwest of Addis Ababa. BMI and percent body care services, psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation under ways.

fat were calculated using software WHO Anthro-Plus software and The psychiatric clinic provides outpatient and inpatient services for body fat calculator. about 10, patients per year in: general adult psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, child psychiatry and addiction psychiatry.

Results Sample size and sapling technique Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents The sample size was determined by using Epi-info Version 7.

The mean SD ages of the respondents were Accordingly, the calculation yielded a sample size of 68 subjects. By More than half 43 Out of 74 study the psychiatric clinic was included in the study. participants 32 The rest 4 5. have no formal education and higher education, respectively.

Individual antipsychotic drugs were consistently associ­ated with Change in body composition indicators different degrees of weight gain. Change in body composition was observed with a mean increase in weight with Chlorpromazine 5.

A one way ANOVA was There were 4. Discussion Second measurement was done 12 weeks after the treatment with Body composition changes appear to be a multi-factorial antipsychotic drugs and the result shows the value of mean weight phenomenon resulting from interactions with drugs and different These concerns primarily include metabolic line increment and percent body fat regulation and dyslipidemia, as well as their consequent morbidity.

There were significant increases in all weight and fat indicators after The present investigation showed a significant change in body 12 weeks antipsychotic treatment in the patients with mean increase composition indicators from baseline measurements following in weight 4.

A significant increase in BMI, waist hip 0. ratio and percent body fat were observed after 12 weeks antipsychotic Independent t-test result shows a significant association between drug treatment among patients.

Likewise, BMI 1. The mean BMI after treatment was respondents Even though the patients mean BMI is within normal range, the Out of the total study participants 27 The present 11 study result is in agreement with a study conducted by Tarricone Among khat chewer 16 When we see the respondents habit for antipsychotic drugs, for different length of exposures for 4—8, 10—12 and different types of substance use 17 Their result showed that long term use of antipsychotics and cigarette, while 10 Majority of with short term use [6].

Several factors explain weight gain due to the patient 41 Antipsychotics medication induces changes in appetite and hospital. Seven 9. None of food intake, most likely because of the interaction with serotonergic, study participants had regular physical activity.

histaminergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems inducing A one way ANOVA results showed there were a significant increase in appetite and food intake [23,24].

An increase in percent body fat calculated from SFT at three sites Diagnosis and treatment of the study participants triceps, sub-scapular, and abdominal also showed an increase in subcutaneous fat. In present study the mean WHR of female patients Out of the total 74 respondents, 53 Furthermore, the increase in the waist to- hip schizophrenia, while 21 ratio in excess of 0.