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This article was written by Steve Grant. More about Steve. Skip to main content. Korean ginseng may offer the following benefits for the athlete Improved physical performance Ginseng supplementation may increase VO2 max and muscular strength during exercise training 6.

Fatigue fighting Korean ginseng may have fatigue fighting effects due to its antioxidant properties 7. Stress busting Experimental evidence in animals indicates that Korean ginseng supplementation may have anti-stress properties 10 , as well as indicating that adaptogens in general enhance resistance to stress Immune supporting Ginseng may play a role in regulating different types of immune cells, supporting immune health, regulating inflammatory disease and infections Improved exercise recovery Supplementation with Korean ginseng may reduce exercise induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses Take home points Korean ginseng is an adaptogen: that may support and regulate the stress response, increasing resilience and robustness.

Overall, five RCTs with 90 adult participants were analysed alongside control groups. ginseng and P. The compound has been reported to allow its consumer to extend exercise time, besides creating anti-fatigue and anti-inflammatory effects.

The anti-inflammatory feature is important when improving exercise endurance as inflammation impedes energy generation from carbohydrates and lipids in the skeletal muscle. Other ginsenosides have also been reported to accelerate energy metabolism, such as the ginsenoside Re, a panaxatriol ginsenoside.

This compound binds itself to sex hormone receptors, such as androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Results of the review found that the ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides will significantly improve exercise endurance in untrained, healthy adults with no history of medical issues.

For instance, Hou C. et al. notoginseng the night before and an hour before the exercise trial. A total of 29 males and females, aged between 20 to 35 years old, ingested food with 1,mg of P.

notoginseng root extract before breakfast and dinner daily for 30 days. The comparison was placebo food. Subjects also used a cycle ergometer, but a load was added every five minutes. After that, the ginsenoside components in the test foods were analysed and identified.

For determination of the sensitivity of each vessel in each condition to cumulative doses of ACh, the percent vasorelaxation response was plotted on the y-axis against the dose of ACh on the x-axis.

Non-fasted state serum glucose measurements were obtained from blood collected from the abdominal aorta prior to sacrifice using a One Touch Ultra 2 Blood Glucose Monitoring System Lifescan Canada, Ltd. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation.

For analysis of the kinetics of the vasorelaxation response, a two-way analysis of variance ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance for the dependent variables.

For the dose—response sensitivity analysis, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance for the dependent variables. A Tukey post hoc analysis was used when significant differences were found for the main effects of each dependent variable.

The ANOVA was analyzed by SPSS Version No other between group differences were observed for body mass. The overall vasoconstriction responses were not significantly different between groups C S , 3. Serum glucose concentrations prior to sacrifice were lower in C S 6.

Figure 1 illustrates a typical vasorelaxation response for a carotid, aorta, and femoral artery with it corresponding kinetics fitting. The dynamic vasorelaxation response for each vessel in each condition as expressed by the TTSS is depicted in Figure 2.

As such, the TTSS is presented for those femoral vessels only. Figure 3 displays the TTSS of the vasorelaxation response as a function of serum glucose for the carotid and aorta arteries. FIGURE 1.

Model fits for a representative carotid A , aorta B , and femoral C. Open circles are the raw data and the red lines represent the linear baseline and mono-exponential ACh infusion starting at time 0 model fits. FIGURE 2. Time-to-Steady-Stated of the vasorelaxation response for each vessel in each experimental conditions.

FIGURE 3. Scatterplot displaying the time-to-steady-state of the vasorelaxation response as a function of serum glucose for the carotid and aorta arteries. The vasorelaxation responses to cumulative doses of ACh for each vessel in each experimental condition are shown in Figure 4.

FIGURE 4. vasorelaxation responses to cumulative doses of ACh. The EC 50 values for C S 5. The EC 50 values for C S 3. The EC 50 values for D S 1. This study examined the effects of 12 weeks of North American ginseng supplementation and exercise training on vascular responses in diabetic rats.

The main findings were that: 1 although the sensitivity and amplitude of the vascular response to ACh of the femoral artery was severely affected by diabetes, this disease did not negatively affect the sensitivity to ACh of the carotid or aorta artery; 2 North American ginseng supplementation restored the loss of sensitivity in the femoral artery, and exercise training did not add any further vascular protection; 3 control sedentary rats showed a depressed percent vascular responsiveness to ACh in the femoral and aorta arteries compared to control animals that were not exposed to 12 weeks of living within a limited space.

In agreement with previous observations from our group Murias et al. The main finding from this investigation was that the sensitivity to ACh of the femoral artery, supplying blood to the locomotor muscles in the hind limbs, was severely affected by diabetes as well as by sedentary behavior, whereas the carotid artery, supplying blood to the brain, showed no detrimental changes in sensitivity from diabetes or from living in an environment that limited movement.

This differential response might simply reflect functional characteristics of the vessels that make the femoral artery more likely to be affected by diabetes and lack of activity. This idea is supported by the fact that 6 out of 12 and 6 out of 14 femoral vessels showed a complete abolishment of the vasorelaxation response in the in C S and D S groups, respectively.

In these animals, the femoral artery was unable relax in response to cumulative doses of ACh. This lack of endothelium-dependent vasoactive response would profoundly limit the ability of the femoral artery to make adjustments to accommodate blood flow based on increments in metabolic requirements.

On the contrary, the carotid artery showed no negative signs related to diabetes or limited physical activity. This is not necessarily surprising as blood supply to the brain is tightly regulated Vavilala et al.

In other words, whereas the stimulus for maintaining endothelium-dependent responses will be fairly constant in the carotid artery independently of diabetes and the limitations for movement imposed by the living environment, the femoral artery will be more affected by the lower metabolic rates associated with the present model.

In agreement with this notion, greater endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and blood flow have been shown in areas of the muscle that are most active due to increased ACh and e-NOS protein expression Laughlin and Roseguini, These data do not preclude that longer periods of diabetes or inactivity i.

Additionally, although conflictive data exists on this issue, it has to be acknowledged that data in humans have demonstrated a link between type I diabetes and carotid artery dysfunction Vouillarmet et al. In relation to this, a connection between type I diabetes and cerebrovascular disease and stroke has to be acknowledged and, perhaps, certain lack of translation between animal and human data needs to be considered in this case.

Nevertheless, the data from the present study show that, at least in this specific model and testing conditions, functional vasorelaxation responses are vessel-specific. Importantly, ginseng supplementation resulted in the sensitivity to ACh being re-established in the femoral artery.

Although data from the present study cannot determine the mechanisms that mediated this improved functional response, different factors affecting this response could be speculated upon. For instance, it has been shown that Panax ginseng helps reverse vascular dysfunction induced by diabetes, and that the protective effects are likely explained by down-regulation of atherosclerosis-related genes and altered lipid metabolism, which contribute to re-establish normal endothelium functions Chan et al.

Additionally, different experimental studies have established that ginseng extract provide a direct vasodilatory effect on isolated blood vessels Karmazyn et al. Indeed, a recent review reported that ginsenosides play a role in stimulating NO production in several systems Lü et al.

Another mechanism of action for improved vascular response with ginseng supplementation is related to a reduction in ROS, which are more predominant in diabetic populations Timimi et al. In this regard, protective effects of ginsenosides have been shown in damaged endothelium from rabbits Gillis, Furthermore, other mechanisms such as blockade of calcium channels have also been implicated in the improved vasodilatory response Kwan et al.

Contrary to our hypothesis, exercise training did not add further improvements to vascular sensitivity compared to ginseng supplementation alone. Previous studies have shown the positive effects of exercise training on vascular responses Fuchsjager-Mayrl et al.

In fact, the use of a high intensity of endurance training was determined by a previous study showing that this but not lower intensities of endurance exercise resulted in better vascular adaptations Murias et al. For example, this model of type I diabetes with high glucose concentrations would increase oxidative stress Ting et al.

In addition to the sensitivity dose—response of the vessels to ACh, this study examined the dynamic adjustment of each artery kinetics response to a dose of 10 -4 M ACh. Previously, we have demonstrated that diabetes resulted in a slower adjustment of the vasorelaxation response compared to control animals, as shown by a larger τ or TTSS value Murias et al.

Similarly, it was established that exercise training restored the dynamic adjustment of diabetic rats to what was observed in the control animals Murias et al. Surprisingly, the responses in the present investigation did not agree with previous observations.

Indeed, the dynamic adjustment of the vasorelaxation response was faster in all diabetic groups compared to the control groups both C and C S , and this change was mediated by a significant reduction in the TTSS in the carotid and aorta vessels under diabetes. The reasons for this unexpected behavior are unclear, but they might be mediated by the high level of serum glucose concentration.

In fact, glucose concentrations lower than 15 mM L -1 were associated with a wider range of dynamic adjustments in the carotid and the aorta, as described elsewhere Murias et al.

Previously, we have interpreted the faster dynamic adjustment in control or in exercise-trained compared to diabetic animals as a positive feature. However, in this case, this faster adjustment, which is even more pronounced in the aorta, is counterintuitive.

A previous study has shown enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aorta in the early stages of an STZ mouse diabetic model, and attributed this improved response to enhanced production of prostaglandin I 2 and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor Shen et al.

Another possibility to consider is the role of the glycocalyx in the observed responses. It has been shown that the glycocalyx, a dynamic layer that is important to vascular homeostasis, is affected by circulating blood glucose concentrations Van Teeffelen et al. A thinner glycocalyx layer as a result of high glucose concentrations would have the opposite results.

Nevertheless, although more studies are warranted to mechanistically explain these contradictory responses using different diabetes models, it is important to emphasize that interpretations should be made with caution when trying to extrapolate data from animal models to human responses when the conditions of the model do not closely resemble what is observed in humans i.

Another important finding from this study is the depressed vascular responsiveness to ACh observed in the femoral artery of what was defined as the control sedentary compared to the control group.

The reason for the selection of the control sedentary group as presented in this investigation was to mimic similar conditions as those presented in the diabetic animals.

In that sense, it could be argued that this is the appropriate group against which vasorelaxation responses in the diabetic rats should be compared, as all animals were exposed to identical living conditions. However, it could also be argued that the control sedentary group in this study does not represent the responses that would be observed in healthy animals that were not exposed to a sedentary lifestyle.

Under these circumstances, it would remain unclear what part of the detrimental effects in vasorelaxation responses are related to diabetes or to inactive lifestyle per se. As such, appropriate definition of what a control group represents seems warranted when analyzing physiological responses to a given intervention.

A limitation of this study is that we were unable to collect enough tissue to study some potential mechanisms that might control the changes in functional responses observed in this study. Thus, further research is warranted to elucidate the factors regulating these functional changes.

Additionally, it has to be considered that the present results can only be interpreted in relation to the effects of ginseng supplementation on a type I STZ-induced diabetes model.

Future studies should examine whether or not ginseng supplementation has similar effect in other groups. However, the lack of differences in the carotid makes us think that functional rather than stress related factors might be responsible for the observed differences.

In relation to the age, although the C groups was younger than the C S group, both were near or within the range of young adult animals Lewis et al. As for the differences in body mass, it has to be accepted that the greater mass in the C S group might be associated not only to growth but also to an increase in percent body fat, which has been shown to affect vascular response Perticone et al.

Finally, for the present study, length-tension curves were not individually performed for each vessel and the baseline tension for each vessel was based on extensive pilot data examining different baseline tensions for each vessel, as described in the methods.

This study demonstrated that diabetes and sedentary lifestyle have detrimental effects on vascular responses that, at least in the present investigation, are mostly observed in the femoral artery, such that the sensitivity to cumulative doses of ACh is reduced.

Importantly, supplementation with herbal medicine ginseng helped in reversing these effects. JM: research design, data collection analysis and interpretation, statistical analysis, manuscript writing and revisions.

MJ: research design, data collection and analysis, manuscript revisions. TD: research design, data analysis, manuscript revisions. EN: research design, data interpretation, manuscript revisions. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

We would like to thank Dr. Edmund Lui for providing us with the ginseng extracts used in this study. Sorry, there was a problem.

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Sign up to our newsletter to receive articles straight to your inbox and the latest news about our forthcoming P-Form supplement range. This article was written by Steve Grant.

More about Steve. Skip to main content. Korean ginseng may offer the following benefits for the athlete Improved physical performance Ginseng supplementation may increase VO2 max and muscular strength during exercise training 6.

Fatigue fighting Korean ginseng may have fatigue fighting effects due to its antioxidant properties 7. Stress busting Experimental evidence in animals indicates that Korean ginseng supplementation may have anti-stress properties 10 , as well as indicating that adaptogens in general enhance resistance to stress Immune supporting Ginseng may play a role in regulating different types of immune cells, supporting immune health, regulating inflammatory disease and infections Improved exercise recovery Supplementation with Korean ginseng may reduce exercise induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses Take home points Korean ginseng is an adaptogen: that may support and regulate the stress response, increasing resilience and robustness.