Type diabetes hereditary -
Over time, the beta cells become less able to respond to blood glucose changes, leading to an insulin shortage that prevents the body from reducing blood glucose levels effectively.
Most people have some insulin resistance as they age, but inadequate exercise and excessive weight gain make it worse, greatly increasing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes can occur at any age, but it most commonly begins in middle age or later. Signs and symptoms develop slowly over years. They include frequent urination polyuria , excessive thirst polydipsia , fatigue, blurred vision, tingling or loss of feeling in the hands and feet diabetic neuropathy , sores that do not heal well, and weight loss.
If blood glucose levels are not controlled through medication or diet, type 2 diabetes can cause long-lasting chronic health problems including heart disease and stroke; nerve damage; and damage to the kidneys, eyes, and other parts of the body.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of all cases. In , more than 23 million people in the United States had diagnosed diabetes and an additional 7 million people likely had undiagnosed diabetes.
The prevalence of diabetes increases with age, and the disease currently affects more than 20 percent of Americans over age It is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States.
The risk of diabetes varies by ethnic and geographic background. In the United States, the disease is most common in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. It also has a higher prevalence among people of African American or Hispanic ancestry than those of non-Hispanic white or Asian ancestry.
Geographically, diabetes is most prevalent in the southern and Appalachian regions of the United States. The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide.
Due to an increase in inactive sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and other risk factors, the frequency of this disease has more than quadrupled in the past 35 years.
The causes of type 2 diabetes are complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, some of which have not been identified.
Studies have identified at least DNA variations that are associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Most of these changes are common and are present both in people with diabetes and in those without. Each person has some variations that increase risk and others that reduce risk.
It is the combination of these changes that helps determine a person's likelihood of developing the disease. The majority of genetic variations associated with type 2 diabetes are thought to act by subtly changing the amount, timing, and location of gene activity expression.
These changes in expression affect genes involved in many aspects of type 2 diabetes, including the development and function of beta cells in the pancreas , the release and processing of insulin , and cells' sensitivity to the effects of insulin.
However, for many of the variations that have been associated with type 2 diabetes, the mechanism by which they contribute to disease risk is unknown. Genetic variations likely act together with health and lifestyle factors to influence an individual's overall risk of type 2 diabetes.
All of these factors are related, directly or indirectly, to the body's ability to produce and respond to insulin. Health conditions that predispose to the disease include overweight or obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes higher-than-normal blood glucose levels that do not reach the cutoff for diabetes , and a form of diabetes called gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
Lifestyle factors including smoking, a poor diet, and physical inactivity also increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although many affected individuals have at least one close family member, such as a parent or sibling, with the disease.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with the number of affected family members. The increased risk is likely due in part to shared genetic factors, but it is also related to lifestyle influences such as eating and exercise habits that are shared by members of a family.
The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health.
Type 2 diabetes. Description Type 2 diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar.
Frequency Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of all cases. Causes The causes of type 2 diabetes are complex.
Inheritance Type 2 diabetes does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although many affected individuals have at least one close family member, such as a parent or sibling, with the disease. Other Names for This Condition Adult-onset diabetes Adult-onset diabetes mellitus AODM Diabetes mellitus, adult-onset Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus, type 2 Diabetes mellitus, type II Maturity-onset diabetes Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus NIDDM Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus T2D Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources Disease InfoSearch National Organization for Rare Disorders NORD. Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials. Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; T2D.
Nutrition in infancy may also play a role. A study published in found evidence that being breastfed as a baby lowered the risk of type 1 diabetes.
While people who have a family history of type 1 diabetes may be predisposed to developing it, the inheritance pattern in most cases is unclear. Being overweight or obese is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes. But people who are Black, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander are at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes even if they are not overweight.
As with type 2 diabetes, a combination of genes, environment, and lifestyle factors are likely in play. Many women who develop the condition have at least one close family member, such as a parent or sibling, who has had gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is associated with high blood pressure during pregnancy called preeclampsia and premature birth.
Babies born to mothers with the condition tend to have a higher than normal birth weight, which can create complications during delivery. The infants of women with gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop dangerously low blood sugar levels soon after birth.
Later in life, these children have an increased risk of developing obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of gestational diabetes is on the rise, affecting up to 14 percent of all pregnancies in the United States. The genetic mutations that cause diabetes involve the proteins responsible for insulin production or the ability of the body to use insulin.
In 1 to 4 percent of all diabetes cases, the condition results from mutations in a single gene. That means you can pinpoint and test for a single gene. Two of the most common monogenic forms of diabetes are maturity-onset diabetes of the young MODY , which usually appears during the teen years or young adulthood, and neonatal diabetes mellitus NDM , which is most common in newborns and infants.
Some forms of MODY result in slightly high levels of blood sugar that remain stable throughout life, resulting in no symptoms or mild symptoms, and no complications. Other forms may require treatment with insulin or a class of oral medications called sulfonylureas, which increase the release of insulin from beta cells.
The most common mutations are found in the GCK gene or the HNF1A gene. Weissman says that GCK mutations are responsible for 30 to 60 percent of MODY cases, citing that statistic as an example of why genetic testing can be useful.
Furthermore, their relatives can be tested for the gene and monitored for the development of MODY. NDM affects up to 1 in , infants in the United States, generally during the first 6 to 12 months of life.
Infants with NDM do not produce enough insulin, and the condition is often mistaken for type 1 diabetes. They tend to be born undersized and grow less rapidly than their peers without NDM.
For about half of babies with NDM, the condition is permanent; for the other half, it disappears but can reappear later. Most forms of NDM and MODY are caused by autosomal dominant mutations, meaning they can be passed on to children when only one parent carries the gene for the disease.
In these cases, the parent who carries the gene has a 50 percent chance of having an affected child. Defining Polygenic Diabetes Most forms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes, are polygenic.
That means they involve multiple genes and a complex interaction with environmental and lifestyle factors. Yet Weissman thinks that in time, polygenic risk scoring, which looks at common genetic variations known as single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs , will be a more useful diagnostic tool.
This is particularly the case with type 2 diabetes, which is preventable through healthy diet and lifestyle choices. For example, a Trialnet study published in looked at the relatives of people with type 1 diabetes who did not have the disease themselves but did have one or more positive autoantibodies.
It found that a higher genetic risk score helped predict their progression to developing type 1 diabetes. Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking. Sources What Is Diabetes?. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Hyperglycemia High Blood Glucose. American Diabetes Association.
What Is Type 1 Diabetes?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Learn the Genetics of Diabetes. Infant Feeding and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Two Large Scandinavian Birth Cohorts.
Diabetes Care. Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents. BioMed Research International. Type 1 Diabetes. Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes. Definitions of Metabolic Health and Risk of Future Type 2 Diabetes in Body Mass Index Categories: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.
Gestational Diabetes. Gestational Diabetes in the United States: Temporal Changes in Prevalence Rates Between and Monogenic Diabetes Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and MODY. What Is Monogenic Diabetes?. The University of Chicago. What Are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNPs?.
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