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The TRUTH About The \By Composiyion Alejo and Dr. Jordan Moon. But what about BETTER sports performance results? We can gain some insights compositon this by learning about athpetes. For some studies, body weight is crucial Body composition for athletes scaling athlwtes strength and power.
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Jordan Moon, I ask compoistion more questions about body composition for athletes. Does it ayhletes matter? How you obtain the ahtletes is probably more important than Body composition for athletes results, of course.
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With more cpmposition now being measured Fitness-friendly snacks dual-energy Comlosition absorptiometry DXAwe Boy build a bigger database for professional, collegiate, and even youth athletes for all aghletes of sports.
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However, not all athletes or Bosy may Vitamin deficiency symptoms access to a DXA athletds, which makes fod and fof comparisons to elite or pro athletes more complicated. However, the use of data Boddy one method, such as underwater Bpdy, compared to another method, such as skinfolds, adds athletrs errors when comparing athlete data, tahletes it may not allow you to make actionable decisions with confidence.
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The next several years are fpr to compostiion very exciting. We will start to get a better picture of the direct relationship body composition has compposition overall performance and health in athletes. Beyond the general idea of body composition being a function of a physical task, compoxition are also becoming more aware of how specific body fr values, such as fat and oBdy mass, play a role in both compozition and health.
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You know you want a Subcutaneous fat distribution, fast, and powerful lineman, but did you know offensive linemen in the NFL have 2. Compare this to wide receivers or defensive backs, who have a ratio of around seven.
Another well-documented finding is that the performance of speed and jumping athletes is directly related to their power-to-mass ratio. Those who can generate the most muscle power at the lightest body weight can run faster and jump higher, but this is also relatively intuitive.
If two athletes have the same muscle power and one is slightly lighter, then that athlete can jump higher and run faster because they are moving less total body mass. The impact of body composition here is not only optimizing fat content to be low, but also optimizing muscle mass to be powerful without being too large, which can be altered by specific training and nutrition programs.
For distance runners, research has found that skinfold fat thicknesses in the lower body can predict 1,meter, 10,meter, and marathon times.
What about body composition and injuries? Researchers have found that distance runners who have more muscle mass tend to have fewer stress fractures. Distances runners who have more muscle and less fat have better performances and are less likely to have fractures compared to similar runners with the same or lower body weight, but with less muscle and more fat.
So, just having low body fat and a low body weight is not enough for runners to reduce injuries and perform at their best. Understanding the optimal lean mass and fat mass for the upper and lower body, as well as total body mass, is fundamental for the success of any training and nutritional programs for not only runners, but all athletes.
Finally, there are several health-related and performance concerns for having too little body fat. This is a highly complicated area with several factors all impacting each other. In summary, lower-than-optimal body fat values can have just some of the following effects on an athlete:.
All of the above can significantly impact both performance and health, and they are specifically a concern for weight-sensitive athletes in sports such as:. Bob Alejo: Should performance focus on body weight, fat loss, lean tissue gain, or body composition?
Jordan Moon: This is where research and application separate, and this is currently the largest gap in the field of body composition and performance.
There are hundreds of great research papers and a recently published body composition book focusing on health and performance in exercise and sport. However, this information is not easily accessible for most athletes, coaches, trainers, sports scientists, nutritionists, physicians, etc.
Practitioners often look at body composition as something easy to do and utilize because of the simplicity and accessibility of measurements. Even with this basic approach, there are many practitioners who are still not sure what to do. So, what are their options, other than contacting researchers who work in this area?
As of now, the answer is to learn more about body composition, read the research and the books, and find the content you need to make informed decisions about your data and athletes. There are very few expert practitioners who work with athletes and have a great handle on body composition and application.
Most experts are researchers. There will be a good deal of work initially to understand everything, but if someone can solidify themselves as a true expert in the field by using scientifically supported interpretations of accurate data with developed protocols for training and nutritional interventions for athletes, they will be the leading edge of the sword, while carving a unique and needed position for themselves and others who follow.
My simplest suggestion of what to focus on for performance and body composition includes the areas discussed earlier:. Utilize as much information as possible to compare. You should measure at-risk athletes for low body fat often and interpret and share their results with caution. Bob Alejo: Can skinfolds be an accurate measure of fat loss or lean tissue gain?
Personally, based on convenience and the error of measurements with poor protocols with other methods, I prefer skinfolds. At the least, I support performing skinfolds and perhaps one other test for sure.
Changes in millimeters of thickness mm from test to test say something. Of course, good protocol makes it easier to discern what you are seeing. Jordan Moon: The answer is yes and no. It all depends on the person conducting the measurements, the equipment, and the preparation of the athlete.
Below are some guidelines when performing skinfold measurements:. The biggest factor when it comes to getting accurate measurements for skinfolds is the training and quality of the person taking the measurements.
The most comprehensive skinfold training is through The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. However, the training is expensive, with limited availability. However, you may not need it if you simply want to track changes in fat and lean mass. Using the ACSM standards is also sufficient.
The other issue when using skinfolds for tracking lean and fat changes is the equation used to convert skinfold thicknesses to fat and lean tissues. I like using raw skinfold data when tracking changes because the units are raw measurements in millimeters.
There are athlete-specific equations if you are looking to compare your athletes to others, but you would need to find the paper or book with the normative data and see what equation you should use to compare athletes. I recommend this linkwhich calculates the data for you using the Jackson and Pollock equations.
However, you will need to follow the ACSM guidelines and know what sites to measure if you only measure three. Seven sites may represent a more accurate overall change in fat compared to just three.
Finally, skinfold measurements only represent subcutaneous fat, which is the fat under your skin that accounts for most of your total body fat. Lean tissue changes are not directly measured; instead, they are indirectly measured by subtracting your fat mass from your body weight.
Therefore, detecting changes in fat may be more accurate than changes in lean mass. Lean mass also includes body water, which is the largest and most variable component in your body and often causes changes in body mass and lean mass throughout the day and from day to day.
Bob Alejo: Is there any value in using the body mass index BMI for athletes? So, BMI might be your next choice. This is an issue for many athletes because they typically have larger lean mass values, which increases their total mass and, consequently, their BMI.
In other words, if someone has ever regularly strength-trained, the BMI classification as the World Health Organization WHO defines it below is no longer applicable.
However, BMI may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different populations due, in part, to different body proportions. Theoretically, BMI should represent body fatness, but only in nonathletes.
Numerous research studies have proven this point by showing that BMI is a poor predictor of actual fat in athletes. So, is there any use for BMI then? Are athletes with higher BMI due to more lean mass not fat at a greater risk for poor health and disease?
Is it not just about too much fat, but too much total mass, regardless of the tissue? Research has even shown that a little extra fat is helpful.
: Body composition for athletes| The Importance of Tracking Body Composition in Athletes | In the collegiate setting, numerous assessment tools are used. Skinfold calipers are common, accessible, inexpensive, and thus, commonly used. The consistency and accuracy of results is highly dependent upon the individual conducting the assessment. Each of these methods has strengths and considerations for student-athletes and testers. See Table 3for more information about various testing methods. Body composition can be very powerful tool for enhancing performance and well-being and tracking changes when careful consideration is made regarding procedures, data interpretation, and communication. Work with a sports RD to establish a body composition protocol that suits your student-athletes and staff. For advice on customizing an eating plan that includes a caffeine dosing protocol that is safe and based on current evidence, consult an RD who specializes in sports, particularly a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics CSSD. Find a SCAN RD at www. Michelle Rockwell is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics with a private practice based in Blacksburg, Virginia. Michelle is the dietetics and graduate program coordinator at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Michelle served as founding Sports Dietitian for the University of Florida and North Carolina State Athletic departments. She has also consulted with over 50 colleges and professional sports teams over the past 10 years. Michelle continues to teach and develop educational resources for developing Sports Dietitians. The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy. We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here. Written by: Michelle Rockwell, MS, RD, CSSD, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Body composition is a physical measurement that provides more specific information about body make-up than body weight alone. Does body composition impact athletic performance and health? Assessing body composition There are many different methods for evaluating body composition. Assessment tools and methods used with college student-athletes: In the collegiate setting, numerous assessment tools are used. Considerations about body composition analysis: A body composition measurement from one method cannot be compared to one from another. For example, a football player evaluated by DEXA at his university cannot compare results to the BodPod values he receives at the NFL combine. Likewise, when tester or equipment variation comes into play, results also cannot be compared. A cross country runner who has skinfold caliper measurements performed by her strength and conditioning coach cannot compare results to the same measurements taken by the sports dietitian. Measuring via the same method in a systematic way offers the most benefit for individuals and team analysis. Measurements should be done in private. Results should be handled with sensitivity. The National Athletic Trainers Association suggests that body composition results be treated the same as other medical information with regard to confidentiality. Measurements should be taken when student-athletes are well-hydrated and before exercise. In general, measurements should be taken no more frequently than every two to three months. Some professionals recommend twice per year or less. Defer to your sports dietitian regarding specific student-athlete protocols. There should always be a purpose for taking measurement. Clear and consistent communication is paramount. Testers must be sensitive to the impact of assessment on student-athletes. If resources are not available to assist with the management of body composition information and education, its best to avoid it altogether. Communicating about body composition Always emphasize performance measures, overall training, diet and healthy lifestyle as highest priority for athletes. When body composition change is appropriate, establish a percent body fat range rather than an absolute value. Changes in body composition should be gradual and targeted changes are priority in the off-season whenever possible. Guide student-athletes to focus on FFM as much as they focus on percent body fat as this is functional, powerful athletic tissue they wish to maintain or increase and can feel more positive than focusing on decreasing percent body fat. It is recommended that athletics departments develop guidelines and protocol for measurement, analysis and communication of body composition data. Table 3. May feel intrusive to some athletes. Body composition then estimated using equations. Expensive Test is fairly quick about 10 min Athletes have to wear swimsuit or minimal tight clothing and cap — privacy required Must be housed in environmentally appropriate and stable room. Lean tissue is more dense than water, and fat tissue is less dense than water muscle sinks, fat floats. Athlete with higher body fat will weigh less underwater and athlete with more lean tissue will weigh more. Small sonar device that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to produce images of body tissues; fat can be distinguished from other tissue. Not yet common method of testing. More likely in research setting. References: Thompson W. Ackland T, Lohman T, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan R, Meyer N, Stewart A, Wolfram M. Turocy PS, DePalma B, Horswill C, Laquale K, Martin T, Perry A, Somova M, Utter A. Moon J, Tobkin S, Smith A, Lockwood C, Walter A, Cramer J, Beck T, Stout J. J Am Diet Assoc. org About Michelle Rockwell Michelle Rockwell is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics with a private practice based in Blacksburg, Virginia. com Health and Safety. In order to mitigate against these changes, resistance exercise is particularly beneficial to stimulate muscle and load the skeleton and for metabolic and cognitive benefits. BMI is particularly misleading as a metric to assess risk of disease in menopausal women. Rather, the finer detail of body composition, for example visceral fat area , is more informative in terms of metabolic and psychological health. Body composition is a more reliable indicator of health than body weight or BMI. Nevertheless body composition in isolation is not the sole determinant of health and performance. Rather body composition is just one of many multi-system effects mediated by integrated metabolic and Endocrine signalling pathways. These network effects are driven by lifestyle factors including exercise, nutrition and recovery, to determine health and sports performance. For more discussion and debate on the role of body composition for health and performance BASEM Spring Conference Challenging those hard to shift, big fat obesity risks BMJ ; j British Journal of Medicine Lifestyle Choices for optimising health: exercise, nutrition, sleep British Journal of Sport Medicine One road to Rome: Exercise British Journal of Sport Medicine Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I. Medical Commission. International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Case-Study: Body Composition Periodization in an Olympic-Level Female Middle-Distance Runner Over a 9-Year Career International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Body composition assessment of English Premier League soccer players: a comparative DXA analysis of first team, U21 and U18 squads Journal of Sports Sciences. Protein Recommendations for Weight Loss in Elite Athletes: A Focus on Body Composition and Performance International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Optimal Health: For All Athletes! Part 4 — Mechanisms British Association for Sport and Exercise Medicine Kings and Queens of the Mountains Science4Performance. Low bone mineral density in middle-aged women: a red flag for sarcopenia Menopause Benefits of resistance training in physically frail elderly: a systematic review Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Is BMI a valid measure of obesity in postmenopausal women? Menopause Association of visceral fat area with the presence of depressive symptoms in Chinese postmenopausal women with normal glucose tolerance Menopause The views and opinions expressed on this site are solely those of the original authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of BMJ and should not be used to replace medical advice. |
| Sport Navigation Menu | J Sports Med Phys Body composition for athletes ; 46 composjtion — CAS Culinary expertise Google Scholar Grund A, Krause H, Kraus Body composition for athletes, Athetes M, Rieckert Caffeine and pregnancy, Muller Bodt. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle Bodyy constitutionally lean Bpdy, ballet dancers and patients with athletse nervosa. Prev Posts Next. Normal distribution was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and log transformation was used where variables were non-normally distributed within each group. The present study was able to examine total and regional fat mass as well as appendicular lean mass using DXA of a unique cohort young 20—39 years and older 70—89 years athletes from different sports, whose training and competition involves distinctly different practices, as well as healthy age-matched adults in order to identify the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity. |
| The Importance of Tracking Body Composition in Athletes | We found that strength athletes had the highest appendicular lean mass ALM and appendicular lean mass index ALMI in both young and older age-groups, which supports the hypothesis regarding strength athletes having greater muscle mass than endurance and control groups. When assessing the upper- and lower-limbs separately, the differences between athletic disciplines in favor of strength and sprint groups was most apparent in upper limb lean mass, particularly in older age. The second hypothesis, regarding lower fat mass in athletes, was partly supported in that sprint and endurance athletes showed lower fat mass, but strength athletes did not differ from non-athletic controls. This was also observed in the young age-groups. Although the prevalence of low muscle mass in the present study e. Nevertheless, clear between-group differences were observed in the present study. Studies in young athletes indicate that long-term participation in strength and power sports co-exist with marked muscular hypertrophy along with maximal strength and force-time characteristics while aerobic exercise induces specific cardiorespiratory benefits with limited effect on muscle size 19 , There is also some evidence from middle-aged and older athletes that athletic disciplines containing heavy resistance training regimes, which are typically employed by weightlifters and throwers, have greater muscle mass than endurance-trained and non-athletic individuals 7 — 10 , This was also observed in the present study, with perhaps the greatest differences observed for upper rather than lower limb lean mass Table 2. Interestingly, endurance training was sufficient to demonstrate significant differences in leg lean mass compared to non-athletic controls at older age in the present study. At older age, the sprinters did not demonstrate significant differences in muscle mass compared to endurance athletes, whereas strength athletes did. One possible explanation for the separation of strength and sprint athletes in older age may be due to training habits of older sprinters, whose past and current training has consisted mainly of running practices with very little involvement in muscle-building heavy resistance training Skeletal muscle is an important tissue in homeostatic regulation. It is responsible for the majority of post-prandial glucose clearance 23 , its energy utilizing during contraction likely influences insulin sensitivity hepatically and peripherally 24 , and its release of myokines may be an important element in trans-organ cross-talk and ultimately health 1. Thus, it may be speculated that a greater tissue mass, especially one that is active, has an enhanced impact on whole-body metabolic health. Force generation capacity i. For instance, stair climbing ability has been shown to be limited by maximum strength, leading to alternative, and presumably less efficient, biomechanical strategies to complete the functional task The ability to produce force is predicted primarily by muscle mass in young and older adults 26 , 27 , as well as voluntary activation level. Thus, lower muscle mass influencing force production may lead to mobility limitation and reduced physical activity 28 , which may ultimately increase the risk of disability and reduce the ability to live an independent everyday life in older age While muscle mass has been shown to be important for mobility, the most prominent indicators are maximum strength and power 30 — This raises the possibility that muscle mass alone may not be a fully representative measure of physical performance in healthy older men. It is worth pointing out that none of the individuals identified with low muscle mass or as sarcopenic obese reported functional impairment at the time of testing, suggesting that they might not have reached the point where their deconditioning noticeably impacts daily functioning. In the present study, strength athletes and non-athletic controls demonstrated similar fat mass characteristics regardless of the DXA-derived outcome measure. Fat percentage values of our strength athletes and non-athletic controls closely matched cohort reports of Chinese adults throughout the lifespan and were markedly lower than reports from USA population Young and older sprint and endurance athletes had significantly less fat mass in both absolute and relative scales compared to strength and control groups. The only exception was in the android:gynoid ratio where limited significant differences were observed between groups. The magnitude of the differences in fat percentage between young and older athletes in the present study approx. Regardless of athletic discipline, such differences were observed suggesting a higher age-related inevitability of increased fat percentage. Using a similar approach in comparing athletic disciplines, future studies could tease out nuances in age-related fat percentage differences i. However, it should be noted that the present study is a cross-sectional comparison and direct inferences of changes over time should not be made. Hence, prevention is of paramount importance. The present study has shown that sprint and endurance athletic disciplines are preferable for lower fat mass, android fat mass, and fat percentage in both young and older age. Risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer is markedly increased in the bottom 20th percentile for fat mass This would translate to increased risk for some young and older non-athletic control group subjects and also for some of the older strength athletes in the present study. The strength athletes naturally do not need to transport their body mass over a particular distance, and so body mass per se may not be a disadvantage to their sport. Additionally, in order to support muscle hypertrophy, strength athletes typically consume excess calories, which may have also inadvertently influenced fat mass accrual especially in more experienced athletes However, from a health perspective, it would be beneficial for strength athletes to lower fat mass levels through a combination of aerobic activity and diet as sprint and endurance athletes typically do as a supplement to their performance-specific training. Central obesity, visceral or abdominal depending on the assessment method, is thought to be particularly deleterious to cardiovascular and metabolic health. In the present study, average android:gynoid ratio values were below 1 in all groups, with the older groups being closest to this threshold. Thus, none of the groups in the present study displayed particularly regionalized fat distribution around the abdomen, highlighting the relatively good body composition of the subjects overall in the present study. A clear strength of the present study is the relatively large sample of competitive athletes from different disciplines. In total, athletes agreed to participate and were scanned for body composition to allow comparisons with a non-competitive but healthy age-matched cohort. The present study has, thus, likely identified prevalence of low muscle mass, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity that can be used for comparative purposes between populations. One weakness in the present study is that the study was partially conducted during competition conditions that precluded us to carry out other tests often used in sarcopenic assessment e. Thus, by strict definition, neither sarcopenia nor consequently sarcopenic obesity can be fully identified. Second, the use of DXA does not allow accurate assessment of intra-abdominal fat nor possible fat infiltration within the muscle that has been shown to occur particularly in sedentary older adults. On the other hand, DXA measures may under-represent the health value of exercise in sprint and endurance athletes who likely have low intra-abdominal fat. Another weakness of the present study is that there were only males examined. Some evidence suggests that aging and physical exercise habits may impact on muscle mass and fat mass at a varying rate between the sexes Therefore, it remains unknown as to how aging and age-related physiological processes including menopause affects comparisons between competitive females from different disciplines and non-athletic individuals. Finally, potentially important confounders were not able to be accounted for in the present study. Competitive sport participation throughout adult life leads to a considerably lower prevalence of sarcopenic obesity than a recreationally active lifestyle. This appears to be achieved in strength athletes by emphasizing muscle mass, while sprint and endurance athletes demonstrate low levels of fat mass. However, even lifelong athletes showed higher fat mass than young athletes, regardless of athletic discipline. This suggests that other interventions than just exercise e. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. This study was financially supported by the Juho Vainio Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. The CALEX-study was financially supported by the Academy of Finland, Ministry of Education of Finland and University of Jyväskylä. The authors would like to thank Shumei Cheng and Timo Annala for their assistance with data collection. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Pedersen L, Hojman P. Muscle-to-organ cross talk mediated by myokines. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front Physiol. Tchkonia T, Morbeck DE, Von Zglinicki T, Van Deursen J, Lustgarten J, Scrable H, et al. Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. Aging Cell. Husu P, Suni J, Vähä-Ypyä H, Sievänen H, Tokola K, Valkeinen H, et al. Objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity in a sample of finnish adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Hawkins SA, Wiswell RA, Marcell TJ. Exercise and the master athlete—a model of successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Drey M, Sieber CC, Degens H, McPhee J, Korhonen MT, Müller K, et al. Relation between muscle mass, motor units and type of training in master athletes. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Ojanen T, Rauhala T, Häkkinen K. Strength and power profiles of the lower and upper extremities in master throwers at different ages. J Strength Cond Res. Sallinen J, Ojanen T, Karavirta L, Ahtiainen JP, Häkkinen K. Muscle mass and strength, body composition and dietary intake in master strength athletes vs. untrained men of different ages. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Aagaard P, Magnusson PS, Larsson B, Kjaer M, Krustrup P. Mechanical muscle function, morphology, and fiber type in lifelong trained elderly. Lee JS, Kim CG, Seo TB, Kim HG, Yoon SJ. Effects of 8-week combined training on body composition, isokinetic strength, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older women. Aging Clin Exp Res. Sillanpää E, Häkkinen A, Nyman K, Mattila M, Cheng S, Karavirta L, et al. Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Obes Facts. Atkins JL, Wannamathee SG. Sarcopenic obesity in ageing: cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Br J Nutr. Wang Q, Chen D, Nicholson P, Cheng S, Alen M, Mao L, et al. The associations of serum serotonin with bone traits are age- and gender-specific. PLoS One. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Writing group for the European working group on sarcopenia in older people 2 EWGSOP2 , and the extended group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. Shah NR, Braverman ER. Measuring adiposity in patients: the utility of body mass index BMI , percent body fat, and leptin. Scott D, Johansson J, Ebeling PR, Nordstrom P, Nordstrom A. Adiposity without obesity: associations with osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and falls in the healthy ageing initiative cohort study. Häkkinen K, Keskinen KL. Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. Saltin B, Astrand PO. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol. Erickson KR, Grosicki GJ, Mercado M, Riemann BL. Bone mineral density and muscle mass in masters olympic weightlifters and runners. J Aging Phys Act. Suominen TH, Korhonen MT, Alén M, Heinonen A, Mero A, Törmäkangas T, et al. Effects of a week high-intensity strength and sprint training program on tibial bone structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. DeFronzo RA, Gunnarsson R, Björkman O, Olsson M, Wahren J. Effects of insulin on peripheral and splanchnic glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. Krogh-Madsen R, Thyfault JP, Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Olsen RH, Mounier R, et al. A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity. Reeves ND, Spanjaard M, Mohagheghi AA, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN. Women are believed to have more essential body fat than men because of childbearing and hormonal functions. Average percentages body fat for the general population and for various athletes are presented in table Please keep in mind that these are only rough estimates. The term athletic in this context refers to sports where low body fat is an advantage. Different sports have different requirements in terms of body composition. In some contact sports such as American football or rugby, a higher body weight is generally seen as an advantage. In sports such as gymnastics, marathon running, and other weight-bearing activities, a lower body weight and high power-to-weight ratio are extremely important. Therefore, in these sports both low body fat and low body weight are necessary. In sports such as bodybuilding, increasing lean-body mass and increasing body weight without increasing body fat are desirable. No accepted percentage body fat standards exist for athletes. The ideal body composition is highly dependent on the particular sport or discipline and should be discussed on an individual basis with the coach, physiologist, and nutritionist or dietician. Body weight and body composition should be discussed in relation to functional capacity and exercise performance. Learn more about Sport Nutrition, Second Edition. Previous Next. |
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