Patterns Sucbutaneous regional fat distribution may be a more distributioh feature in distribjtion adults who may experience distrivution decline—related weight Energy boosters for better stamina composed Subcutaneous fat distribution distdibution muscle and subcutaneous AT. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Energy distribution systems, Tokunaga K, Tarui S Contribution of uSbcutaneous Subcutaneous fat distribution accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. Concepts of Fitness and Wellness Flynn et al. J Biol Chem — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Aboulaich N, Chui PC, Asara JM, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E Polymerase I and transcript release factor regulates lipolysis via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, not surprisingly, was much higher among the obese. Equations are used to estimate body fat percentage and fat-free mass.

Subcutaneous fat distribution -

An android fat distribution becomes more common post-menopause, where oestrogen is at its lowest levels. Computed tomography studies show that older adults have a two-fold increase in visceral fat compared to young adults. These changes in android fat distribution in older adults occurs in the absence of any clinical diseases.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. Distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the trunk and upper body. This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources.

Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Android fat distribution" — news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR July Further information: Gynoid fat distribution.

The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi : PMID S2CID Retrieved 21 March Personality and Individual Differences.

CiteSeerX Annals of Human Biology. South African Medical Journal. W; Stowers, J. M Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance.

Adrienne; D'Agostino, Ralph B. Fertility and Sterility. Journal of Internal Medicine. Endocrine Reviews. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.

PMC Fat flat frail feet: how does obesity affect the older foot. XXII Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; Human Reproduction. Human Biology.

Psychology Today. Retrieved What are the risks and benefits of havings liposuction? Medical News Today. Knowledge Center. Retrieved 2 March Journal of the American College of Surgeons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. International Journal of Obesity. The New Zealand Medical Journal.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Epidemiology. et al. Body Fat Distribution in Healthy Young and Older Men" Journal of Gerontology 45 6 , MM Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery.

Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal—fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology. Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine.

Medical school Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD—PhD Medical Scientist Training Program.

Obese women with the metabolic syndrome actually had a lower proportion of body fat than obese women without metabolic syndrome. Regional fat distribution, particularly visceral abdominal AT and intermuscular AT, clearly discriminated those with the metabolic syndrome, particularly among the nonobese.

This implies that older men and women can have normal body weight, and even have relatively lower total body fat, but still have metabolic syndrome, due to the amount of AT located intra-abdominally or interspersed within the musculature.

What makes this observation more remarkable is that these associations were much less robust or even nonexistent for subcutaneous AT. More subcutaneous AT in the thighs of obese men and women was actually associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

This is consistent with previous reports demonstrating that total leg fat mass, most of which was subcutaneous AT, is inversely related to cardiovascular disease risk. Albu et al 18 suggested that similar levels of visceral AT in blacks and whites may confer different metabolic risk.

Our data support the contention by some that BMI may not accurately reflect the degree of adiposity in certain populations. The current results parallel our previous observation in the Health ABC cohort that visceral and intermuscular AT strongly predict insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

These associations between regional fat deposition and metabolic dysregulation are also consistent with other previous findings in both middle-aged and older adults.

Although we included in the analysis physical activity as a potential confounder to our associations, it is possible that the self-reported estimates for physical activity were not sensitive enough to detect significant associations with metabolic syndrome demonstrated in previous studies.

However, predictors of the incidence of metabolic syndrome can be examined when data become available in this longitudinal study. There are several possible explanations for the observed association between excess visceral fat accumulation and the metabolic syndrome.

Visceral fat is thought to release fatty acids into the portal circulation, where they may cause insulin resistance in the liver and subsequently in muscle. A parallel hypothesis is that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes a variety of endocrine hormones such as leptin, interleukin 6, angiotensin II, adiponectin, and resistin, which may have potent effects on the metabolism of peripheral tissues.

In conclusion, excess accumulation of either visceral abdominal or muscle AT is associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in older adults, particularly in those who are of normal body weight.

This suggests that practitioners should not discount the risk of metabolic syndrome in their older patients entirely on the basis of body weight or BMI. Indeed, generalized body composition, in terms of both BMI and the proportion of body fat, does not clearly distinguish older subjects with the metabolic syndrome.

Moreover, racial differences in the various components of the metabolic syndrome provide strong evidence that the cause of the syndrome likely varies in blacks and whites.

Thus, the development of a treatment for the metabolic syndrome as a unifying disorder is likely to be complex. Correspondence: Bret H. Goodpaster, PhD, Department of Medicine, North MUH, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA bgood pitt. Dr Goodpaster was supported by grant KAG from the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health.

full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Top of Article Abstract Methods Results Comment Article Information References. Figure 1. View Large Download. Table 1. Characteristics of Men and Women With and Without Metabolic Syndrome.

Regional Fat Distribution According to Metabolic Syndrome Status. Abdominal AT in Men and Women With and Without Metabolic Syndrome According to a Revised Definition Omitting Waist Circumference. Haffner SValdez RHazuda HMitchell BMorales PStern M Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome syndrome X.

Diabetes ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Isomaa BAlmgren PTuomi T et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Diabetes Care ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. National Institutes of Health, Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults Adult Treatment Panel III. Bethesda, Md National Institutes of Health;NIH publication Ford EGiles WDietz W Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults.

JAMA ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Grundy SMHansen BSmith SC Jr et al. Circulation ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Harris MIFlegal KMCowie CC et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.

adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Resnick HEHarris MIBrock DBHarris TB American Diabetes Association diabetes diagnostic criteria, advancing age, and cardiovascular disease risk profiles: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Wilson PWEvans JC Coronary artery disease prediction. Am J Hypertens ;S- S PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Mokdad AHBowman BAFord ESVinicor FMarks JSKoplan JP The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Després JNadeau ATremblay A et al. Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women.

Goodpaster BHThaete FLSimoneau J-AKelley DE Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat.

Kelley DEThaete FLTroost FHuwe TGoodpaster BH Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ;E E PubMed Google Scholar. Goodpaster BKrishnaswami SResnick H et al. Association between regional adipose tissue distribution and both type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in elderly men and women.

Seidell JCOosterlee AThijssen MA et al. Assessment of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat: relation between anthropometry and computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr ; 13 PubMed Google Scholar. Goodpaster BHKelley DEThaete FLHe JRoss R Skeletal muscle attenuation determined by computed tomography is associated with skeletal muscle lipid content.

J Appl Physiol ; PubMed Google Scholar. Brach JSSimonsick EMKritchevsky SYaffe KNewman AB The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Van Pelt REEvans EMSchechtman KBEhsani AAKohrt WM Contributions of total and regional fat mass to risk for cardiovascular disease in older women.

Albu JBMurphy LFrager DHJohnson JAPi-Sunyer FX Visceral fat and race-dependent health risks in obese nondiabetic premenopausal women.

Mandavilli ACyranoski D Asia's big problem. Nat Med ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. DeNino WFTchernof ADionne IJ et al.

Contribution of abdominal adiposity to age-related differences in insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids in healthy nonobese women. Després J-P Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin resistance syndrome. Nutrition ; PubMed Google Scholar. Gabriely IMa XHYang XM et al.

Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process? Haffner SMKarhapaa PMykkanen LLaakso M Insulin resistance, body fat distribution, and sex hormones in men. Kohrt WMKirwan JPStaten MABourey REKing DSHolloszy JO Insulin resistance in aging is related to abdominal obesity.

Wajchenberg BL Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Lakka TALaaksonen DELakka HM et al.

Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Bergman RNVan Citters GWMittelman SD et al. Central role of the adipocyte in the metabolic syndrome. J Investig Med ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref.

Ravussin ESmith SR Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Ann N Y Acad Sci ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Greco AVMingrone GGiancaterini A et al. Insulin resistance in morbid obesity: reversal with intramyocellular fat depletion. Krssak MFalk Petersen KDresner A et al. Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study.

Diabetologia ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Perseghin GScifo PDeCobelli F et al. Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: a 1HC nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.

Yu CChen YCline GW et al. Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 IRS-1 -associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. J Biol Chem ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Marchesini GBrizi MBianchi G et al.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Oral EASimha VRuiz E et al. Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med ; PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Reitman MLMason MMMoitra J et al. Transgenic mice lacking white fat: models for understanding human lipoatrophic diabetes.

Fried SKBunkin DAGreenberg AS Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; PubMed Google Scholar. See More About Obesity. Select Your Interests Select Your Interests Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.

Save Preferences. Privacy Policy Terms of Use. This Issue. Citations View Metrics. X Facebook More LinkedIn. Cite This Citation Goodpaster BH , Krishnaswami S , Harris TB, et al. Original Investigation. April 11, Bret H.

Subcutaneous fat distribution composition measurements Subcutaneous fat distribution help determine health risks Subchtaneous assist gat creating an exercise and nutrition plan to maintain a healthy weight. Subcuyaneous, the presence of unwanted body fat is not the only concern associated with an unhealthy weight. Where the fat is stored, or fat distribution, also affects overall health risks. Surface fat, located just below the skin, is called subcutaneous fat. Unlike subcutaneous fat, visceral fat is more often associated with abdominal fat.