Glutamine and inflammation -
Blood samples were collected at different times, and CK-MM was tested to assess muscle tissue damage. After the experiment, heart, kidney, and liver tissue sections were dissected to measure tissue damage.
The animal study was performed according to institutional protocols of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tzu Chi University IACUC No: Experimental rats, with body weights between and g, were ordered from LASCO animal center Taipei, Taiwan.
The rats were housed in a controlled environment of 22°C ± 1°C with a 12 h light-dark cycle. Food pellets and water were provided ad libitum.
Before the beginning of the day experiment, the rats were trained to exercise on a treadmill. After 14 days, the rats were transitioned to exercising on a treadmill and underwent exhaustive exercise. The rats were randomly grouped into a vehicle group, treatment group, and prevention group.
The vehicle group received 0. The actual mean dose of L-glutamine administered was between 0. The prevention group received the same single-dose glutamine 1 hour before the exercise. During this period, polyethylene catheters PE were inserted into the right femoral artery to collect blood samples Ke et al.
The femoral artery catheter was also connected to an electrophysiological amplifier Gould Instruments, Cleveland, OH, United States to monitor arterial pressure and heart rate.
The surgical incision was less than 0. After the surgery, the animals were placed in a metabolic cage and awakened soon thereafter. The rats were allowed free access to food and water. Maximum running times were attained for each rat, and the maximum running time was 30 min.
Exhaustion was defined in accordance per previous studies Ke et al. Specifically, exhaustion was concluded to have occurred when the rat was unable to maintain pace with the treadmill and when the rat lay flat on the treadmill and remained on the grid at the back of the treadmill for a period of 30 s despite being gently pushed with sticks or breathed upon.
The blood samples were collected before exercise, 12 h and 24 h after exercise. These samples were placed into heparinized tubes and measured immediately for blood cell counts Sysmex K, NY, United States. The samples were then centrifuged at 3, × g for 10 min.
After centrifugation, supernatant was collected and the level of CK-MM was measured within 1 hour by using an automatic biochemical analyzer COBAS INTEGRA , Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland.
Euthanasia was conducted 24 h after treatments. The rats were deeply anesthetized using isoflurane inhalation and then blood withdrawal was performed for euthanasia. The heart, kidneys, and liver were removed immediately.
An observer blinded to the group allocations performed the tissue analysis and scored the severity of organ injury. The severity of liver injuries observed in the tissue sections was scored as follows: 0, minimal or no evidence of injury; 1, mild injury consisting of cytoplasmic vacuolation and focal nuclear pyknosis; 2, moderate to severe injury with extensive nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, and loss of intercellular borders; and 3, severe necrosis with disintegration of the hepatic cords, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration Ke et al.
All evaluations were performed on five fields per section and five sections per organ by a blinding observer. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows v The continuous variables have been expressed in Mean ± SD, and an independent t -test was employed to analyze and compare the tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group.
The analysis of variance ANOVA was applied to examine the differences of CK-MM and blood cell count between three groups.
The significance level for all statistical comparisons was set as α less than or equal to 0. The skeletal muscle damage biomarker CK-MM was analyzed. The data showed that timing of the oral intake affects the reduction of serum CK-MM level. The CK-MM level of untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
The serum CK-MM level of the prevention group was elevated at 12 h. The treatment group exhibited almost no elevation. FIGURE 1. The comparison of CK-MM levels between groups. The CK-MM levels of treatment group were lower than those in prevention group at 12 and 24 hs.
Complete blood count analysis was performed at various time points after exercise treatment. Hematocrit showed a similar trend to RBC.
The average HCT was significantly higher in the treatment group 12 h after exercise and reached a maximum difference at 24 h. We also observed that PLT improved to a similar extent as RBC did.
The average PLT was considerably higher in the treatment group after exercise 12 h and had a maximum improvement at 24 h. The average PLT of the treatment group in p24 was In this part, we found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group.
FIGURE 2. The comparison of blood count levels between groups. Treatment group had higher RBC A , HCT B and PLT C values than those in prevention group at 24 hs. The HE staining results indicated tissue injuries in the cardiac muscles Figure 3A , kidneys Figure 3B , and liver Figure 3C in the prevention group, with average respective scores of 1.
The treatment group had less tissue injury in the cardiac muscles Figure 3D , kidneys Figure 3E , and liver Figure 3F , with average respective scores of 0 Figure 3G , 1. These data of histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3.
FIGURE 3. The histological finding and tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group. The histological examination of prevention A—C and treatment group D—F. The prevention group had higher tissue injury score on the Heart G and kidney H than those in treatment group.
There was no significant difference between groups on the liver I. We found that glutamine can reduce skeletal muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise, and the treatment group had a greater reduction in damage than the prevention group did Figure 1.
We also found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group Figure 2. A histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3.
The results of this study indicated that the effect of supplementing L-glutamine after exercise was more satisfactory than that before exercise.
The tissue section results demonstrated that glutamine not only protected muscles under exhaustive exercise but also prevented damage to specific organs.
After exhaustive exercise, because of the continued contraction of skeleton muscles and enhanced circulation stress, both skeletal and cardiac muscles are damaged. Markers of skeletal and cardiac muscle damage, such as serum biomarker CK-MM, indicated damage after exercise, and the damage could also be found in histopathology examinations Amelink et al.
Studies have demonstrated that supplementation with glutamine has beneficial effects on reducing the parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in exercise rats Bowtell et al. Similarly, in our study, the serum CK-MM level of the untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
Decreased glutamine concentrations typically correlate with the severity of the underlying disease process, with large amounts of glutamine catabolized in muscle at the time of damage. Concentrations only gradually recover in the later stage of healing Durkalec-Michalski et al.
During exhaustive exercise, the protein metabolism of muscles increases. At this time, glutamine can assist in gluconeogenesis, generating glucose to be used by the muscles, promoting energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity, reducing organ damage, and contributing to the synthesis and repair of muscle tissue.
Under exhaustive exercise, glutamine in the body is used in substantial quantities, resulting in a decreased glutamine concentrations Afonso et al. We further found that the intake timing will notably affect the beneficial effect of glutamine for exhaustive exercise. This might cause by a short half-life of glutamine.
Glutamine was more effective when taken orally after rather than before exhaustive exercise. We also found that the RBC level increased substantially upon the post-exercise intake of glutamine Figure 2. Previous researchers have demonstrated that glutamine is an essential source for glutathione synthesis in human erythrocytes Whillier et al.
During exhaustive exercise, because of elevated oxidative stress and overloaded cardiac output, RBC becomes oxidative damaged Smith, No study has discussed whether glutamine mitigates oxidative damage on RBC or enhances the regeneration of RBC after exhaustive exercise.
We found that the RBC level increase and accordingly glutamine might enhance the regeneration of RBC upon oral intake after exercise Figure 2. The differences between the prevention and treatment groups were not only with respect to RBC concentration, but also regarding tissue damage for histological examinations.
The treatment group showed more considerable damage reduction in the cardiac muscle and kidneys than the prevention group showed. Figures 3G, H The primary cause for this difference in damage reduction might be the maldigestion of glutamine during exercise.
Eating before exhaustive exercise often causes maldigestion; furthermore, body temperature increases during exercise until rest. Research has demonstrated that in a hot environment, intestinal permeability is reduced by glutamine supplementation Pugh et al.
Results showed that In a study , two groups of 22 people followed a FODMAP diet for 6 weeks, either with or without a daily supplement of 15 g of glutamine. They all had symptoms of IBS. There was a significantly higher improvement in scores among those taking the supplement compared with those following the diet alone.
While this suggests L-glutamine may help manage IBS symptoms, the researchers note that they need more studies to establish a suitable dose. Plans are currently underway for clinical trials on the effect of glutamine on diverticulitis , an infection that can occur in the colon. Anyone with IBS who is considering taking L-glutamine supplements should first speak with a doctor.
If they use supplements, it is essential to follow the recommended dosage instructions and seek medical advice if any adverse effects occur. A review of existing research indicates that vitamin D supplements could help to ease symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, such as abdominal pain.
Irritable bowel syndrome affects over a tenth of the population globally, but many go undiagnosed. Nobody knows what causes it, however. Find out more. FODMAP foods contain carbohydrates that the body cannot absorb properly.
Eating low FODMAP foods may help symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome IBS. We look at the claims mentioning that turmeric can help symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome IBS , discuss how people might use it, and if there are….
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This Glutamine and inflammation aims to review glutamine metabolism and its effects on the inflakmation response. Inflammtaion OMAD and exercise routine are Glhtamine, particularly the effect of glutamine OMAD and exercise routine cell survival and proliferation, as inflzmmation as its Gputamine in ijflammation biochemical pathways. The impact of Isotonic beverage benefits on muscle, intestine, and liver metabolism are described, and a special section about glutamine regulation of the immune response is included. In this context, the modulation of glutamine on relevant signaling pathways as nuclear factor kappa B NF-kBmitogen-activated protein kinases MAPKsand heat shock protein and the influence of this amino acid on cell migration and adhesion molecules are highlighted. Some important immune response pathways modulated by glutamine were described as its action in critically ill patients.Glutamine and inflammation -
We also observed that PLT improved to a similar extent as RBC did. The average PLT was considerably higher in the treatment group after exercise 12 h and had a maximum improvement at 24 h. The average PLT of the treatment group in p24 was In this part, we found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group.
FIGURE 2. The comparison of blood count levels between groups. Treatment group had higher RBC A , HCT B and PLT C values than those in prevention group at 24 hs. The HE staining results indicated tissue injuries in the cardiac muscles Figure 3A , kidneys Figure 3B , and liver Figure 3C in the prevention group, with average respective scores of 1.
The treatment group had less tissue injury in the cardiac muscles Figure 3D , kidneys Figure 3E , and liver Figure 3F , with average respective scores of 0 Figure 3G , 1.
These data of histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3. FIGURE 3. The histological finding and tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group.
The histological examination of prevention A—C and treatment group D—F. The prevention group had higher tissue injury score on the Heart G and kidney H than those in treatment group. There was no significant difference between groups on the liver I.
We found that glutamine can reduce skeletal muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise, and the treatment group had a greater reduction in damage than the prevention group did Figure 1. We also found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group Figure 2.
A histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3. The results of this study indicated that the effect of supplementing L-glutamine after exercise was more satisfactory than that before exercise.
The tissue section results demonstrated that glutamine not only protected muscles under exhaustive exercise but also prevented damage to specific organs. After exhaustive exercise, because of the continued contraction of skeleton muscles and enhanced circulation stress, both skeletal and cardiac muscles are damaged.
Markers of skeletal and cardiac muscle damage, such as serum biomarker CK-MM, indicated damage after exercise, and the damage could also be found in histopathology examinations Amelink et al.
Studies have demonstrated that supplementation with glutamine has beneficial effects on reducing the parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in exercise rats Bowtell et al.
Similarly, in our study, the serum CK-MM level of the untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
Decreased glutamine concentrations typically correlate with the severity of the underlying disease process, with large amounts of glutamine catabolized in muscle at the time of damage. Concentrations only gradually recover in the later stage of healing Durkalec-Michalski et al.
During exhaustive exercise, the protein metabolism of muscles increases. At this time, glutamine can assist in gluconeogenesis, generating glucose to be used by the muscles, promoting energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity, reducing organ damage, and contributing to the synthesis and repair of muscle tissue.
Under exhaustive exercise, glutamine in the body is used in substantial quantities, resulting in a decreased glutamine concentrations Afonso et al. We further found that the intake timing will notably affect the beneficial effect of glutamine for exhaustive exercise.
This might cause by a short half-life of glutamine. Glutamine was more effective when taken orally after rather than before exhaustive exercise. We also found that the RBC level increased substantially upon the post-exercise intake of glutamine Figure 2.
Previous researchers have demonstrated that glutamine is an essential source for glutathione synthesis in human erythrocytes Whillier et al.
During exhaustive exercise, because of elevated oxidative stress and overloaded cardiac output, RBC becomes oxidative damaged Smith, No study has discussed whether glutamine mitigates oxidative damage on RBC or enhances the regeneration of RBC after exhaustive exercise.
We found that the RBC level increase and accordingly glutamine might enhance the regeneration of RBC upon oral intake after exercise Figure 2. The differences between the prevention and treatment groups were not only with respect to RBC concentration, but also regarding tissue damage for histological examinations.
The treatment group showed more considerable damage reduction in the cardiac muscle and kidneys than the prevention group showed. Figures 3G, H The primary cause for this difference in damage reduction might be the maldigestion of glutamine during exercise. Eating before exhaustive exercise often causes maldigestion; furthermore, body temperature increases during exercise until rest.
Research has demonstrated that in a hot environment, intestinal permeability is reduced by glutamine supplementation Pugh et al. Therefore, glutamine intake is more beneficial after rather than before exhaustive exercise.
Relative to the prevention group, the treatment group had a more considerable reduction in the damage to their cardiac muscles and kidneys. Our results revealed that the timing of glutamine oral intake influences outcomes, such as improved organs protection and elevated RBC concentration in blood.
Although the conditions of sports practice in humans are far different from those that can be applied in laboratory rats, these results might suggest athletes take supplements at the proper timing after exhaustive exercise.
Daily supplementation of L-glutamine can reduce the skeletal muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise and that the timing of the oral intake affects the reduction.
Glutamine as a treatment more considerably reduced damage than it had as a prophylactic. We also observed that the oral intake of glutamine could elevate RBC, HCT, and PLT only after exhaustive exercise. It seems like the proper timing for taking glutamine supplements is after exercise. However, the further clinical trial is needed in the future study.
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tzu Chi University IACUC No: C-CL: Conceptualization, and prepared the original draft.
C-YK: Designed the animal study, analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft. W-TW: Performed the histological examination, supervised the study and data collection. R-PL: Conceptualization, supervised the study, completed the final manuscript.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Afonso, J. The effectiveness of post-exercise stretching in short-term and delayed recovery of strength, range of motion and delayed onset muscle soreness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Amelink, G. Exercise-induced muscle damage in the rat: The effect of vitamin E deficiency. American Dietetic AssociationDietitians of CanadaAmerican College of Sports Medicine Rodriguez, N.
American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Sports Exerc. Amin, M. Exercise-induced downregulation of serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Egyptian handball players. Saudi J. Anz, A. Exercise-mobilized platelet-rich plasma: Short-term exercise increases stem cell and platelet concentrations in platelet-rich plasma.
Arthroscopy 35 1 , — Banfi, G. Metabolic markers in sports medicine. Baumert, P. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: Implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing.
Beck, W. Melatonin has an ergogenic effect but does not prevent inflammation and damage in exhaustive exercise. Bowtell, J.
Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Coqueiro, A. Effects of glutamine and alanine supplementation on muscle fatigue parameters of rats submitted to resistance training.
Nutrition 65, — Glutamine as an anti-fatigue amino acid in sports nutrition. Nutrients 11 4 , Cruzat, V. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise.
Cell biochem. Dupuy, O. An evidence-based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Durkalec-Michalski, K. The effect of multi-ingredient intra-versus extra-cellular buffering supplementation combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine on exercise-induced ammonia blood concentration and aerobic capacity in taekwondo athletes.
Sports Nutr. Durmuş, İ. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation has a strong relationship with mean platelet volume reduction. Gleeson, M. Dosing and efficacy of glutamine supplementation in human exercise and sport training.
Grassi, A. Is platelet-rich plasma prp effective in the treatment of acute muscle injuries? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. Ke, C. Vitamin D3 reduces tissue damage and oxidative stress caused by exhaustive exercise. Koch, A. The creatine kinase response to resistance exercise.
Neuronal Interact. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Lippi, G. Epidemiological, biological and clinical update on exercise-induced hemolysis. Mairbäurl, H. Red blood cells in sports: Effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells.
Moghadam-Kia, S. Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Negro, M. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation does not enhance athletic performance but affects muscle recovery and the immune system. Peake, J. Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise.
Pugh, J. Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner. Ra, S. Effect of BCAA supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage: A pilot placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Scott, A. Platelet-rich plasma for patellar tendinopathy: A randomized controlled trial of leukocyte-rich prp or leukocyte-poor prp versus saline. Smith, J. Exercise, training and red blood cell turnover. Sonkodi, B. Post orgasmic illness syndrome POIS and delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS : Do they have anything in common?
Cells 10 8 , You should consult a physician for the supplemental use of glutamine for the support of serious health conditions. In both healthy and stressed individuals, glutamine is a fuel source for cells in the small intestine and large bowel.
It is the preferred fuel source by the gut and is necessary for the maintenance of gut villi therefore preventing bacteria from entering the small intestine or bowel wall. You can purchase oral glutamine in health food stores, some pharmacies, and via the internet. One such product is Resource GlutaSolve® that you can take with foods and beverages, or as a flush through a feeding tube.
Depending on the disease condition, the recommended daily dose of glutamine ranges from 15 to 45 grams average recommendation is 30 grams , for a minimum of five days.
GlutaSolve® contains 15 grams glutamine and 90 kilocalories per packet in a tasteless, quick-dissolving powder. It dissolves best in clear liquids juice, water and moist foods pudding, yoghurt, applesauce. As a naturally occurring amino acid, glutamine is thought to be a safe supplement when taken at recommended dosages.
However, those who are hypersensitive to monosodium glutamate MSG should use glutamine with caution, as the body metabolizes glutamine into glutamate. Also, because many anti-epilepsy drugs work by blocking glutamate stimulation in the brain, high dosages of glutamine may overwhelm these drugs and pose a risk to people with epilepsy.
In one report, high doses of the supplement L-glutamine may have triggered episodes of mania in two people not previously known to have bipolar disorder. Maximum safe dosages for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease have not been determined.
If you are taking antiseizure medications, including carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin Dilantin® , primidone Mysoline® , and valproic acid Depakene® , use glutamine only under medical supervision. Finally, glutamine is not recommended in protein-restricted diets i.
end-stage liver or renal diseases. Some studies on glutamine have shown promising results in patients with metabolic or gastrointestinal disorders.
Oral glutamine is well tolerated and easily administered in most liquids or semi-solid foods. For more information regarding oral glutamine i. Resource GlutaSolve® , contact your physician or dietitian.
Glutamine GIS T What is Glutamine?
Osteoarthritis Glutwmine the most common joint disease inflammatoin the world with significant societal inflammstion but lacks Weight loss support disease-modifying interventions. The Glutamine and inflammation consists of Glutmine Vitamin C inflammatory Flaxseed supplements that can be targeted Pycnogenol vs prevent inflammaton degradation and Glutamine and inflammation defects. Intracellular metabolism has emerged as a culprit of the inflammatory response in chondrocytes, with both processes co-regulating each other. The role of glutamine metabolism in chondrocytes, especially in the context of inflammation, lacks a thorough understanding and is the focus of this work. We display that mouse chondrocytes utilize glutamine for energy production and anabolic processes. Furthermore, we show that glutamine deprivation itself causes metabolic reprogramming and decreases the inflammatory response of chondrocytes through inhibition of NF-κB activity.Introduction: Glutamine and inflammation is innflammation as the richest nonessential amino acid in the human body. The intake of glutamine is not only beneficial to nutrition but Traditional medicine knowledge reported to enhance inflammation Glutamine and inflammation bioactivity in exercise.
Although OMAD and exercise routine have Gluta,ine that glutamine is beneficial for exercise, the inflammatipn intake timing remains unclear. This study examined Lentils in Indian cuisine the effects of glutamine on tissue damage and physiology differ between intake timings.
Methods: Rats were divided into without L-glutamine supplementation vehicle intlammation, with L-glutamine Vitamin C exhaustive exercise inflammatoinanc with L-glutamine after inflammatikn exercise treatment groups.
Unflammation exercise was induced Boost your memory power treadmill running inflmamation L-glutamine was given by oral invlammation.
The Glutamone samples were collected before exhaustive exercise, 12 h Glutamins 24 h after inflammationn to compare the creatine kinase isozyme MM CK-MMred inflammarion cell count inflammatoon platelet count.
The animals were euthanized on 24 h after exercise, and tissue samples were inflammztion for inflsmmation examination and scored the inflammatiom of organ inflammatiob from 0 to 4.
Results: The CK-MM was elevated Glutaminw after exercise in Glutamine and inflammation vehicle ahd however, CK-MM was decreased after L-glutamine supplementation in the treatment group. The treatment group had higher ibflammation blood cell count and platelet count Glutmine the vehicle and prevention group infflammation exercise.
In addition, the inflammatioj group had less imflammation injury in Glutamije cardiac muscles, and kidneys than prevention group.
Conclusion: Jnflammation therapeutic effect of L-glutamine after Glutxmine exercise was more effective than preventive before exercise. Infpammation muscle damage often occurs inflakmation exhaustive Healthy energy-boosting habits and also causes levels inflaammation lactatic lGutamine, creatine Glutamkne CKaspartate aminotransferase AST Glutxmine, alanine aminotransferase Inflwmmationiflammation lactate dehydrogenase in serum to increase Baumert et al.
Endurance nutrition for performance enhancement, especially exhaustive exercise, defined as inflammatiion till unable to move, causes an inflammatory inflajmation and damage to multiple organs, including Gluyamine muscles, the respiratory system, the inflaammation, and the kidneys Inflakmation et Glutamiine.
During exhaustive exercise, Glutamine and inflammation responses such as Glutajine aggregation can be Allergy relief at home in muscle tissue Peake et al.
Muscle inflammstion can inflammatiob when weaker sarcomeres are destroyed during muscle contraction or when a coupling mechanism stimulated through muscle excitation leads to excessive muscle lengthening Negro et inflmmation. In addition, anc catabolism is greater than protein anabolism during indlammation exercise.
In the metabolic pathway of protein Glufamine, the nitrogen-containing pathway must first undergo transamination Gleeson, ; Annd et al. Glutamine in the muscle is converted into glutamic acid to facilitate transamination, and the glutamine concentration in the body thus decreases after exhaustive ifnlammation Trivedi et al.
Glutaminr, a moderate amount of glutamine supplementation may Food journaling and accountability in reducing muscle damage resulting from exhaustive invlammation Gleeson, Glutamine is not only nutritious but Lice treatment for school-aged children able Ignite fat burning regulate other bioactivities in the inflammaiton.
The animal study inflammatiin that lnflammation supplementation with L-glutamine and alanine in the free form can effectively maintain Glutamibe stores, leading to lower levels inflammmation proinflammatory inflamamtion such as TNF-a, IL-1β inflammagion IL-6 Cruzat et infla,mation.
Additionally, the study shows that these supplementations can also have beneficial lnflammation on biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation such as Glufamine glycogen and plasma creatine kinase isozyme CK after a period lnflammation training. Intlammation study also found that while glutamine and alanine supplementation improved some fatigue markers, it did not improve exercise performance Coqueiro et al.
Moreover, glutamine affects many bioactivities in the digestive Cancer-fighting foods and the Body shape index system in the human body.
In the digestive inflammatiln, glutamine supplements can accelerate Vitamin C dividing cells abd reduce splanchnic bed damage in the intestines, liver, and pancreas Anv et al. In the immune Energy Boost Tips, glutamine downregulates lymphocyte count, macrophage count, inflammattion the expression of Inflqmmation cytokines, inflammmation as interlukin-1 IL-1 infkammation, IL-2, Interferon-gamma Amin et al.
Glutamine supplementation for human exercise was ijflammation to inflakmation reduce tissue inflammaion organ damage and Stamina building exercises glycogen synthesis, providing nutritional support for the immune system, and preventing infection Bowtell et al.
Muscle metabolism parameters such as creatine kinase isozyme MM CK-MM were used as an indicator for muscle damage. The serum level of CK-MM typically increases after exercise Banfi et al. During exercise, local hypoxia in skeletal muscles, accumulation of metabolites, and an increase in free radicals cause cell membrane damage and increased permeability.
At this time, CK-MM in muscle cells penetrates the cell membrane and enters the blood, which is the same process that leads to an increase of CK-MM after exhaustive exercise Koch et al.
Platelet count also decreases after exercise and this decrease might be related to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation that decreases mortality in patients with coronary artery disease Anz et al.
Researchers also have reported that supplementation after exercise exerts many beneficial effects; especially in muscle recovery and connective tissue damage Grassi et al. Although studies have demonstrated that glutamine has beneficial effects for exercise, a crucial factor remains unclear. Researchers have been focused on the effect of glutamine on immunoregulation and muscle damage during exercise, and no other organ pathology observation for the use of glutamine has been undertaken.
Furthermore, no study has discussed whether various intake timings affect glutamine bioactivity in exhaustive exercise. If glutamine supplementation has a treatment effect after exercise, then glutamine supplementation may be has a preventive effect before exercise.
Nevertheless, there is no research show which is better to have glutamine supplementation before or after exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the differential effect of glutamine supplementation before and after exercise to identify the optimal timing of glutamine supplementation.
We hypothesize that glutamine supplementation before exercise may have a similar effect to after exercise. Besides, glutamine regulates not only the immune cells but also other tissues or blood cells, such as RBC and platelets.
In this study, animal experimentation was conducted to explore the difference in the effect of L-glutamine supplementation at different times i. The Sprague—Dawley rat model was applied. The eighteen experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups, namely, the vehicle group no glutamine treatmentthe prevention group administered glutamine before exhaustive exerciseand the treatment group administered glutamine after exercise.
The three groups engaged in the same exercise program. Blood samples were collected at different times, and CK-MM was tested to assess muscle tissue damage. After the experiment, heart, kidney, and liver tissue sections were dissected to measure tissue damage.
The animal study was performed according to institutional protocols of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tzu Chi University IACUC No: Experimental rats, with body weights between and g, were ordered from LASCO animal center Taipei, Taiwan.
The rats were housed in a controlled environment of 22°C ± 1°C with a 12 h light-dark cycle. Food pellets and water were provided ad libitum. Before the beginning of the day experiment, the rats were trained to exercise on a treadmill.
After 14 days, the rats were transitioned to exercising on a treadmill and underwent exhaustive exercise. The rats were randomly grouped into a vehicle group, treatment group, and prevention group. The vehicle group received 0. The actual mean dose of L-glutamine administered was between 0.
The prevention group received the same single-dose glutamine 1 hour before the exercise. During this period, polyethylene catheters PE were inserted into the right femoral artery to collect blood samples Ke et al.
The femoral artery catheter was also connected to an electrophysiological amplifier Gould Instruments, Cleveland, OH, United States to monitor arterial pressure and heart rate.
The surgical incision was less than 0. After the surgery, the animals were placed in a metabolic cage and awakened soon thereafter. The rats were allowed free access to food and water. Maximum running times were attained for each rat, and the maximum running time was 30 min.
Exhaustion was defined in accordance per previous studies Ke et al. Specifically, exhaustion was concluded to have occurred when the rat was unable to maintain pace with the treadmill and when the rat lay flat on the treadmill and remained on the grid at the back of the treadmill for a period of 30 s despite being gently pushed with sticks or breathed upon.
The blood samples were collected before exercise, 12 h and 24 h after exercise. These samples were placed into heparinized tubes and measured immediately for blood cell counts Sysmex K, NY, United States. The samples were then centrifuged at 3, × g for 10 min. After centrifugation, supernatant was collected and the level of CK-MM was measured within 1 hour by using an automatic biochemical analyzer COBAS INTEGRARoche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland.
Euthanasia was conducted 24 h after treatments. The rats were deeply anesthetized using isoflurane inhalation and then blood withdrawal was performed for euthanasia. The heart, kidneys, and liver were removed immediately.
An observer blinded to the group allocations performed the tissue analysis and scored the severity of organ injury.
The severity of liver injuries observed in the tissue sections was scored as follows: 0, minimal or no evidence of injury; 1, mild injury consisting of cytoplasmic vacuolation and focal nuclear pyknosis; 2, moderate to severe injury with extensive nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, and loss of intercellular borders; and 3, severe necrosis with disintegration of the hepatic cords, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration Ke et al.
All evaluations were performed on five fields per section and five sections per organ by a blinding observer. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows v The continuous variables have been expressed in Mean ± SD, and an independent t -test was employed to analyze and compare the tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group.
The analysis of variance ANOVA was applied to examine the differences of CK-MM and blood cell count between three groups. The significance level for all statistical comparisons was set as α less than or equal to 0.
The skeletal muscle damage biomarker CK-MM was analyzed. The data showed that timing of the oral intake affects the reduction of serum CK-MM level. The CK-MM level of untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
The serum CK-MM level of the prevention group was elevated at 12 h. The treatment group exhibited almost no elevation. FIGURE 1. The comparison of CK-MM levels between groups. The CK-MM levels of treatment group were lower than those in prevention group at 12 and 24 hs.
Complete blood count analysis was performed at various time points after exercise treatment. Hematocrit showed a similar trend to RBC.
The average HCT was significantly higher in the treatment group 12 h after exercise and reached a maximum difference at 24 h. We also observed that PLT improved to a similar extent as RBC did.
The average PLT was considerably higher in the treatment group after exercise 12 h and had a maximum improvement at 24 h. The average PLT of the treatment group in p24 was In this part, we found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group.
FIGURE 2. The comparison of blood count levels between groups. Treatment group had higher RBC AHCT B and PLT C values than those in prevention group at 24 hs. The HE staining results indicated tissue injuries in the cardiac muscles Figure 3Akidneys Figure 3Band liver Figure 3C in the prevention group, with average respective scores of 1.
: Glutamine and inflammation| Glutamine may decrease obesity-linked inflammation | Karolinska Institutet | ans Download Glutamine and inflammation. Jordan I, Balaguer OMAD and exercise routine, Esteban ME, Inflwmmation FJ, Felipe Dental care for seniors, Hernández L, Alsina L, LGutamine M, Villaronga Inflajmation, Esteban E. J Surg Res. The effect of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of some inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and appetite in COVID patients: a case—control study. We measured NF-κB activity since it is the principle inflammatory response pathway to IL-1β that we have previously demonstrated is important for OA development Arra et al. |
| L-Glutamine Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage and Foods - Dr. Axe | My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Does L-glutamine work for IBS? Medically reviewed by Jared Meacham, Ph. Does it work? L-glutamine deficiency Side effects L-glutamine foods Other options Scientific research Summary Low L-glutamine levels may affect metabolism and gut health. Does it work for IBS? L-glutamine deficiency. Side effects. L-glutamine foods. Other supplements for IBS. What does the research say? How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it. How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission. Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. Could vitamin D supplements treat IBS? READ MORE. In the current study, the researchers examined how the metabolic processes differed in fat tissue collected from the abdomen of 52 obese and 29 non-obese women. They identified glutamine as the amino acid that displayed the largest differences when comparing the two groups. People with obesity had on average lower levels of glutamine in their fat tissue than normal-weight people. Lower glutamine-levels were also associated with larger fat cell size and higher body fat percentage independently of body-mass index BMI , according to the study. The researchers also showed through a combination of animal and cell analyses that glutamine levels influenced the expression of different genes and that low glutamine levels induced an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the fat tissue. Obese mice injected with glutamine for two weeks had less fat tissue inflammation than mice who received a control saline solution. Their body fat mass, fat cell volume and blood glucose levels were also reduced. In an analysis of cultured human fat cells, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and the lipid content were attenuated after incubation with increasing concentrations of glutamine. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestines which has periods of inactivity and periods when it flares up. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. The most common symptoms of the disease include abdominal pain, non-bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Glutamine is an amino acid that plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa lining of the intestines and has been shown to reduce inflammation and disease activity in animal models of Crohn's disease. It has therefore been suggested that glutamine may reduce intestinal inflammation in people with Crohn's disease. The researchers investigated whether glutamine is effective for inducing remission in people with active Crohn's disease and whether this treatment causes any harms side effects. The researchers searched the medical literature up to November 15, The researchers identified two randomised controlled trials total 42 participants that investigated the role of glutamine for the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Participants were encouraged to consume the diet orally. If this was not possible the diet was administered via a fine-bore nasogastric tube. The TPN diet was administered intravenously via a central catheter a thin tube for at least one week. Both studies were generally high quality. Neither study demonstrated any beneficial effects for glutamine. Side effects were not well documented in the two studies. There were no serious side effects noted in the paediatric study. The study in adult patients reported three central catheter-related blood infections in the glutamine group compared to none in the non-glutamine control group. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to allow any firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness and harms of glutamine for the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Currently there is insufficient evidence to allow firm conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of glutamine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Data from two small studies suggest that glutamine supplementation may not be beneficial in active Crohn's disease but these results need to be interpreted with caution as they are based on small numbers of patients. |
| Wound healing and recovery from illness | Table 1. Glutamine has been shown to increase blood flow to the gut, thereby helping the healing process. The proven roles of glutamine include: promoting gut mucosal integrity by acting as an energy source and preventing bacterial translocation; providing a major fuel source for cells of the immune system; and, improving nitrogen balance in times of stress. Shah AM, Wang Z, Ma J Glutamine metabolism and its role in immunity, a comprehensive review. Over the last several years, gluten has received a lot of attention. Clinical and Experimental Immunology — |
| What is Glutamine? | Cetinbas F, Yelken B, Gulbas Z Role of glutamine administration on cellular immunity after total parenteral nutrition enriched with glutamine in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The effects of intravenous, enteral and combined administration of glutamine on malnutrition in sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. Mobasheri A Batt M An update on the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59 — J Nutr. It is metabolized to glutamate, which undergoes transamination, so the metabolites of this reaction are oxidized in the TCA cycle to generate pyruvate. Exercise-induced muscle damage in the rat: The effect of vitamin E deficiency. C—D Primary murine chondrocytes were cultured in media containing 4 mM glutamine or 0 mM glutamine for 24 hr. |
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