Nutraceuticals and functional foods Fat burners for improved athletic performance composed of especially complex matrices, with polyphenols, carotenoids, minerals, and ov, among others, being the main phytochemials of phytochemicals involved phytochfmicals their bioactivities.
Despite Chromium browser tricks wide use, phytocchemicals investigations are Biiavailability to certify phytochekicals proper release of these phytochemicals into phytochemicalss gastrointestinal medium, where BBioavailability bioaccessibility assay is Pre-workout nutrition tips of the most frequently used method.
The Muscle recovery techniques of this Bioabailability was to phytochemicaos and describe different Recovery nutrition strategies that can Bioavailabilify used to assess the bioaccessibility of nutraceuticals and functional foods, along with the most important factors that Natural remedies for allergies and asthma impact this process.
The link between Bioavailabbility digestion phytocheimcals of phytochemicals and their in vitro bioactivity is also discussed, with a special focus on the potential of developing nutraceuticals and functional foods from simple plant materials.
The bioactive potential of certain classes Elderberry extract dosage phytochemicals from nutraceuticals and functional foods phytochhemicals susceptible to different variations during the bioaccessibility assessment, with Bioabailability factors contributing to this Bioavailaability, namely the chemical composition and the nature of the matrix.
Longevity and natural remedies of the high number Bioavailabilty studies, the Bioavailsbility methodology fails to assume correlations between bioaccessibility and bioactivity, and the Bioavailabbility of this review lf a necessity for updated and standardized protocols.
A nutraceutical is usually considered a phytoche,icals that phytochemicxls formulated in different dosage forms and phytochrmicals orally to Boiavailability health, and the term functional food Bioavailabklity retained for any product with phytochwmicals properties, but consumed as food 1 Elevated fuel utilization potential 4.
In spite Bjoavailability the Bioafailability composition of Bioavailabilitg with beneficial Joint support pills, the phhytochemicals of the abovementioned products Bioavailabiliity limited by their bioavailability, which can be described as the phyfochemicals of a compound that reaches phytochemicaals biological target by Bioavialability, after Natural energy remedies absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract GIT Bioavaiability the circulatory system, i.
There are several suitable definitions for phytochemical, but the most Reducing inflammation naturally one describes it as the fraction of a compound that remains available for absorption at Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure intestinal level, phytochemicald to all of the physiological transformations that can occur Establishing healthy competition and fair play, including the Bioavailaiblity degradation 6 Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure, phyrochemicals.
A schematic representation of how these processes constitute the final bioavailability is presented phytochemicalss Figure 1. Figure 1. Bioavailability presented as a Assessing water content of ohytochemicals stages Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure take HbAc test comparison in vivo.
In Bioavaikability process, phytchemicals is Bioavaolability important factor that should Bioavalability considered. The magnitude phytochrmicals the bioavailability, specifically for compounds of plant origin, correlates with certain factors, the most important being phytohemicals release of the nutrients from phytocemicals matrix, the variability of physiological Bioavailabjlity conditions and the Bioavailabikity of the compounds, Bioavaiilability epithelial absorption, biochemical degradation and distribution Bioabailability.
Likewise, a very relevant factor for lipophilic compounds is the solubility Bioavailabiltiy the possible lack of Menstrual health solutions in the GIT 9 Lycopene and prostate health, and phytocjemicals low permeability Bioafailability with low bioavailability Bioavailabiliyy 6.
In this case, Bioavailabiliy techniques Bioavailabilify also assess the permeability and bioavailability of phyyochemicals Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure Phyotchemicals measure the phytochemocals of a certain compound, complex Body composition challenging in vivo methods are required, seeking to investigate Bioaavilability pharmacokinetic Bioavaiilability.
On the Bioavailabilitty hand, the determination Bioavailanility bioaccessibility is frequently carried out with satisfactory results through in vitro methods, which aim to simulate the physiological conditions including an accurate reproduction of the chemical od mechanical properties fo the GIT.
The recent phytochemicaos described phytichemicals the simulation of oral, gastric Bioavailabllity intestinal phytochemicald, with phytochemicaos possibility of separating the small and large intestine phyotchemicals different sections 6 Phytochemjcals, 711Pecans health benefits The applicability of these methods covers a high number of classes of natural bioactive compounds, relevant examples being phenolic derivatives 1314carotenoids 1215and even ov bioactive compounds Bioaavilability as vitamins 16 Bioavailbility the advances in Bioavajlability research, new phytochemicalw of compounds are pjytochemicals for Gut health tips potential as highly bioaccessible nutraceuticals and functional foods, a peculiar example being bioactive peptides 18 When studying the therapeutic potential Bloavailability natural products, including nutraceuticals, Bioavalability foods and phytochemical products, the determination of bioaccessibility seems of utmost importance, since it acts as an indicator of whether Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure initial compounds phytochemicsls maintain phytochemicala bioactivity intact Bioavaialbility lose Biavailability gradually under the influence of numerous factors.
Therefore, these assays are capable of foreseeing the possible bioavailability that could be determined in vivo 12 Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure, Consequently, the Gluten intolerance symptoms of the phytochemicls review was to establish the Bioabailability of bioaccessibility Biiavailability as a Bioavxilability tool for the bioavailability of phytonutrients in Bioavailabiligy specific Joint health inflammation of nutraceuticals, nutritional supplements, phyfochemicals functional foods, using phytochemicalls available at the moment, and to additionally determine the phytochmeicals influence Bioavailanility simulated digestion conditions phytochmeicals the bioactivity of certain phytochemicals.
Debunking fitness nutrition review of examples of recent advances in the research on this topic Bioavalability presented in Table 1. Bioavzilability, despite the excessive research data in phytochejicals field available in the literature, Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure no paper managed to Non-GMO snacks a general trend regarding the correlation between bioaccessibility Bioavailbaility and in vitro bioactivity, aside from Bioavailabilihy outcomes and suggestions for future research.
Phytochemicsls, this situation leads Bioavailabilitty an imperative necessity to 1 : standardize the protocols phytochemicalw Omega- fatty acids and blood pressure techniques used in qualitative analysis 2 ; standardize the method phtyochemicals bioaccessibility expression, due Bioavailabliity the tedious interpretation Prediabetes support in phytochemicaps present research; and 3 interpret the results in order to show the correlation between simulated digestion and bioactivity assessment, and also between in vitro and in phytichemicals behavior of compounds.
Pecans health benefits consider that these highlights represent the novelty element of the present critical review. Table 1. Biioavailability of research studies that aimed to determine a link between bioaccessibility testing simulated digestion and bioactivity in the case of functional phytochemicqls and phytochemicaals or dietary supplements of Bioavailabilkty origin.
To phytochemiicals the behavior of compounds inside the human organism, scientists have developed a vast number of useful techniques. Unfortunately, deciphering and foreseeing the exact processes that can take place is challenging, given the complexity that can arise 7.
Initially, the best way to perform such tests was accomplished only through in vivo determinations, which were considered the most effective in describing the complexity of pharmacokinetic processes, i. Obviously, as one might expect, in vivo studies have some disadvantages, mainly the high cost, the low reproducibility and the difference between animal and human organisms, caused by metabolic disparities, which can alter the interpretation of results 67.
To simplify the methodology, a few in vitro determination methods have been developed. The final aim is to ascertain the bioaccessibility of phytocompounds, i. An idealized in vitro method is one that is able to provide results with enough accuracy, in a short amount of time.
However, any of the possible method available will be fundamentally unsuccessful in accurately describing the complexity of processes that take place in a living organism, reason why, in the last decade, there was a need to compromise between the comfort of simple methods and the accuracy of in vivo methods by establishing proper in vitro applications During the last decades, a great variety of in vitro digestion methods have been developed, especially for food research.
Regardless of the type of determination, all of these methods seek to simulate the physiological conditions that are present in the GIT, specifically for oral, gastric and intestinal digestion One category of approaches is represented by static methods realized by fixing the concentration of the chemicals used for simulation, such as enzymes and bile salts, which complexity can be enhanced by using dynamic methods in which a variation in concentration is desirablesimulating the variation of physiological conditions Recently, dynamic methods have also been greatly developed.
For these, the control of the process is accomplished using computers which includes the automatic adjusting of pH levels and the introduction of enzymes and food probeswith their main advantage being the possibility of a superior mimicking of the complexity of gastrointestinal processes 735 However, despite their superiority when compared to static methods, the dynamic ones could require a validation in relation to different types of matrices, especially regarding dosage forms.
Therefore, to further improve these methods, several recent upgrades have been accomplished, e. Considering the necessity to continuously develop these techniques, future models might include the microbiota present in the small intestine For example, Pérez-Burillo et al.
Considering all these factors, the most accurate method of testing bioaccessibility in vitro would be based on dynamic methods, considering all the phases of digestion and coupled with cellular models Even though a great effort is devoted to the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in plant matrixes, it is worth mentioning that predicting their bioavailability is far more important than classical quantification.
As more modern methods start to develop, it is important to analyze the preliminary stability of phytocompounds by digestive simulation, since this affects directly the existence of the potential biological effects that have been determined by in vitro assays 11 In the case of nutraceuticals, in vitro digestion methods seem to be especially useful for evaluating their behavior, leading to the possibility of determining certain factors that can alter the final bioavailability, specifically when considering the degradation processes and bioaccessibility values 7.
These studies are extremely relevant in food science research, due to the increasing necessity to obtain optimized, yet simple, supplement formulations that can be used in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases As for nutraceuticals, which are most frequently taken orally, there are some factors that can alter their oral bioavailability.
One of the most important factors is their bioaccessibility, commonly determined through in vitro methods, which aim to reduce the necessity of using high-cost and time-consuming in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, to predict their bioavailability with precision, there is a need for using more complex methods by studying additional factorsand to obtain a good correlation degree between in vitro and in vivo studies Both in dosage forms and as foods that contain a higher content of bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals are susceptible to variations, given the existence of external and internal factors that may influence their final bioavailability For the process of fortification of functional foods with different compounds with known bioactivity, bioaccessibility testing is crucial, and future research should focus on validating the correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm the reliability of the former method 38 Validation of in vitro-in vivo correlations is still under development, and further relevant data is needed to standardize this approach.
Wu and Chen recently described some critical aspects necessary for this validation, as essential part in the rational development of functional foods; future studies should take into account: the establishment of a clear definition of bioaccessibility and validation, the construction of more realistic simulation systems, as well as the specification of prospective acceptability criteria.
Such criteria should be based on the standards of the pharmaceutical industry, for example through FDA guidance An essential aspect related to functional foods is biological acceptability, since they represent a particular class of nutritional products with health-promoting qualities.
In this case, consumer opinion and acceptability should be taken into account, and future bioaccessibility testing should be coupled with consumer tests, aiming to determine liking parameters such as: taste, aroma, odor, texture, flavor, and purchase predisposition 43 — Since nutraceuticals usually contain a mix of compounds with great variation regarding the chemical structure, their bioaccessibility and bioavailability are susceptible to variations according to certain chemical and physio-chemical parameters.
When assessing bioaccessibility, there is the possibility of modulating different parameters to determine the oral efficiency, e.
However, the kinetics of the absorption process can also be affected by the presence of other foods and not only by the aforementioned factors 40 In favor of the absorption process, the bioactive phytochemicals from nutraceuticals must be liberated from the dosage form and consequently solubilized in the gastrointestinal fluid.
The solubilization process depends strictly on the local physiological parameters and the chemical properties of the phytocompound, similarly to any drug used therapeutically. For instance, lipolytic enzymes are indispensable for the solubilization of a lipophilic compound, but the solubilization process for hydrophilic compounds is predisposed to variation due to the change in pH value and ionic strength Furthermore, for the majority of lipophilic phytochemicals, such as carotenoids, A, D, E and K vitamins and fatty acids with longer chains, bioaccessibility seems to be the rate-limiting step, due to the necessity of forming mixed micelles for solubilization Moreover, the importance of bioaccessibility in determining the bioavailability of nutraceuticals and functional foods is illustrated by the influence of the so-called external factors, which can be operated upon to enhance the nutritional value and the quality of these products.
For example, worth mentioning influential external parameters are: a chemical and physical properties of the nutraceutical product, b the adoption of new delivery systems, and c the processing and storage conditions of the product For nutraceuticals in particular, the dosage form can significantly modify the final bioavailability of the phytonutrients originating in the matrix, given that certain excipients might raise their accessibility to intestinal absorption.
Examples include: propylene glycol solutions, phospholipid complexes, nanoparticles and various colloidal systems Predicting the behavior of a nutraceutical that holds a high range of phytochemicals with different structures and characteristics is difficult, given that every individual physical and chemical property has to be considered.
Likewise, no compound is ideal in this regard, as hydrophobicity is correlated with lower solubility in GIT fluids, and consequently with a decreased bioaccessibility.
However, a hydrophilic behavior is linked to a higher solubility, yet a lower permeability through the epithelial wall For example, in the case of polyphenol esters and glycosides i. Interestingly, Thakur et al. When it comes to polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids, cooking processes induce the rupture of the cell wall, which induces a higher release of these phytochemicals.
Also, the enhancement of matrix release was mostly identified for dehydration, thermal processing, drying, frying and the addition of different oils and fats, compared to raw products. On the other hand, other modern non-thermal processing technologies such as the usage of ultrasounds, pulsed electric fields and high pressure have been cited as methods to increase bioaccessibility, in this case the enrichment in phytochemicals probably being caused by promoting cell membrane permeability.
However, such technologies might also induce a higher viscosity in the medium, due to the release of fibers and pectin, possibly with negative impact on bioaccessibility Depending on the phytochemical composition and the plant or food matrix, the aforementioned thermal and non-thermal processing technologies can either increase or decrease their bioaccessibility, therefore their levels being not only affected by the selected method, but also by pre-treatment steps and the nature of the compounds under investigation Another important factor that can interfere with the absorption process by lowering the bioaccessibility is the presence of antinutrients, which are compounds that act as absorption inhibitors.
To this day, several studies have noted the negative impact of such compounds for example phytates, polyphenols and dietary fibers on mineral and micronutrient bioavailability The usage of this class of products consists in the fact that they can be co-administered orally presenting no bioactivity but promoting the release of compounds of interest from the matrix 53 In certain cases, encapsulation techniques can be also applied to hydrophilic nutraceuticals For lipophilic compounds, the best methods involve the utilization of lipids, either as liquids or semisolids, in the form of nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanoparticles, carriers or emulsifying delivery systems.
Also, phospholipids can be used for the preparation of liposomes Another useful modern method is nanoencapsulation, which can be achieved by employing biopolymeric nanocarriers. By reducing the size of the particles to such extent, there is a higher absorption through the GIT 41 For certain chemicals, the enhancement of nutraceutical bioaccessibility has been extensively investigated in recent years.
One example is curcumin, which has been formulated using different excipient emulsions 58emulsion-based delivery systems 59Pickering emulsions 60organogel-based emulsions 61and even used for the fortification of dairy products 62 or plant-based milk analogs Among all classes of phytochemicals, poly -phenolic compounds are one of the most numerous in plants, playing a significant role in the quality of plant-based food products.
In particular, a diet rich in phenolic compounds has been associated with various beneficial effects, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and degenerative diseases, due to the substantial antioxidant effect and anti-inflammatory properties linked to them 64 — According to their chemical backbone, dietary polyphenols can be divided into flavonoids and non-flavonoids 6as shown in Figure 2.
From the latter, phenolic acids are the most common, being chemically identified as benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives with C6—C1 and C6—C3 structures, respectivelyfollowed by stilbenes, lignans and tannins.
On the other hand, flavonoids have a C6—C3—C6 general structure, and can be further subdivided according to hydroxylation patterns into flavanols, flavones, flavanones, flavonols and anthocyanidins 64 Figure 2.
: Bioavailability of phytochemicals| Bioavailability of Phytochemicals | Close About this journal. Related Journals Current Drug Metabolism. Current Drug Delivery. Drug Delivery Letters. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Formulation. Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Letters. View More. Mixed Polymeric Micelles for Osteosarcoma Therapy: Development and Characterization. A Comprehensive Text Book on Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems. Nanomaterials: Evolution and Advancement Towards Therapeutic Drug Delivery Part I. Article Metrics. Related Articles. Restricted Access Panel ×. Content Access Key Password. Login to Download Close. The variability in the properties of phytochemicals from different structural classes makes this process even more challenging. For nutraceuticals and dietary supplements containing lipophilic compounds including carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins , special formulation techniques should be considered to maximize their release from the matrix. Recent studies assessed the bioaccessibility in different nanodelivery and emulsion systems, and the most important enhancing factors seem to be oil phases containing long chain triglycerides and the use of digestible oils rather than indigestible ones. In certain cases, encapsulation is a preferred dosage form, providing necessary protection against degradation. Regarding the link between the bioaccessibility assessment and the bioactivity of the reviewed classes of compounds, the research is still in an embryonic stage and the results seem contradictory. In the case of polyphenols, the activity after simulated digestion depends strictly on the subtype of the compound, and there are significant differences between simple non-flavonoids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The findings of the present review highlight the importance of assessing the bioaccessibility of new functional foods and nutraceuticals, which acts as a powerful, simple, and cheap method for predicting the potential in vivo bioactivity and bioavailability of natural compounds. The impact of such research comes from the fact that bioaccessibility depends on several different factors, and they can be determined only employing a thorough assessment of formulation and extraction techniques, solvents, degradation or activation mechanisms and the nature of the matrix. In spite of all these, the research that is available at the moment fails to successfully determine a correlation between bioaccessibility testing and bioactivity determinations, which highlights the need for improved experimental protocols with standardized methodology. Most of the studies regarding nutraceuticals and functional foods concluded that bioaccessibility is subjected to high variability, with a necessity of further determinations to explain the mechanisms that are involved in the release, degradation and solubilization of bioactive compounds. For this reason, we consider this review as being one of the first ones to criticize the present methodology, highlighting the need for protocols with higher correlation capacity. In this regard, the development of future studies should undoubtedly take into consideration the following questions:. What is the most accurate way to assess the bioaccessibility of compounds in the different simulation phases, considering the quantitative analysis? What is the real influence of the simulated digestion on the assessed bioactivity and how do the conditions of every digestion stage influence the results of the assays? What is the most useful method to express bioaccessibility in relation to other assays thar are applied in the field of nutrition research? How many of the simulated digestion phases are necessary for researching the bioaccessibility of mixed compounds from dosage forms? Nevertheless, what should be changed in the case of fortified foods? What is the applicability of the current methodology in the effort to determine useful correlations between in vitro and in vivo behavior of complex chemical matrices? One of the main challenges of comparing the high number of scientific information available is the lack of an equivalent method for bioaccessibility expression. As other authors have recently suggested 13 , 38 , — , in spite of the advances in food science and human nutrition research, further development of methodology is promptly required. Nutraceuticals and functional foods are used as health-promoting products, and this trend indicates a need for bioactivity evaluation after exposure to gastrointestinal conditions. Several factors influencing the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds phenolic derivatives, carotenoids, minerals, and vitamins in the case of nutraceuticals and functional foods have been discussed. Furthermore, the link between bioaccessibility and bioactivity has been evaluated with difficulty due to the absence of an adequate standardized methodology. Since there is a lack of such information with utmost importance in the field of human nutrition research, the remarks of the present review highlight the imperative need for re-evaluating and standardizing the experimental setups and the quantitative determinations that are currently in use. AN: conceptualization, methodology, software, and writing—review and editing. MB: writing—review and editing. LB: visualization, writing—review and editing, and funding acquisition. GR: supervision and writing—review and editing. LL: software, methodology, and supervision. CT: supervision and funding acquisition. AM: conceptualization, methodology, and funding acquisition. CB: methodology and supervision. GC: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS—UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. 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Biological importance of vitamins for human health: a review. J Agric Basic Sci. McClements, DJ. Enhanced delivery of lipophilic bioactives using emulsions: a review of major factors affecting vitamin, nutraceutical, and lipid bioaccessibility. Corte-Real, J, and Bohn, T. Interaction of divalent minerals with liposoluble nutrients and phytochemicals during digestion and influences on their bioavailability — a review. Demir, B, Gürbüz, M, Çatak, J, Uğur, H, Duman, E, Beceren, Y, et al. In vitro bioaccessibility of vitamins B1, B2, and B3 from various vegetables. |
| Publications that cite this publication | Reviewed by: Alejandra Beatriz Camargo , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina Antonio Pérez-Gálvez , Spanish National Research Council CSIC , Spain. Plant Foods Hum Nutr — J Food Bioact. Moreover, functionalization of Se nanoparticles with plant material can rise the bioaccessibility and compatibility of this mineral The composition as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the composition is formulated into a dosage forms selected from the group consisting of tablets, capsules, pills, solutions, pastes, lozenges, ready to drink beverages RTD , beverages, fortified food, chocolates, instant mixes, and beverages. Absorbance over time graph is given in FIG. |
| More information | Giuberti, Bioavailabolity, Bioavailability of phytochemicals, G, and Lucini, L. The bioaccessibility is different according to the Bioavailaability of the food product Oof, the enhancement of matrix release was mostly identified for dehydration, thermal processing, drying, frying and the addition of different oils and fats, compared to raw products. Yin, X, Chen, K, Cheng, H, Chen, X, Feng, S, Song, Y, et al. Ingredients Quantity 1. |
| JavaScript is disabled | Aurrekoetxea I, Bioavailability of phytochemicals JI, del Agua AR et al Serum lf Pecans health benefits phytochemical status in Plyometric exercises training undergoing phytochdmicals vitro fertilization. The influence of food matrix Bioavzilability the stability and bioavailability of phytochemicals: A comprehensive review. Parada, J. In vitro models for studying secondary plant metabolite digestion and bioaccessibility. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yao, L. Parasuram Rajam, R, Murugesan, G, Vadivelkumar, K, and Menachisundaram, V. However, the kinetics of the absorption process can also be affected by the presence of other foods and not only by the aforementioned factors 40 , |
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Bioavailability and First Pass MetabolismBioavailability of phytochemicals -
Eva Arrigoni Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Changins-Wadenswil. Anna-Marja Aura Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT.
Catarina Brito Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologica Nova University of Lisbon. Antonio Cilla Universitat de Valencia. Sedef N. El Ege University. Karakaya Ege University. Marie C. Martinez-Cuesta Institute of Food Science Research CIAL.
Santos Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologica Nova University of Lisbon. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research ISSN eISSN Vol. Subject Categories Other Engineering and Technologies Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Other Chemistry Topics Nutrition and Dietetics.
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Keywords en. Absorption Carotenoids Lycopene Lutein Polymorphisms Phytosterols absorption carotenoids lutein lycopene phytosterols polymorphisms. Domains Human genetics Food and Nutrition. Files and preview Fichier principal. Origin : Publisher files allowed on an open archive.
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Nutraceuticals and functional foods are composed phytochemical especially complex Beetroot juice and enhanced brain function, with polyphenols, carotenoids, minerals, Puytochemicals vitamins, among others, being the main pphytochemicals Bioavailability of phytochemicals phytochemicals involved Lower LDL cholesterol their bioactivities. Despite their wide use, further investigations are needed to certify the proper release of these phytchemicals into Pecans health benefits gastrointestinal Bioavailability of phytochemicals, where the bioaccessibility assay is one of phytichemicals most frequently used method. The aim of this review was to gather and describe different methods that can be used to assess the bioaccessibility of nutraceuticals and functional foods, along with the most important factors that can impact this process. The link between simulated digestion testing of phytochemicals and their in vitro bioactivity is also discussed, with a special focus on the potential of developing nutraceuticals and functional foods from simple plant materials. The bioactive potential of certain classes of phytochemicals from nutraceuticals and functional foods is susceptible to different variations during the bioaccessibility assessment, with different factors contributing to this variability, namely the chemical composition and the nature of the matrix.
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