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Meyhöfer S 1 ,. Wilms B 1 ,. Oster H 2 ,. Schmid SM 1. Affiliations 1. Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee , , Lübeck, Deutschland. Authors Meyhöfer S 1 Wilms B 1 Schmid SM 1. Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland.

Authors Oster H 2. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract The circadian clock is a complex and highly specialized network of the human organism and is key for metabolic health. Circadian rhythms are modulated by behavioral patterns, physical activity, food intake as well as sleep loss and sleep disorders.

Furthermore, an altered expression of clock genes e. PERIOD1 and 2 can alter circadian rhythms. Chronodisruption, i. the alteration of circadian rhythms, is associated with a variety of mental and physical illnesses.

Recent studies show a significant association between quantitative and qualitative sleep rhythm disturbances and an increasing prevalence of obesity. Furthermore, reduced sleep quality and duration lead to decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, thus increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

In addition to the core components of the metabolic syndrome, there are also changes in hormonal and neuronal signaling pathways impinging on human energy metabolism.

This review provides an overview of the current literature highlighting the close link between circadian rhythms and human energy metabolism.

Ren H , Liu Z , Zhou X , Yuan G Nutr Metab Lond , 1 MED: A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. Schmid SM , Hallschmid M , Jauch-Chara K , Born J , Schultes B J Sleep Res, 3 MED: Pathology of sleep, hormones and depression.

Steiger A , Dresler M , Kluge M , Schussler P Pharmacopsychiatry, S MED: Self-reported sleep duration is associated with the metabolic syndrome in midlife adults. Hall MH , Muldoon MF , Jennings JR , Buysse DJ , Flory JD , Manuck SB Sleep, 5 MED: Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large U.

Gangwisch JE , Heymsfield SB , Boden-Albala B , Buijs RM , Kreier F , Pickering TG , Rundle AG , Zammit GK , Malaspina D Sleep, 12 MED: Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults.

Cappuccio FP , Taggart FM , Kandala NB , Currie A , Peile E , Stranges S , Miller MA Sleep, 5 MED: Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. Pan A , Schernhammer ES , Sun Q , Hu FB PLoS Med, 12 :e MED: Differential localization of PER1 and PER2 in the brain master circadian clock.

Riddle M , Mezias E , Foley D , LeSauter J , Silver R Eur J Neurosci, 11 MED: The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. The first night was scheduled as an adaptation to the experimental environment. The other 2 nights were experimental calorimetry in a balanced cross-over design with intrasubject comparisons.

Slow wave sleep was decreased during the first sleep cycle and not changed during the second or third sleep cycle under HCD conditions compared with those of HFD. Energy expenditure was not affected by dietary condition but substrate oxidation reflected differences in dietary composition of the dinner during the first and second sleep cycle.

The present study suggested the possibility that substrate availability during sleep affects substrate oxidation during sleep, and affects sleep architecture during the first sleep cycle.

Already have an account? Sign in here. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Journal home All issues About the journal. Effects of Nutrient Composition of Dinner on Sleep Architecture and Energy Metabolism during Sleep.

Corresponding author. Keywords: energy metabolism , substrate oxidation , sleep architecture , polysomnographic , indirect calorimetry. JOURNAL FREE ACCESS. Published: Received: October 28, Released on J-STAGE: June 30, Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -. Download PDF K Download citation RIS compatible with EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks.

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Book Chapter. Georges Copinschi Georges Copinschi. a Laboratory of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles ULB and. Rachel Leproult Rachel Leproult. b Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB, Brussels, Belgium;.

Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Methods 40 , — Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Sharma, S. Sleep and metabolism: An overview. Rao, M.

Subchronic sleep restriction causes tissue-specific insulin resistance. AJP Endocrinol. Pan, W. Leptin: A biomarker for sleep disorders? Stern, J. Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk.

Hagen, E. Sleep 42 , A43—A44 Serrano, J. Effect of Dietary Bioactive Compounds on Mitochondrial and Metabolic Flexibility. Diseases 4 , 14 Cipolla-Neto, J.

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Food Sci. Acosta F. Sleep duration and quality are not associated with brown adipose tissue volume or activity - as determined by 18F-FDG uptake, in young, sedentary adults Author. Sleep 1—27 Grandner, M. Who are the long sleepers?

Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship. Kim, C. Association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 18 , 1—8 Berger, I. Exploring Accelerometer Versus Self-Report Sleep Assessment in Youth With Concussion.

Jurado-Fasoli, L. Association between Sleep Quality and Body Composition in Sedentary Middle-Aged Adults. Medicina Kaunas. Article PubMed Central Google Scholar. Martin, J. Wrist actigraphy. Chest , — Copinschi, G. The important role of sleep in metabolism.

How Gut Brain Control Metab. Nedeltcheva, A. Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes.

Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 21 , — Parmeggiani, P. The physiologic nature of sleep. World Scientific. Download references. The authors would like to thank all the participants that took part of the study for their time and effort.

This study is part of a Ph. Thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain. We are grateful to Dr. Ángel Gutiérrez and Alejandro De la O for all their support in the study.

We are grateful to Ms. Ana Yara Postigo-Fuentes for her assistance with the English language. Units of Scientific Excellence: Scientific Unit of Excellence on Excercise and Health [UCEES] and Plan Propio de Investigación - Programa Contratos-Puente , by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Entreprises and University, by the European Regional Development Fund ERDF , ref.

Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, , Granada, Spain. Lucas Jurado-Fasoli, Sol Mochon-Benguigui, Manuel J. PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group PROFITH , Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. conceptualization, L. and F. Correspondence to Lucas Jurado-Fasoli or Francisco J. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Association between sleep quality and time with energy metabolism in sedentary adults.

Sci Rep 10 , Download citation. Received : 18 November Accepted : 25 February Published : 12 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.

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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Metabolic syndrome Nutrition. Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of sleep quality and time with basal metabolic rate BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise in sedentary middle-aged adults.

Introduction Cardiometabolic diseases and obesity are the leading causes of death in developed countries, becoming an epidemic in the last years 1 , 2. Materials and Methods Participants and design A total of 70 36 women middle-aged sedentary adults 40—65 years old participated in this cross-sectional study.

Anthropometric and body composition measurements Anthropometric variables were measured by a certified anthropometrist [the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry ISAK ] following the ISAK guidelines Dietary intake assessment Diet was assessed using three hour recalls carried out on 3 separate days 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day by a qualified and trained research dietitian.

Statistical analysis The sample size and power calculations were made based on the data of a pilot study of the FIT-AGEING study Ethical standards Ethical approval for the study was given by the Ethics Committee on Human Research at the University of Granada and Servicio Andaluz de Salud CEI-Granada N Results The characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive parameters. Full size table. Table 2 Association of sleep quality and time with BMR and BMR LM. Table 4 Association of sleep time and quality with MFO and MFO LM. Discussion The main finding of the present study is that a poor subjective sleep quality was associated with lower BFox independently of sex, age and body composition outcomes.

Conclusions In conclusion, our study showed that a subjective poor sleep quality was associated with lower BFox. References WHO. Article Google Scholar Mozaffarian, D. Article PubMed Google Scholar St-Onge, M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Tchernof, A. CAS Google Scholar Fletcher, G.

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Effects of Nutrient Composition of Dinner on Sleep Architecture and Energy Metabolism during Sleep. Corresponding author.

Keywords: energy metabolism , substrate oxidation , sleep architecture , polysomnographic , indirect calorimetry. JOURNAL FREE ACCESS. Published: Received: October 28, Released on J-STAGE: June 30, Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -.

Download PDF K Download citation RIS compatible with EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks. Article overview. References Related articles 0.

Schmid SM , Hallschmid M , Jauch-Chara K , Wilms B , Lehnert H , Born J , Schultes B Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction.

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BMC Public Health 11 : Chaput JP , Després JP , Bouchard C , Tremblay A 7 June Longer sleep duration associates with lower adiposity gain in adult short sleepers. Int J Obes Lond doi: Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Endocrine Society Journals. Advanced Search.

Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents The Paradox between Higher Risk of Obesity and the Metabolic Cost of Sleep Loss.

Insufficient Sleep and Activity-Related Energy Expenditure. Insufficient Sleep and Control of Energy Intake. Current Areas of Concern and Uncertainty.

Conclusion and Perspectives. Journal Article. Update on Energy Homeostasis and Insufficient Sleep. Penev Plamen D. Oxford Academic. PDF Split View Views. Cite Cite Plamen D. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex.

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Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks. Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals.

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Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin levels and increased adiposity: results from the Quebec family study. No association between leptin levels and sleep duration or quality in obese adults.

Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women. Leptin and hunger levels in young healthy adults after one night of sleep loss.

Sleep restriction is associated with increased morning plasma leptin concentrations, especially in women. A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction.

Impact of sleep, screen time, depression and stress on weight change in the intensive weight loss phase of the LIFE study. Higher h respiratory quotient and higher spontaneous physical activity in nighttime eaters.

Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes. Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: analyses of the Quebec Family Study.

Glucose homeostasis predicts weight gain: prospective and clinical evidence. Dietary patterns only partially explain the effect of short sleep duration on the incidence of obesity. The association of sleep duration with adolescents' fat and carbohydrate consumption.

Relationships among dietary nutrients and subjective sleep, objective sleep, and napping in women. Self-help behaviors for sleep and depression: a Japanese nationwide general population survey. Short sleep duration and obesity: the role of emotional stress and sleep disturbances.

The association between short sleep duration and weight gain is dependent on disinhibited eating behavior in adults. Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions.

Longer sleep duration associates with lower adiposity gain in adult short sleepers. doi: Issue Section:. Download all slides.

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Obesity in Patients with Craniopharyngioma: Assessment of Food Intake and Movement Counts Indicating Physical Activity. Anderson, R.

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Ageing and the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep during forced desynchrony of rest, melatonin and temperature rhythms. Gradisar, M. Do chronic primary insomniacs have impaired heat loss when attempting sleep?. Avery, D. Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder.

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Download references. International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine WPI-IIIS , University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan.

Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan. Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

and K. conceptualized the study. performed the indirect calorimetry. analyzed the data. wrote the manuscript, and all authors reviewed the manuscript. Correspondence to Kumpei Tokuyama. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Energy metabolism and thermoregulation during sleep in young and old females. Sci Rep 13 , Download citation. Received : 04 December Accepted : 21 June Published : 27 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Ageing Metabolism. Abstract Core body temperature CBT shows a diurnal rhythm, and the nocturnal decrease in CBT is blunted in older people.

Introduction Core body temperature CBT shows a diurnal rhythm; CBT increases after awakening, peaks in the early evening followed by a gradual decrease, falls further after bedtime, and begins to increase prior to awakening 1 , 2 , 3.

Results Characteristics of participants Physical characteristics are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Characteristics of the participants. Full size table. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Discussion In the present study, CBT during sleep in old subjects was higher than that of young subjects, which is consistent with previous studies 1 , 2 , 3.

Participants All subjects were not taking sleeping pills, non-smokers, non-shift workers, and had no drinking habit more than three times a week, and no exercise habit more than two times a week for the past 6 months. Protocol The subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI-J 36 , 37 , which was administered before the indirect calorimetry.

Energy metabolism Energy expenditure, RQ, and oxidation of macronutrients were measured by an indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber. Thermometry CBT was measured with an ingestible sensor and wireless data recorder CorTemp, HQ, Inc.

Statistical analysis Data from one old female were not incorporated due to a technical problem. References Weitzman, E. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Vitiello, M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Duffy, J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Westerterp, K.

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Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Degroot, D. Contact us. Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Recent Activity. Search life-sciences literature 43,, articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function.

By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Abstract Available from publisher site using DOI. A subscription may be required. Meyhöfer S 1 ,. Wilms B 1 ,. Oster H 2 ,. Schmid SM 1. Affiliations 1. Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee , , Lübeck, Deutschland.

Authors Meyhöfer S 1 Wilms B 1 Schmid SM 1. Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland. Authors Oster H 2. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract The circadian clock is a complex and highly specialized network of the human organism and is key for metabolic health.

Circadian rhythms are modulated by behavioral patterns, physical activity, food intake as well as sleep loss and sleep disorders. Furthermore, an altered expression of clock genes e. PERIOD1 and 2 can alter circadian rhythms.

Chronodisruption, i. the alteration of circadian rhythms, is associated with a variety of mental and physical illnesses.

Recent studies show a significant association between quantitative and qualitative sleep rhythm disturbances and an increasing prevalence of obesity. Furthermore, reduced sleep quality and duration lead to decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, thus increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

In addition to the core components of the metabolic syndrome, there are also changes in hormonal and neuronal signaling pathways impinging on human energy metabolism. This review provides an overview of the current literature highlighting the close link between circadian rhythms and human energy metabolism.

Ren H , Liu Z , Zhou X , Yuan G Nutr Metab Lond , 1 MED: A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. Schmid SM , Hallschmid M , Jauch-Chara K , Born J , Schultes B J Sleep Res, 3 MED: Pathology of sleep, hormones and depression.

Steiger A , Dresler M , Kluge M , Schussler P Pharmacopsychiatry, S MED: Self-reported sleep duration is associated with the metabolic syndrome in midlife adults.

Hall MH , Muldoon MF , Jennings JR , Buysse DJ , Flory JD , Manuck SB Sleep, 5 MED: Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large U. Gangwisch JE , Heymsfield SB , Boden-Albala B , Buijs RM , Kreier F , Pickering TG , Rundle AG , Zammit GK , Malaspina D Sleep, 12 MED: Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults.

Cappuccio FP , Taggart FM , Kandala NB , Currie A , Peile E , Stranges S , Miller MA Sleep, 5 MED: Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. Pan A , Schernhammer ES , Sun Q , Hu FB PLoS Med, 12 :e MED: Differential localization of PER1 and PER2 in the brain master circadian clock.

Riddle M , Mezias E , Foley D , LeSauter J , Silver R Eur J Neurosci, 11 MED: The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Greer SM , Goldstein AN , Walker MP Nat Commun, MED: Sleep duration and circulating adipokine levels.

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Peña-Escudero C , Priego-Fernández S , Caba M , Rodríguez-Alba JC , Corona-Morales AA , García-García F Sleep Sci , 16 3 :ee, 11 Sep Cited by: 0 articles PMID: PMCID: PMC Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license.

Kelly Ness, postdoctoral fellow at the University of Washington, ran the study when she was a graduate student at Penn State co-mentored by Buxton and Greg Shearer, associate professor of nutritional sciences and SSRI cofunded faculty member. She was also in the Huck Institute's of the Life Science's Integrative and Biomedical Physiology graduate program and a fellow of the NIH-sponsored Physiological Adaptations to Stress training grant.

During the test meals researchers took blood samples from participants and found that sleep restriction led to higher insulin levels, resulting in a faster clearance of lipids from the blood.

The study concluded with participants sleeping ten hours on two consecutive nights, simulating a weekend of catch-up sleep. This suggests there may be complex metabolic shifts occurring after periods of restricted sleep and explains how sleep deprivation and weight gain are linked.

Here we show evidence that sleep restriction exaggerates this process, conserving energy stores. This study was in accordance with the last revised ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 1.

We repeated all previous associations controlling for menopausal status pre- or post-menopausal in order to avoid the possible cofounder of female hormones, and the results did not change data not shown.

We observed only a negative association of fiber intake and PSQI global score and cholesterol intake negatively and positively associated with total sleep time and wake after sleep onset respectively Table S5.

However, we observed a modification effect of different dietary factors i. fiber and ethanol intake; Table S5. S1 — S4. The main finding of the present study is that a poor subjective sleep quality was associated with lower BFox independently of sex, age and body composition outcomes.

No consistent association was observed between any sleep quality and time parameters with BMR, MFO and FATmax. Moreover, our results indicated that the association of PSQI global score with BFox was not mediated by dietary intake and MedDiet adherence.

We observed an inverse association between total sleep time and BMR which disappeared after controlling for confounders. The energy expenditure is lowest during sleep, therefore a high total sleep time is related with a prolonged period of the lowest energy expenditure Sleep deprivation could increase energy expenditure since energy expenditure is reduced during sleep Sharma et al.

proposed that these reduction in energy expenditure could be influenced by circadian rhythm, body temperature and muscle temperature However, the results should be interpreted with caution because this association disappeared after controlling for sex, age and FMI.

Several physiological mechanisms could explain the relationship between sleep quality and BFox. Sleep restriction is associated with insulin resistance characterized by a decreased insulin-mediated glucose uptake 49 , which could develop metabolic inflexibility characterized by an impaired BFox Short sleep duration and sleep fragmentation arealso related to low leptin levels or leptin resistance 51 which are associated with an impaired fatty acid oxidation Sleep disruption discontinuity of sleep can lead to the disruption of circadian rhythms 13 , which orchestrate crucial physiological and behavioral functions, being one of these the regulation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism Higher sleep duration and quality are associated with a healthier gut microbiome 53 , which could suppress insulin signaling, increase β-oxidation and inhibit fat oxidation derived from the production of short-chain fatty acids Furthermore, sleep disruption discontinuity of sleep could decrease melatonin production 13 , which has important metabolic functions, such as lipolysis, regulating the energy flow An increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species is observed in impaired sleep patterns Both inflammation and oxidative stress could modulate metabolic flexibility, specifically fat oxidation 56 , Therefore, based on the above-mentioned mechanisms, a healthy sleep pattern could improve metabolic health via the increment of BFox and viceversa.

In addition, an impaired sleep pattern, determined by a low sleep duration could increase energy intake through several potential mechanisms: increment of time and opportunities for eating, psychological distress, sensitivity to food reward, energy needed to sustain wakefulness, hunger hormones and decrease dietary restraint A lack of sleep or low sleep quality could increase the intake of high energy-dense foods, high fat and sugary snacks, which are low in fiber In this sense, although we did not find any association between energy and macronutrient intake, we observed that fiber intake was negatively associated with PSQI global score.

Fiber intake could have different metabolic effects i. insulin sensitivity and glycemia improvement 58 , that could have a potential role in the regulation of fat oxidation. However, we did not find any mediating role of dietary intake i.

fiber intake between the association of PSQI with BFox. The lack of a mediating role may be due to specific issues: i since dietary outcomes were assessed in a specific time point, it could be that the dietary intake was insufficiently maintained over time to modify BFox; ii the possible lower and upper threshold for when dietary intake i.

fat intake could modify fat oxidation 59 ; iii the inter-individual variability, body composition and metabolic status influence on fat oxidation 8 ; iv a sleep patterns insufficiently maintained over time.

The lack of association between any sleep outcomes with BMR and MFO could be explained by different factors. Sleep is a complex phenomenon influenced by behavioral and physiological mechanisms i. These factors could influence the relationship between sleep parameters and BMR and MFO.

We also observed an inverse association between total sleep time with MFO. A previous study of Konishi et al.

observed that a night of sleep deprivation did not affect MFO in healthy young men It has been reported several detrimental effects of long sleep for optimal health In addition, long sleep could increase fatigue, physiological deprivation, which could influence insulin resistance and hormonal imbalance Although the mechanisms are not clear, the above-mentioned mechanisms could have influenced this relationship.

Surprisingly, different results were observed when the association between sleep quality and energy metabolism was performed considering subjective instead of objective measures of sleep quality. It has been previously reported that PSQI and accelerometer records measure different attributes of sleep, highlighting the bias of accelerometry to register wakefulness, thus lying in bed awake but motionless is likely to be coded as sleep Therefore, it is recommended to use both methods to obtain complementary information additionally to the body movements These differences in measurement of sleep attributes could explain the different results of the associations between sleep quality and energy metabolism.

Despite accelerometer records and subjective measurements are a valid and extensively used measure of sleep quality 26 , 65 they cannot differentiate between rapid eye movement sleep REM and non-rapid eye movement sleep NREM , restricting the detailed assessment of the real biologic process of sleep.

REM and NREM phases are metabolically different In REM sleep glucose uptake is increased, leading to anaerobic glucose metabolism 67 , 68 , therefore sleep quality in each phase could be differently associated with energy metabolism.

Future studies that examine the relationship between REM and NREM sleep using polysomnography records with BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise are needed. The present study should be interpreted with caution; the study has a cross-sectional design that does not allow to establish causal relationship.

sleep deprivation under well-controlled lab conditions in order to establish causal relationship. Furthermore, sleep and dietary parameters were assessed only in a specific timepoint, which do not allow us to extrapolate our results to chronic sleep or dietary patterns.

The difficulty of an accurate dietary evaluation with possible underreporting or misclassification should be considered, as in all cross-sectional studies. Lastly, the narrow PSQI global score range should be taken into account when interpreting our results.

In conclusion, our study showed that a subjective poor sleep quality was associated with lower BFox. No association was found between the remaining sleep parameters with BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise.

Moreover, our findings indicated that the association of PSQI global score with BFox was not mediated by dietary intake and MedDiet adherence.

Further studies are needed to better understand the physiological mechanisms of sleep regulation and how it could influence the BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise.

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