Micronutrient deficiency -
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Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Clinical features of deficiency. Risks for deficiency. Vitamin A Retinol. Xerophthalmia: night blindness, dry conjunctiva, corneal ulceration, blindness Dry skin and pruritis Increased susceptibility to infection Poor growth. Malabsorption eg exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chronic liver disease, short bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease Maternal deficiency Some refugee populations.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine. Fatigue, irritability, apathy, nausea, abdominal discomfort Dry beriberi symmetric peripheral neuropathy Wet beriberi cardiac failure Wernicke encephalopathy: confusion, reduced consciousness, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, amnesia.
White rice-based diets Malabsorption Some refugee populations. Vitamin B3 Niacin. Anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain Glossitis, cheilitis Pellagra: triad of dermatitis, diarrhoea and confusion Late symptoms include apathy, weakness, headache, confusion, irritability, anxiety, tremor, depression.
Vitamin B9 Folate. Clinical signs of anaemia Macrocytic anaemia and hyper-segmented neutrophils on full blood count Glossitis, oral ulcers Fatigue, slow growth.
Lack of fresh food in diet Malabsorption, Medications eg phenytoin, phenobarbital, methotrexate, long-term NSAID use. Vitamin B12 Cobalamin. Clinical skins of anaemia Macrocytic anaemia and hyper-segmented neutrophils on full blood count Irritability, developmental delay, developmental regression, involuntary movements, peripheral neuropathy Glossitis, oral ulcers Skin changes eg hyperpigmentation, vitiligo.
Vegan and vegetarian diet Some refugee populations Gastrointestinal disease Exclusively breastfed infants of mothers with Vitamin B12 deficiency. K, Black R. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab.
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This makes cowpeas a crucial staple in the poor, dry north-east of the country, so boosting their iron and zinc content looked like a good approach. A study revealed considerable variation in iron and zinc levels in different strains of cowpea , so the breeding programme had plenty of raw material to work with.
The Brazilian breeding efforts were led by Embrapa, a research organisation owned by the Brazilian government. But there is a further complication in South America.
People living in cities often have micronutrient deficiencies too — unlike other parts of the world, where such deficiencies are largely confined to rural areas. To help tackle micronutrient deficiencies in cities, Nuti is working on crops that can be used by the food industry.
For instance, in Colombia she has helped launch maize biofortified with zinc. The next step is to use flour from this maize to make arepas: circular flatbread-like foods that look a bit like English muffins.
Cooked and processed foods have a reputation for being low in micronutrients, but this is not necessarily true. For instance, Fabiana de Moura, now at the US Food and Drug Administration, has shown that people get just as much iron from cooked bananas as from raw bananas.
Leonardo Silva Boiteux of Embrapa is also developing biofortified crops that can be used in processed food. He has spent decades developing new varieties of tomato for use in products like ketchup. Boiteux aims both to improve their nutritional content and to make them more resilient to threats like drought and disease.
Lycopene is the red pigment that gives tomatoes their colour and is chemically similar to vitamin A. It has been suggested that eating lots of lycopene might help protect against both cancer and heart disease. It was initially believed lycopene acted as an antioxidant that can mop up highly reactive chemicals called free radicals, which would otherwise damage cells.
However, research suggests that taking antioxidant supplements has very few benefits and may even be harmful if eaten in excess.
So simply being an antioxidant does not mean lycopene is good for us. But, as with much of the complex science of nutrition, the jury is still out.
A review concluded that lycopene might help protect our hearts after all , albeit by other mechanisms such as reducing inflammation. Similarly, a meta-analysis concluded that men who eat more lycopene have a reduced risk of prostate cancer.
Boiteux has developed a series of tomato varieties with excess lycopene: one strain with micrograms of lycopene per gram , and more recently another one known as the Zamir strain, with micrograms per gram. The Zamir strain also incorporates a newly-discovered gene variant called bif, which Boiteux and his colleagues found in tomatoes from the Galapagos Islands.
The bif variant causes a massive increase in branching and thus in the number of tomatoes per plant. Programmes like these can achieve a lot.
However, it is not enough to simply create crops that have higher nutrient levels. One crop with enormous potential to withstand extreme conditions is the chickpea. Today chickpeas are grown throughout the tropics, and are particularly important in India and the Middle East.
But they were first domesticated in Mesopotamia and many wild varieties still grow in that region. We spent the last five years answering those questions. They are looking to improve a laundry list of properties, including drought tolerance, heat tolerance, disease resistance and pest resistance.
If you have drought, protein production goes down. All these biofortification schemes rely solely on conventional breeding.
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