Stiefel, P. gingivalis and the Anti-bacterila Anti-bacterial toothpaste compared Mediterranean diet and herbs/spices NPMfree toohhpaste Figures 3A, B. Nutty Protein Bars 75 Anti-vacterial of individuals in the United States have triclosan in their urine, says the research team, and 10 percent of them have levels that are high enough to stop E. HGE cells are typical keratinocytes with uniform size, compact arrangement.

Anti-bacterial toothpaste -

Data are presented as means ± SD. Crystal violet staining was used to determine the biomass of S. gingivalis single-species and three-species biofilms. For the biofilm formation experiment, the biofilm biomass was significantly decreased after treatment by NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX, as compared to that of the PBS-treated group.

More importantly, the NPMcontaining toothpaste exerted further inhibition on the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis and the three-species biofilm compared to NPMfree toothpaste Figures 3A, B. Figure 3 Antibiofilm activity of the four test agents on S.

A Quantitative analysis of the effect of test agents on the biofilm formation. B Representative crystal violet staining images of the biofilms.

C Quantitative analysis of biofilm biomass reduction. D Representative crystal violet staining images of the pre-formed biofilms and the biofilms after treatment. For the biofilm removal test, the biofilm biomass significantly reduced after NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX treatment compared with that of the PBS treatment group.

NPMcontaining toothpaste exhibited significantly higher reduction of S. mutans , P. gingivalis and three-species biofilm biomass compared with that of the NPMfree toothpaste group Figures 3C, D. These results indicate that NPMcontaining toothpaste can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation and disrupt the established biofilm.

The two toothpastes were diluted or with PBS and were stimulated with HGE cells for 5 min. Compared to PBS, the two diluted toothpastes exhibited similar cytotoxicity on HGE cells Figure 4A.

No significant difference was observed between the two diluted toothpastes and CHX groups Figure 4A. Then, the HGE cells were exposed to diluted toothpaste stimulation for 3 min, 5 min, 1 h and 24 h, with PBS as the negative control and CHX as the positive control.

PBS treatment had no effect on the morphology of HGE cells. HGE cells were lysed after toothpaste slurry and CHX stimulation Figure 4B. The two toothpaste and CHX treatments exhibited time-dependent killing effects on HGE cells Figure 4B. However, for both the short-term 3 min and 5 min and long-term 1 h and 24 h stimulations, no significant difference was observed among the three groups Figure 4B.

These results suggest that addition of NPM-8 in the toothpaste does not affect the biocompatibility of toothpaste in vitro. Figure 4 Cytotoxicity of the four test agents on HGE cells.

A Viability of the HGE cells exposed to PBS, or diluted toothpastes, and CHX treatment. B Representative images of HGE cells after stimulation with the four test agents PBS, diluted toothpastes, and CHX for 3 min, 5 min, 1 h and 24 h.

The HGE cells viability was quantified. LPS is a critical virulence factor of P. The effects of the two toothpastes and CHX on LPS release of P. gingivalis were not significantly different Figure 5A.

ELISA was used to determine cytokine production by HGE stimulated with P. gingivalis supernatant followed by 3 min or 5 min of treatment with the test agents.

The IL-1β and IL-6 levels showed no significant change after NPMfree toothpaste treatment compared to those of the PBS group Figures 5B, C. NPMcontaining toothpaste treatment significantly attenuated IL-1β and IL-6 production compared with that of the NPMfree toothpaste and CHX treatment groups Figures 5B, C.

These results suggest that NPMcontaining toothpaste can inhibit cytokine production, exhibiting better anti-inflammatory activity than that of conventional fluoride toothpaste. Figure 5 Anti-inflammatory activity of the four test agents. A Quantification analysis of the LPS produced by P. B Quantification analysis of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β in HGE cells stimulated with P.

gingivalis supernatant and subsequently treated with test agents for 3 or 5 min. C Quantification analysis of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in HGE cells stimulated with P. Data are presented as the means ± SD. Most oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, are prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases associated with dental plaque biofilms.

Similar to most chronic diseases, if steps are taken to control the causative factors, the initiation and advancement of dental caries and periodontal diseases can be better controlled.

Therefore, daily effective plaque control is indispensable for the management of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Disruption of dental plaque by means of mechanical and chemical toothbrushes is crucial for the maintenance of dental and periodontal health van der Weijden and Slot, However, for high-risk population, additional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory measures are necessary Chapple et al.

Compounds derived from natural herbs have attracted increasing attentions due to their good antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities Van Leeuwen et al. In this paper, NPM-8, a compound extracted from eight herbs, was added to the fluoride toothpaste, and we demonstrated that the NPMcontaining toothpaste had superior antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the conventional fluoride toothpaste, representing a promising oral hygiene product for the promotion of oral health.

Three representative common bacteria of dental plaque, S. mutans , the widely recognized cariogenic bacteria; S. sanguinis , the early colonizing bacteria of dental plaque; and P. gingivalis , the important periodontal pathogen, were selected for the antibacterial studies. The results derived from growth curves, time-dependent killing assays, and the Oxford cup method indicated that NPMcontaining toothpaste could effectively inhibit the growth of S.

sanguinis , and P. gingivalis , exhibited better and faster antibacterial effects than that of NPMfree toothpaste and had comparable or even better antibacterial activity than that of CHX.

These experiments verified the antibacterial effect of NPM As expected, many studies have demonstrated the antibacterial activities of the natural compounds contained in NPM-8 Allaker and Douglas, ; de Oliveira et al.

Oral microorganisms mainly exert their pathogenic effect in the form of dental plaque biofilms in the oral cavity Bowen et al. The current study also employed single-species and three-species biofilms consisting of S. gingivalis to determine the antibiofilm activity of NPM Of note, both NPM-8 containing and NPMfree toothpaste significantly reduced oral biofilms as compared to the PBS-treated control.

We speculate that the surfactant contained in the toothpaste may contribute most to the suppression of oral biofilms in this scenario. However, further additive effects on the suppression of oral biofilms by the NPMcontaining toothpaste was observed as compared to the NPMfree toothpaste, particularly for the removal of pre-established biofilms.

Considering the antimicrobial effects of NPM-8 on the growth of oral bacteria, we believe that addition of NPM-8 in the toothpaste may further promote oral health, although more data obtained from sophisticated in vitro and in vivo models are still needed to validate its clinical benefit in the future.

The biocompatibility of a toothpaste is critical for its application. The gingival epithelium is a natural barrier that protects periodontal tissue against latent invasion Groeger and Meyle, The present study evaluated the cytotoxicity of NPMcontaining toothpaste against HGE cells.

The NPMcontaining toothpaste exhibited similar cytotoxicity against HGE cells to that of conventional fluoride toothpaste and CHX, regardless if the toothpaste was diluted to different concentrations and if the toothpaste stimulated the cells for the same time or for different times.

This suggests that NPMcontaining toothpaste is safe for daily use. The anti-inflammatory activity of the NPMcontaining toothpaste was further assessed. Bacterial infections and virulence factors produced by bacteria can induce cytokine secretion and trigger the host immune response Hajishengallis and Lamont, The oral cavity maintains an ecological equilibrium and is important for overall oral health.

The condition of oral equilibrium is reliant upon not only homeostasis within the biofilm but also the balance between the polymicrobial community and the host immune state Hajishengallis and Lamont, Therefore, HGE cells were stimulated with the P. gingivalis supernatant, followed by treatment with the test agents, and the levels of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β and IL-6 in the cells were determined.

NPMcontaining toothpaste treatment significantly attenuated IL-1β and IL-6 production compared with that of the NPMfree toothpaste and CHX treatment groups, suggesting that NPMcontaining toothpaste has superior anti-inflammatory effects compared with that of conventional fluoride toothpaste.

The LPS production of P. gingivalis after the test agent treatment was also measured. LPS is the main virulence factor of P. gingivalis and could effectively induce the host immune response. The results showed that the effects of the test agents on LPS released by P.

gingivalis were not significantly different. This further confirmed the anti-inflammatory property of the NPMcontaining toothpaste. More studies are needed to further explore the anti-inflammatory activity and oral ecological modification effect of NPM The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

CQ and XC contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition and analysis, and drafted and critically revised the manuscript. XP contributed to the conception, design, and data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript.

SY and MZ contributed to the conception, design, and critically revised the manuscript. XX contributed to the conception, design, and data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript.

All authors approved the final manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation to XC , Technology Innovation Research and Develop Project of Chengdu YFSN to XC Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Sichuan University SCU to XC , and a Joint Research Program between Sichuan University and MHOME Guangzhou Industrial Co.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This study received funding from MHOME Guangzhou Industrial Co. The funder had the following involvement with the study: conception, design, and critically revised the manuscript.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Rodrigues, J. Prevention of Crown and Root Caries in Adults. Periodontology 55, — Serrano, J. Efficacy of Adjunctive Anti-Plaque Chemical Agents in Managing Gingivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. If people switch their toothpaste to a type that does not contain the compound, the study suggests the triclosan inside the toothbrush could still release into their mouths in small amounts.

The researchers say that the FDA does not consider mouth exposure to triclosan toothpastes to be a health risk, but that consumers may want to know if they are getting any unwanted exposure when they switch to a brand that does not contain the chemical.

Triclosan is found in toothpastes that are marketed as antibacterial, and Colgate is currently the only brand that makes toothpaste that contains triclosan. MORE: The Case Against Antibacterial Soap Is Getting Stronger.

They used different toothpastes: six types with triclosan and some types without. The brushes accumulated about seven to The triclosan also stayed in the bristles of the toothbrushes for about two weeks after switching to a non-triclosan toothpaste, they found. If people want to avoid triclosan while brushing their teeth, the researchers recommend changing to a toothpaste without triclosan and buying a new toothbrush.

The researchers also suggest that disposed toothbrushes could be a source of triclosan in the environment. In response to the study findings, Colgate sent TIME a comment:. Colgate Total toothpaste is uniquely formulated with 0.

Regarding this study, the authors state that they do not consider oral exposure to triclosan toothpaste to be a health risk, and their study shows that triclosan that might be released from a toothbrush head is a fraction of the standard dose coming from a single use of triclosan-containing toothpaste and far less than the 3.

The researchers also found that the toothbrushes can accumulate other chemicals from toothpaste. They also point out that other personal care items, like bath sponges, for instance, could also absorb and hold on to chemicals. Overall, the researchers—who are continuing to study how consumer products absorb chemicals—say their study raises larger questions about how these products are designed.

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Fluoride-containing toothpaste is daily Anti-bacteroal in toothbrush. Some compounds Anti-bacterila from Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels herbs that have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities Warrior diet plan Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels increasing attention as potential supplements Antj-bacterial the Anti-bacterial toothpaste of oral diseases. In this paper, a natural product mixture NPM-8 containing eight herbs extracts was added to toothpaste, and its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were investigated. The results showed that NPMcontaining toothpaste exhibited superior and faster inhibitory and bactericidal effects against S. mutansS. sanguinis and P. gingivalis than that of the NPMfree toothpaste. Buy Toothoaste. Buy Anti-bacterial toothpaste. Colgate Antib-acterial ® gives you whole Post-game muscle recovery Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Zinc proactively fights against bacteria in the mouth, and arginine works to enhance its delivery so that your whole mouth — teeth, tongue, cheeks and gums - gets the benefits of its advanced protection. See All FAQs. Our Mission. Contact Us.