BMI for Public Health -
However, athletes may have a high BMI because of increased muscularity rather than increased body fatness. In general, a person who has a high BMI is likely to have body fatness and would be considered to be overweight or obese, but this may not apply to athletes.
People who have obesity are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions, including the following: 10, 17, For more information about these and other health problems associated with obesity, visit Health Effects.
A comparison of the Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations and BMI in predicting body fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factor levels in children.
et al. Body fat throughout childhood in healthy Danish children: agreement of BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Comparison of body fatness measurements by BMI and skinfolds vs dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.
Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors.
Association between general and central adiposity in childhood, and change in these, with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: prospective cohort study. BMJ , , p. Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables.
Relation of body mass index and skinfold thicknesses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance and BMI in predicting obesity-related medical conditions.
Silver Spring , 14 3 , pp. Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Systematic Evidence Review from the Obesity Expert Panel [PDF — 5.
Vital Health Stat. Beyond body mass index. Measures of body composition in blacks and whites: a comparative review. High adiposity and high body mass index-for-age in US children and adolescents overall and by race-ethnic group.
Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet , , pp. doi: Epub Aug Inflammation- sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain.
Aug ; 52 08 : Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Dec ; 16 1 Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search.
Español Other Languages. About Adult BMI. Español Spanish Print. Minus Related Pages. On This Page. How is BMI used?
What are the BMI trends for adults in the United States? Why is BMI used to measure overweight and obesity? What are other ways to assess excess body fatness besides BMI? How is BMI calculated? How is BMI interpreted for adults?
Is BMI interpreted the same way for children and teens as it is for adults? How good is BMI as an indicator of body fatness? If an athlete or other person with a lot of muscle has a BMI over 25, is that person still considered to be overweight?
What are the health consequences of obesity for adults? The standard weight status categories associated with BMI ranges for adults are shown in the following table.
BMI Weight Status Below Connect with Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Last Reviewed: June 3, Source: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity , National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Many adult Americans have not been meeting Federal physical activity recommendations to accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
Our society has become very sedentary; for example, in , 43 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 viewed television more than 2 hours per day.
Both dietary intake and physical activity are difficult to measure on either an individual or a population level. More research is clearly necessary to fully understand the specific etiology of this crisis. However, these statistics and the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity highlight the need to engage all Americans as we move forward to ensure the quality and accessibility of prevention and treatment programs.
Public Health and the Surgeon General Through cooperative action, public health programs have successfully prevented the spread of infectious disease, protected against environmental hazards, reduced accidents and injuries, responded to disasters, worked toward ensuring the quality and accessibility of health services, and promoted healthy behaviors.
As the threats to America's health have shifted, so too have public health efforts. In recent years, public health efforts have successfully navigated new frontiers such as violence prevention, tobacco cessation, and mental health.
Public health officials remain poised to address new health challenges through the collaborative processes of scientific research, policy development, and community mobilization.
The first challenge in addressing overweight and obesity lies in adopting a common public health measure of these conditions. An expert panel, convened by the National Institutes of Health NIH in , has utilized Body Mass Index BMI for defining overweight and obesity.
BMI is a measure of weight in relation to height. BMI is calculated as weight in pounds divided by the square of the height in inches, multiplied by Alternatively, BMI can be calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Studies have shown that BMI is significantly correlated with total body fat content for the majority of individuals. In children and adolescents, overweight has been defined as a sex- and age-specific BMI at or above the 95th percentile, based on revised Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC growth charts figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2: Body-Mass-Index for age percentiles for boys aged 2 to 20 years of age. Figure 3: Body-Mass-Index for age percentiles for girls aged 2 to 20 years of age. Epidemiological studies show an increase in mortality associated with overweight and obesity.
Morbidity from obesity may be as great as from poverty, smoking, or problem drinking. For example, a weight gain of 11 to 18 pounds increases a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes to twice that of individuals who have not gained weight, while those who gain 44 pounds or more have four times the risk of type 2 diabetes.
A gain of approximately 10 to 20 pounds results in an increased risk of coronary heart disease nonfatal myocardial infarction and death of 1.
Although obesity-associated morbidities occur most frequently in adults, important consequences of excess weight as well as antecedents of adult disease occur in overweight children and adolescents.
Overweight children and adolescents are more likely to become overweight or obese adults; this concern is greatest among adolescents. Type 2 diabetes, high blood lipids, and hypertension as well as early maturation and orthopedic problems also occur with increased frequency in overweight youth.
A common consequence of childhood overweight is psychosocial -- specifically discrimination. These data on the morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity demonstrate the importance of the prevention of weight gain, as well as the role of obesity treatment, in maintaining and improving health and quality of life.
Overweight and obesity and their associated health problems have substantial economic consequences for the U. health care system. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is associated with both direct and indirect costs.
Direct health care costs refer to preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to overweight and obesity for example, physician visits and hospital and nursing home care. Indirect costs refer to the value of wages lost by people unable to work because of illness or disability, as well as the value of future earnings lost by premature death.
adults aged 20 to 74 years are overweight BMI 25 to Figure 4: Age adjusted prevalence of overweight and obesity among U. adults aged 20 to 74 years. The most recent data estimate that 13 percent of children aged 6 to 11 years and 14 percent of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years are overweight.
Figure 5: Prevalence of overweight among U. children and adolescents. For example, overweight and obesity are particularly common among minority groups and those with a lower family income. In general, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher in women who are members of racial and ethnic minority populations than in non-Hispanic white women.
Among men, Mexican Americans have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than non-Hispanic whites or non-Hispanic blacks. For non-Hispanic men, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among whites is slightly greater than among blacks.
Within racial groups, gender disparities exist, although not always in the same direction. Figure 6: Age adjusted prevalence of overweight or obesity in selected groups from National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 3 from to Racial and ethnic disparities in overweight may also occur in children and adolescents.
Data for youth from NHANES III showed a similar pattern to that seen among adults. Mexican American boys tended to have a higher prevalence of overweight than non- Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white boys.
Non-Hispanic black girls tended to have a higher prevalence of overweight compared to non-Hispanic white and Mexican American girls. In addition to racial and ethnic and gender disparities, the prevalence of overweight and obesity also varies by age.
Among both men and women, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increases with advancing age until the sixth decade, after which it starts to decline. Disparities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity also exist based on socioeconomic status.
Men are about equally likely to be obese whether they are in a low or high socioeconomic group. Among children, the relationship between socioeconomic status and overweight in girls is weaker than it is in women; that is, girls from lower income families have not consistently been found to be overweight compared to girls from higher income families.
Among Mexican American and non-Hispanic black children and adolescents, family income does not reliably predict overweight prevalence. However, non-Hispanic white adolescents from lower income families experience a greater prevalence of overweight than those from higher income families.
The recommendations to treat overweight and obesity are based on two rationales. First, overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of disease and death, as previously discussed.
About 2 in 5 adults BMI for Public Health 1 Peppermint tea for sleep 5 children Superfood antioxidant veggies adolescents in the United States have obesity, 1 Heealth many Publiic are overweight. Healthy People BMI for Public Health on helping people Healtj healthy and get enough physical activity to reach and maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is linked to many serious health problems, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. Culturally appropriate programs and policies that help people eat nutritious foods within their calorie needs can reduce overweight and obesity. Public health interventions that make it easier for people to be more physically active can also help them maintain a healthy weight. Body fat can be measured eHalth several ways, with each body fat assessment BMI for Public Health High glycemic load foods pros Helath cons. Here is Obesity prevention strategies BMI for Public Health BI of some of the most popular methods for measuring body fat-from basic body measurements to high-tech body scans-along with their strengths and limitations. Adapted from 1. Like the waist circumference, the waist-to-hip ratio WHR is also used to measure abdominal obesity. Equations are used to predict body fat percentage based on these measurements. BIA equipment sends a small, imperceptible, safe electric current through the body, measuring the resistance. The current faces more resistance passing through body fat than it does passing through lean body mass and water.
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