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Onion-related health research -
Quercetin from onion peel has been demonstrated to have browning effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the white adipose tissue of mice Several animal studies and clinical trials have reported that onion is effective in the prevention and management of obesity.
Onion peel extract inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and reduced body weight in high-fat diet-fed mice via down-regulating the expression of lipogenesis-related genes Red onion extract or quercetin supplementation could ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed with a high-fat diet Oral administration of onion oil prevented the body weight gain of rats triggered by high-fat diets Moreover, dietary supplementation of onion peel extract was found to reduce the body weight, body fat mass, and percentage of body fat in overweight and obese Korean subjects 7 , Consumption of steamed onion resulted in a positive change of metabolic parameters, lowering the levels of triglycerides and C-peptide, and reduced the percentage of body fat, total body fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat in overweight people Generally, onion and its bioactive compounds have potential application in the management of obesity.
Increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that onions can not only ameliorate diabetes, but also treat different diabetic complications Figure 4. Several studies indicate that onion exhibits antidiabetic potential in vitro.
The extracts of onion skin or onion solid waste showed a remarkable inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and the enzyme inhibitory activity was in a dose-dependent manner , Besides, onion-based green synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to exhibit excellent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities 8.
In another study, onion fiber concentrates were revealed to reduce starch digestibility and glucose production rate by suppressing α-amylase activity Onion also exhibits antidiabetic potential in vivo.
The heat-processed onion extract was found to have a high content of Amadori rearrangement compounds, which reduced the post-prandial carbohydrate absorption and blood glucose levels by inhibiting intestinal sucrase activity in rats fed with sucrose or starch meals Moreover, hyperglycemia and its associated metabolic disorders were reported to be ameliorated by dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds and onion in diabetic rats Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic and oxidative stress is a primary factor in the progression of diabetic complications.
It has been reported that intake of fenugreek seeds and onion could also reduce oxidative stress 79 , ameliorate eye lens abnormalities 82 , alleviate cardiac damage 80 , attenuate diabetic nephropathy 81 , 86 , and counter the deformity and fragility of erythrocytes 83 in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Tamtaji et al. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic activities of the inedible parts of onion, including skin, seeds, and leaves, have been investigated in STZ-induced diabetic rats as well.
Red onion scales extract could improve the levels of fasting blood glucose and advanced glycation end products, enhance serum insulin level, and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy The blood glucose and malondialdehyde MDA levels were declined in alloxan-induced diabetic rats fed with wheat bread supplemented with onion powder or onion peel extract Onion seed extract showed a protective activity against the adverse side effects of diabetes in rats The leaf extract of onion was found to ameliorate diabetes-induced neuropathic pain Onion exhibits antidiabetic potential in humans.
In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, daily ingestion of fresh yellow onion in breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin-based chemotherapy was found to ameliorate the hyperglycemia and insulin resistance Overall, onion can fight against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress, moderating hyperglycemia, improving insulin resistance, and ameliorating various histopathological changes.
Allium vegetables receive extensive concerns because of their beneficial effects against numerous diseases, especially in treating cancer and alleviating the side effects of current anticancer therapies, which are associated with their bioactive compounds, such as sulfur compounds, flavonoids, and saponins , The consumption of Allium vegetables was found to be negatively associated with the risk of diverse cancers, including breast cancer , gastric cancer , colorectal cancer , and upper aerodigestive tract cancers Many studies have been carried out to evaluate the anticancer activities of the common onion 92 , , — , other onion varieties, such as Allium cepa L.
proliferurn Regel and Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group 90 , , , and other Allium species, such as garlic Allium sativum L. By in silico approach, it has been found that onion-derived quercetin and diosgenin may take a role in the prevention and treatment of cancer by targeting on axon guidance receptor, neuropilin-1 Onion extract or its major bioactive compounds showed potent anticancer activities, including cytotoxic, antiproliferative, anti-migratory, and apoptosis-inducing activities, in different cancer cells, such as human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa , myeloma cancer cell line P3U1 , pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 , larynx cancer cell line HEP2 , colon cancer cell lines SW and HCT , adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 , glioblastoma cell line A , liver cancer cell line HepG2 , and breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB and MCF-7 26, , —, —].
Onion A, a sulfur compound from onion, exhibited antitumor effects by inhibiting the activation of suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 STAT3 in myeloid lineage cells, and impaired the development of subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice Spiraeoside, isolated from red onion skin, exhibited promising anti-cancer effect against HeLa cell, could promote apoptosis by activating the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 Recently, it was found that the anticancer activities of onion extract were enhanced by encapsulating on nano chitosan in multiple cancer cell lines Besides, a wild edible onion showed a synergistic anticancer effect with doxorubicin against human hepatoma HepG2 and lung carcinoma A cells, and could protect from doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in human normal fibroblasts MRC-5 and in vivo zebrafish models Moreover, the intake of fresh onion was reported to reduce fasting blood glucose and improve insulin sensitivity in doxorubicin-treated breast cancer patients Therefore, onion is an excellent anticancer vegetable, but its anticancer effect should be further verified in more clinical trials.
Studies have revealed that onion can effectively improve lipid profile and inhibit platelet aggregation, attenuating the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
The methanol extract, quercetin, and quercetin glucosides from onion were found to inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation by using rat platelet-rich plasma Many studies have focused on the hypocholesterolemic effect of onion and its bioactive compounds in rodents fed with high-cholesterol or high-fat diets.
Onion could effectively decrease the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hyperlipidemic animals 98 , , Li et al. Kang et al. The fecal bile acid content was reported to be modified by the dietary addition of onion in high-cholesterol diet-fed rats Dietary onion significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improved the anti-inflammatory response and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet Besides, the high-cholesterol diet-induced shifts in the lipid mediators, such as oxylipin and sphingolipid profiles, were also found to be modified by the dietary supplementation of onion in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats The antihyperlipidemic potentials of fermented onion and onion volatile oils were investigated as well, and both of them had certain positive effects on hyperlipidemia animals 73 , Moreover, the serum triglycerides levels were found to be reduced by consumption of steamed onion in overweight subjects The intake of red wine extract of onion effectively reduced the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy hypercholesterolemic subjects, while ameliorated the inflammatory responses and antioxidant defenses as well In addition, dietary fenugreek seeds and onion were reported to protect hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage by inhibiting the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin type 1 receptor in the heart of STZ-induced diabetic rats Hypertension is known to be a key risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, however, the intake of quercetin from onion skin appeared to have no beneficial effects on blood pressure and endothelial function in subjects with hypertension , More animal studies and clinical trials are needed for better understanding the cardiovascular protective effects and related mechanisms of onions and their bioactive compounds.
Several studies have revealed that onion possesses anti-neuroinflammatory activity 6 , , ameliorates neuropathic pain , and exerts neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's disease 11 , memory impairment , cerebral injury , and retinal damage The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of onion and its bioactive compounds was investigated by using the LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia culture model 6 , Onion treatment prevented the LPS-induced increases of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
The ameliorative effect of onion leave extract on neuropathic pain in rats was demonstrated by using two models, chronic constriction injury model and STZ-induced diabetic model Onion leave extract significantly improved the behavioral and oxidative stress parameters as well as the sciatic nerve histopathological changes in both models.
Onion ethanolic extract was reported to reduce malondialdehyde levels, ameliorate cognitive dysfunction, and prevent neuronal injury in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease The neuroprotective effect of onion on learning and memory abilities was assessed in STZ-induced diabetic rats, and it was found that red onion ethanolic extract treatment could improve the learning and memory impairments in diabetic rats with reduced escape latency and traveled distance in Morris water maze test and increased step-through latency in passive avoidance test It was revealed that the outer scale extract of onion could improve the memory and sensorimotor functions in cerebral injury mice by reducing cerebral infarct size and oxidative stress.
Dietary fenugreek seeds and onion showed a protective effect on diabetic-cataract in STZ-induced diabetic rats The intake of functional natural products or constituents has been considered as a complementary way for the management of liver and kidney diseases.
Onion is rich in multiple bioactive compounds with hepatorenal protective activities. The phenolic-rich extract of red onion peels protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney tissues of rats Dietary onion ameliorated antioxidant defense in hypercholesterolemic rats with increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx in the liver The doxorubicin-mediated hepatotoxicity, parenchymal necrosis, and biliary duct proliferation, were alleviated by pre-treating with onion extract in rats and this hepatoprotective effect was attributed to the antioxidant capabilities of onion extract, which reduced the levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde, while enhanced the levels of SOD and GPx in the liver Diabetic nephropathy, including renal architecture and functional abnormalities as well as podocyte damages, was attenuated by dietary fenugreek seeds and onion in rats by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system and glucose transporters The STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats was also ameliorated by treating with red onion scales extract, and it was found to be associated with its metabolite fingerprint Besides, several metabolites and related metabolic pathways in the liver were reported to be modulated by the onion supplementation in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats The liver weight, lipid profile, and lipid mediators were found to be ameliorated by onion in hypercholesterolemic animals 98 , Dietary intake of onion was revealed to lower hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and hepatic TNF-α expression in high-fat, high-sugar diet-fed rats Moreover, the levels of alanine aminotransferase ALT , a liver function marker, were significantly lower in healthy subjects with a daily intake of quercetin-rich onion, indicating that onion may be beneficial for improving liver function in humans Onion has been recommended for the treatment of respiratory disorders, such as coughs, asthma, and bronchitis.
Several studies have demonstrated that onion could relax tracheal smooth muscle , ameliorate allergic asthma 13 , reduce lung inflammation 68 , and attenuate lung damage The preventive and anti-inflammatory activities of onion on tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammation was demonstrated in asthmatic rats, and it was found that drinking water with onion extracts significantly reduced tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammatory cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils Reduction of lung malondialdehyde and elevation of lung SOD, CAT, and glutathione were also found in nicotine-induced lung damage rats treated with onion extract, which might be the main mechanism for the protective effect on lung damage Moreover, the onion-derived bioactive compound, onionin A, was reported to inhibit lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice Since the end of , a new virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 , has triggered the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease COVID Up to January , data from the web-based COVID dashboard has shown that more than million people were infected with more than two million deaths The infection of SARS-CoV-2 may result in severe pneumonia, and the common symptoms of COVID include fever, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, and breathing difficulties Studies have demonstrated that onion and its bioactive compounds could attenuate lung inflammation and protect against diverse respiratory disorders.
Therefore, it may be possible that onion and its bioactive compounds have the potential to fight against SARS-CoV-2 and can be consumed in our diets for the prevention of COVID, which still needs further investigation. Onion has been shown to have a protective effect on the digestive system, such as mitigate gastric ulcer , , modulate gut microbiota — , , and ameliorate colitis 14 , 69 , It has been reported that raw onion could inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion and mitigate ethanol-stimulated gastric ulcer in rats, whereas boiled onion showed reduced potency Alqasoumi demonstrated that pre-treatment with onion could ameliorate gastric mucosal injury and ulcer index elicited by multiple factors, such as pylorus ligation, hypothermic restrainment, indomethacin, and necrotizing agents.
Dietary supplementation of onion powders could modulate gut microbiota with an increased number of lactic acid bacteria in common carp juveniles Onion could also be added into poultry feed as a natural growth promoter, which exhibited a positive effect on gut microbiota and intestinal histomorphology 55 , Onion-derived bioactive compounds, such as quercetin and quercetin monoglycosides, were found to enhance the enzymatic activity of gut microbiota in rats Quercetin monoglycosides were reported to modulate the diversity of gut microbiota in colitis mice induced by dextran sodium sulfate Moreover, the severity of colitis in mice was revealed to be reduced by administering with onion bulb extract, no matter it was given before, after, or at the same time of the colitis induction 14 , Besides, Allium species, including onion, showed protective effects against upper aerodigestive tract and gastrointestinal cancers — , Infertility has been considered a public health problem.
Studies have shown that onion exhibited protective effects against adverse effects of chemical toxicity — and bacterial infection on reproductive system, and could improve fertility and the quality of sperm and egg 15 , Testosterone, a steroid hormone, plays a key role in the development of male sexual characteristics, and its reduction may cause infertility It has been reported that onion extract-contained cysteine sulfoxides could stimulate the production of the testosterone precursor, progesterone, by activating the protein kinase A signaling pathway in a testis-derived cell line I Bacterial infection is one of the main factors that cause infertility in men.
The adverse effects of Escherichia coli infection were reduced in male rats receiving onion juice, while the total antioxidant capacity and testosterone level was increased Onion also showed protective effects on testicle parameters and spermatogenesis in rats against the destructive effects of some insecticides or herbicides, such as permethrin, pyrethroid and paraquat , , Onion seed extract was reported to have a protective activity against the negative effects of diabetes on the reproductive system in STZ-induced diabetic rats Recent study showed that onion juice could restore the erectile dysfunction induced by dutasteride in rats Onion extract could prevent testicular damage induced by dexamethasone in rats and the reproductive dysfunction in female rat offspring induced by maternal dexamethasone during lactation also found to be ameliorated by onion juice treatment Dietary supplementation of onion extract was revealed to improve the egg quality and productive performance in laying hens Moreover, onionin A showed an inhibitory effect on the progression of ovarian cancer by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation 9.
In addition, results from clinical trials indicated that red onion intervention has certain beneficial effects in female subjects with polycystic ovarian syndrome 88 , Onion is thought to be beneficial for the immune system.
Another study demonstrated that onion-derived onionin A could improve the activity of lymphocyte and prevent the immunosuppressive activities of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cell in the tumor microenvironment An in vivo study showed that onion extract had a protective effect against dexamethasone-induced immunosuppressive effects in Wistar rats, such as ameliorating white blood cell counts, enhancing antioxidant activities, and increasing the levels of cytokines TNF and IL-6 and immunoglobulins IgG and IgM The immunomodulatory property of onion was demonstrated in ovalbumin-sensitized rats, and lower levels of IL-4 and IgE were found in sensitized rats treated with onion extract Moreover, onion could be used as a natural immunostimulant added to animal feed to improve the growth performance and reduce the occurrence of diseases 55 , , Browning of agro-products can lead to the deterioration of product quality and nutritional value, resulting in a decrease in consumer acceptance.
Onion has been demonstrated to possess an inhibitory activity against the enzymatic browning reaction in fresh foods, such as fruit juice, mushrooms, and potato slices — In addition, intake of onion juice was reported to exhibit a beneficial effect on bone loss and bone mineral density by improving antioxidant capacity Moreover, it has been revealed that fermented onion possessed an anti-photoaging effect against UVB-irradiation, probably by downregulating the expression of tyrosinase in B16F10 melanoma cells and collagenase-1 in UVB-induced HaCaT keratinocyte cells Onion has been consumed as a vegetable and applied as an herbal medicine for a long history.
Normally, onion and its bioactive compounds are quite safe for humans. However, several potential safety risks have raised concerns, for example, the residue of pesticides 17 , bioaccumulation of heavy metals 18 , 19 , and contamination of pathogenic microorganisms 20 , 21 , which are discussed below.
Pesticides with low toxicity and rapid degradation can be recommended for use in crops. However, the improper use of some pesticides in the onion crop may still cause health risks from onion consumption.
Several studies have been carried out to investigate the degradation behavior, residue distribution, and dietary risk of different pesticides, including insecticides 17 , , fungicides — , and herbicides , which were used for pest and disease protection and weed control in onion planting.
Overall, the dietary risk of these pesticides through onion could be negligible with the reasonable usage does of pesticides and enough preharvest interval Table 2.
Table 2. The residue decline and recommend preharvest interval of commonly used pesticides in onion. The enrichment of heavy metals, such as cadmium Cd , lead Pb , chromium Cr , and nickel Ni , in the farmland growing onion may induce the accumulation of heavy metals in onion and induce food safety issue.
Bystricka et al. Cd and Pb contents in some Malaysian onions were reported beyond the permissible levels, and the planting site had a greater impact than onion varieties on heavy metal enrichment Gashi et al. Yao et al. Besides, Cd uptake in onion and other crops was revealed to be affected by environmental and edaphic factors Indeed, the Cd accumulation in onion was reported to be mitigated by increasing the soil pH 18 or the application of silicon fertilizer to the soil Moreover, the pathogenic microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes 21 , Escherichia coli , , Salmonella spp.
The microwave-integrated cold plasma treatment was reported to be a potential technology for non-thermal decontamination of onion powder In addition, improving monitoring of the quality of irrigation water as well as the regular decontamination of the workplace may be the effective ways to reduce the risk of pathogen exposure in onion.
Onion is a widely cultivated and consumed vegetable, and contains various bioactive components. The sulfur-containing compounds, such as onionin A and cysteine sulfoxide, as well as the phenolic compounds, such as quercetin and quercetin glucosides, are the main bioactive constituents in onion and contribute to its multiple health functions, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.
Moreover, onion can be a promising natural resource to develop functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, nephropathy, respiratory disorders, colitis, and infertility.
At present, both in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that onion powder, juice, and extracts exhibit multiple health functions.
Although several bioactive compounds have been found to contribute to these functions, more bioactive compounds from onion or its by-products should be identified, and their health functions, the relevant molecular mechanisms, and whether they have synergistic effects need to be illuminated in the future.
Currently, most studies focused on the health functions of the raw onion, it is necessary to investigate whether the cooking processing can impact its health benefits. Moreover, more well-designed clinical trials are still required to verify the health benefits of onion and onion-derived bioactive compounds in humans.
Last but not the least, safety issues of onion should always be aware of, not only the contaminations mentioned in this review, but also other potential risks, such as the overdose of bioactive compounds.
X-XZ, F-JL, and HL drafted the manuscript. H-BL, D-TW, FG, WM, YW, B-HM, and R-YG critically revised the manuscript. R-YG and B-HM conceived the idea and scientific guidance through the process. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research was funded by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of China No. YXK05 and the Local Financial Funds of National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China No.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Pareek S, Sagar NA, Sharma S, Kumar V. Onion Allium cepa Fruit L and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry and Human Health. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
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Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Onions are rich in two chemical groups that have perceived benefits to human health. These are the flavonoids and the alk en yl cysteine sulphoxides ACSOs. The ACSOs are the flavour precursors, which, when cleaved by the enzyme alliinase, generate the characteristic odour and taste of onion.
The downstream products are a complex mixture of compounds which include thiosulphinates, thiosulphonates, mono-, di- and tri-sulphides. Compounds from onion have been reported to have a range of health benefits which include anticarcinogenic properties, antiplatelet activity, antithrombotic activity, antiasthmatic and antibiotic effects.
Here we review the agronomy of the onion crop, the biochemistry of the health compounds and report on recent clinical data obtained using extracts from this species.
The page is no longer being updated, and therefore, links on the page may be invalid. Consumers who enjoy the sweet taste of the Vidalia onion can now look forward to a new, heart-healthy, heartburn-free onion from the U.
Department of Agriculture and University of Wisconsin breeding programs. Onions, like garlic, have a natural blood-thinning effect that could play an important role in cardiovascular health.
Research at the University of Wisconsin has shown that onions produce an anti-coagulant that thins the blood more efficiently than aspirin.
Consumers often shy away from these strong-tasting onions or cook them. The trouble is, cooking destroys the blood-thinning effect.
With this map, scientists hope to separate the pungent flavor from the anti-coagulant activity that thins the blood.
Onions may Vegan omega- sources Fat burning secrets Onion-related health research benefits. These may include reducing the risk of healt types of cancer, Onion-relaged mood, Onionn-related maintaining skin and hair health. Onions belong to the Allium family of plants, which also includes chives, garlic, and leeks. These vegetables have characteristic pungent flavors and some medicinal properties. Onions vary in size, shape, color, and flavor. The most common types are red, yellow, and white onions. Onions are highly nutritious vegetables that may have Onion-reoated benefits, including improved heart health, Onion-related health research Onion-relaed sugar regulation, Onion-relatde increased bone Onion-eelated. Onions are members of the Onion-related health research genus Vegan omega- sources healyh plants, which Nutrient-rich diet choices includes garlic, shallots, and leeks. The medicinal properties of onions have been recognized for thousands of years. Athletes in ancient Greece supposedly used onions to purify their blood, while medieval and traditional doctors prescribed them to help treat headachesheart diseaseand mouth sores. One medium onion grams [g] contains:. Onions are high in vitamin Cwhich may help regulate your immune health, collagen production, and iron absorption.
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