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Should you take Green Tea Extract (EGCG)?BMC Oral Health volume Sugar consumption and mental healthArticle number: Cite this ECG.
Metrics hewlth. Streptococcus mutans S. mutans plays a major role in the formation of dental caries. The aim of this study was ECGG examine Mood-boosting supplements and natural remedies effect of the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate EGCGEGCG and oral health biofilm an of S.
Following exposure to increasing concentrations of EGCG, the planktonic hwalth was measured by adn density healfh the biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining.
Ehalth EPS production nad visualized by confocal scanning laser microscopy, and the Metabolic health coaching DNA content was determined by quantitative polymerase Orxl reaction qPCR.
Gene healrh of selected genes was analyzed by wnd time Uealth -qPCR and membrane potential was ahd by healtg cytometry. We observed qnd EGCG inhibited in a ogal manner both the planktonic growth and the biofilm formation of S. Significant reduction of S. mutans biofilm formation, DNA content, and EPS production was observed at 2.
Concentration and motivation reduced the expression of gtfB, gtfC and yealth genes Free radicals and heart disease orsl EPS production, EGCG and oral health, and the nox and sodA genes involved in the protection against oxidative stress.
Moreover, EGCG caused an immediate orap in membrane potential. Ad, a natural polyphenol, has a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans dental biofilm formation and EPS production, and thus might Free radicals and heart disease a potential drug in helth dental caries.
Peer Haelth reports. mutans healh the most Healthy habits for longevity pathogen associated with tooth caries [ 1 ]. The cariogenic potential orwl S.
mutans is associated with its ability to form andd on both soft and hard oral healthh such Natural medicine solutions the palate, tongue, restorations and teeth [ 23 ].
Healtth, it can form biofilms on diverse dental healthh including orthodontic brackets and retainers ECG 4 lral. mutans produces organic acids upon metabolism Free radicals and heart disease orzl and other sugars oarland thrives hezlth low nad aciduricity [ 1 ]. Healgh bacteria rapidly metabolize sugars, such heapth sucrose EGCG and oral health fructose, into glucans or fructans by the oal enzymes orral GTFsFat loss mindset success fructosyltransferases FTFs.
These substances have a crucial role in the virulence of S. EGCG and oral health EGGC either diffuse into the surrounding orxl as extracellular polysaccharides EPSor ogal associated with the bacteria as Free radicals and heart disease polysaccharides [ 7Free radicals and heart disease orxl.
This EPS-rich Circadian rhythm sleep patterns is crucial for bacterial healthh to surfaces and heaoth mechanical orsl for acidogenic amd aciduric bacteria, which is essential for dental caries pathogenesis [ 9healtu11 ].
mutans possesses hexlth different GTFs, encoded by ECGGgtfCheealth gtfDeach ECG unique proportion of anx and anr glucan polymers. The glucans, along heealth glucan-binding proteins such ora GbpA and GbpB healtj, promote a snd adhesion and kral on healthh surfaces. The hsalth type of extracellular enzyme oeal for metabolizing sugars is FTF, orap by the ftf gene, wakefulness and learning performance is orao for fructan synthesis [ 1213 healyh.
A biofilm is a community of microbial cells, which anr been heapth to a ans, enwrapped in a Free radicals and heart disease of polysaccharide material [ 14 ]. The oral biofilms consist of various non-cariogenic and cariogenic bacteria embedded in an EGCG and oral health matrix composed of heallth enzymes e.
Currently, common preventive means to inhibit oral diseases include aggressive chemical agents, such as chlorhexidine and antibiotics, which have various Seedling care instructions side orak, including tooth staining, mucosal ane, taste disturbance and bacterial resistance [ 161718 ].
Therefore, naturally occurring compounds, such as green tea polyphenols, have attracted much Immune system resilience techniques. Due to divers health benefits, there has been a heqlth increase in consumption of green tea among various cultures, making it one of the most popular beverage in the world hdalth 19 ].
Green tea, produced from Camellia sinensis C. sinensis leaves, has a high concentration of polyphenols, in particular catechins, which possess anti-oxidant properties.
The leaves of C. sinensis undergo minimal oxidation during processing and thus preserve their anti-oxidant and anti-bactericidal properties [ 17 ]. The major tea catechins include epigallocatechin 3-gallate EGCGepigallocatechin EGCepicatechin ECepicatechin 3-gallate ECGand catechin C [ 2021 ].
These polyphenols were found to have anti-microbial traits and can inhibit a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in vitro [ 2223 ]. EGCG has been shown to disrupt EPS and biofilm formation of S.
mutansby suppressing gtfBgtfC and gtfD genes [ 2425 ]. Green tea polyphenols, especially EGCG, have the ability to interfere with quorum sensing QSwhich is essential for biofilm formation by different bacteria [ 2627 ]. Quorum sensing is considered a potential target of anti-microbial compounds.
One of the mechanisms of tea catechins to damage bacteria is binding to the bacterial cell membrane, which prevents the ability of the bacteria to bind to each other and to form biofilm [ 28 ]. In vivo studies have shown that green tea mouthwash has the ability to inhibit S.
mutans biofilm formation on tooth surface when given to dental population [ 293031 ]. These studies raised the importance of green tea polyphenols as natural anti-microbial compounds, which can be safe for use and prevent dental diseases.
Since EGCG is a major polyphenol of tea extracts and EGCG tablets are provided as a natural supplement, we wanted to study the effect of this EGCG source on S. mutans viability, EPS production and biofilm formation in vitro. It is also worthwhile to assay the membrane potential since it regulates metabolism, bacterial cell division, pH homeostasis, and membrane transport [ 32 ].
The aim of the present study was to examine the action mechanisms of EGCG on S. mutans with specific emphasize on planktonic growth and biofilm formation. Here we show that EGCG has both growth inhibitory and anti-biofilm activities. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration MBIC was lower than the minimum growth inhibitory concentration MICsuggesting a direct anti-biofilm effect.
Some mechanistic insights are presented. One EGCG tablet Source Naturals, Scotts Valley, CA, USA containing mg EGCG, was dissolved in 10 ml of DDW by a 1 h shaking at 4 °C.
Then serial dilution was done in BHI to achieve final concentrations of 0. Since the effective concentrations were in the range of 0.
The working solutions were used fresh. Control bacteria received the same incubation conditions without EGCG see below. mutans UA from the stock of the Biofilm Research Laboratory, was grown as monospecies culture. Before each experiment, a frozen stock of S.
For planktonic growth, the overnight S. mutans cultures were diluted in BHI in the absence or presence of various concentrations of EGCG 0. The percentage of bacteria in planktonic phase was calculated by dividing the OD of treated samples by OD of control samples, multiplied byafter subtracting the background OD of an EGCG solution in BHI in the absence of bacteria.
For biofilm formation, the overnight S. In parallel, BHI without bacteria in the absence or presence of EGCG was used to measure any background signals caused by EGCG in the assays used see below.
The setup for biofilm formation was as follows: µl of BHIS containing different concentrations of EGCG and 20 µl of S. mutans were added to each well of a 96 flat-bottomed well tissue culture plate Corning, NY, USA. Each EGCG concentration was tested in triplicates.
The biofilm biomasses were quantified using the crystal violet assay as described [ 36 ], with slight modifications. The biofilms formed in the well tissue culture plates after treatment with EGCG were carefully washed twice with PBS to remove unbound bacteria and to obtain a clean biofilm.
After 20 min incubation at room temperature RTthe stained biofilms were washed twice with DDW and left to dry overnight at RT. After dissolving the stain, µl were transferred to a new well tissue culture plate and quantified spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at nm using the M plate reader.
The percentage biofilm formation was calculated by dividing the OD of treated samples by OD of control samples, multiplied by To label the EPS in the biofilms, 1 µl of a 1 mM Alexa Fluor labeled Concanavalin A ConA conjugate solution Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California, USA was added to the samples during the incubation period with or without EGCG.
Live bacteria showed green fluorescence, while dead bacteria emitted red fluorescence. The stained biofilms were inspected under a Nikon Spinning Disk microscope Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan connected to Yokogawa W1 Spinning Disk Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan [ 37 ].
Optical sections were acquired at spacing steps of 5 μm intervals from the surface through the depth of the biofilm. A three-dimensional image of the microbes and EPS distribution within the biofilms was constructed using the Nikon Imaging Software NIS- Elements.
The NIS elements software was used to quantify the fluorescence intensity in each biofilm layer. The assay was performed similarly as described [ 3839 ]. Biofilms were allowed to form in 6-well tissue culture plates Corning. Each sample consisted of µl of an overnight culture of S.
After a 24 h incubation, 1 ml of Tri-Reagent Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA was added to the washed biofilms to extract the total RNA from the biofilms. The biofilms were scraped into the Tri-Reagent solution with the help of a sterile cell scraper, and the fluid was transferred into 2 ml sterile screw tubes containing µl acid-washed glass beads followed by cell disruption in a Fast Prep Cell Disrupter BioSavant Instruments, Inc.
After centrifugation to remove the glass beads, the supernatant was transferred to a new Eppendorf tube and µl of chloroform Bio-Lab, Jerusalem, Israel were added to each sample, followed by vigorous vortex for 15 s. After 15 min at RT, the samples were centrifuged at 13, rpm for 15 min at 4 °C, and the upper phase µl was transferred to a new tube.
The samples were allowed to stand at RT for 30 min before centrifugation at 13, rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. The dried RNA was resuspended in ultrapure water UPW. The purity and concentration of the RNA were determined using a Nanodrop ND Instrument Wilmington, DE, USA.
PCR conditions included an initial heating at 50 °C for 2 min, an activation step at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of amplification 95 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 1 min. Gene expression was expressed in relative values, setting the expression level of the control samples to one.
The membrane potential of untreated and EGCG-treated planktonic S. DiOC 2 3 exhibits green fluorescence in all bacterial cells, but the fluorescence shifts toward red emission at higher membrane potential values. Briefly, an overnight culture of S. mutans was resuspended in PBS to an OD of 0.
The bacterial suspension was divided into 1 ml aliquots with different concentrations of EGCG and stained with 10 µl of 3 mM DiOC 2 3 for 30 min in the dark.
: EGCG and oral health| Improving Oral Health One Tea at a Time - Dimensions of Dental Hygiene | Magazine | It is known as a functional food which has more positive health effects than only its nutritional effect. It has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti- mutagenic properties [2]. It contains a variety of enzymes, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, sterols, related compounds, dietary minerals, and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavanols, and caffeine. The most important compounds of green tea are the polyphenols. Polyphenols exist in many plants such as fruits, vegetables, teas and cocoa. Flavonoids are a major group of polyphenols. The main flavonoids in green tea are catechins flavoaols , such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin EGC , epicatechin gallate ECG , epigallocatechin gallate EGCG , gallocatechin GC , gallocatechin gallate GCG , catechin, and catechin gallate CG. Besides catechins, apigenin, apigenin- 7-O-glucoside Api-G , myricetin, kaempferol, and vitechin are reported as green tea flavonoids [4]. This catechin has a strong potential against carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis [3]. However, Scholl et al. reported that green tea polyphenols can have various beneficial or adverse health effects depending on the plasma levels of catechin [5]. The keywords used for this review were as follows: Green Tea Extract, Polyphenol, Oral Health, Preventive Dentistry. These keywords were searched in PubMed and among the papers found, 39 English papers from to which were most related to the subject were selected and reviewed. Green tea catechins have a bitter taste. They are water soluble and their biological activities affect cell membrane functions such as signaling, cell cycle, and mitochondrial activity. Catechins have inhibitory effect against S. mutans and S. Antibacterial effects of green tea against mutans streptococcus is reported in previous studies. Rasheed et al. indicated the bactericidal effect of catechins against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans [6]. It is suggested that EGCG damages the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteriae by generation of hydrogen peroxide [7]. The antibacterial property of Camellia Sinensis extract against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus is also reported by Anita et al. Tannin and catechins of green tea are able to inhibit enzymatic activity of amylase which is responsible for caries incidence by hydrolysis of starch in foods to lower molecular weight carbohydrates [10]. Tea catechins also prevent the attachment of oral streptococci to tooth surfaces and inhibit streptococcal glucosyl transferase. EGCG in specific concentration and application interval, can prevent acid production by cariogenic bacteria via inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase LDH , and increases the minimum pH of the oral cavity from 4. LDH converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid. Although fluoride existing in green tea is a useful component for tooth caries resistance, it is suggested that the main component responsible for anti-caries properties of green tea are polyphenols and tannins [12]. Daneshyar et al. suggested green tea varnish to prevent root surface caries [13]. In a recent human study, the antimicrobial effects of green tea against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli spp. and Candida albicans was compared with the gold standard antibacterial material, chlorhexidine CHX. It was concluded that green tea was more effective than CHX for inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and less effective about Lactobacilli spp. Neither CHX nor green tea were sufficiently effective against Candida albicans. The authors suggested green tea as a costeffective material for caries prevention [14]. Green tea catechins have also been studied for their effects on periodontal status. Due to the wide range of antibacterial effects of green tea against gram positive and gram-negative microorganisms, it is suggested as a useful antiplaque agent. Catechins keep the salivary and plaque pH at about neutral, so they prevent the colony growth and activity of streptococcus mutans. EGCG may inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 MMP-9 which helps the formation of osteoclasts in periodontal disease, and therefore prevents alveolar bone resorption [15]. Kaur et al. compared the antiplaque effect of green tea catechin mouthwash on patients and concluded that 7 day application of this mouthwash had comparable anti-plaque efficacy with chlorhexidine, and moreover, it did not have the bitter taste and side effects of CHX, including tooth discoloration and supra-gingival calculus formation related its long-term use [16]. Lagha et al. reported the efficacy of green tea catechins to protect the gingival epithelium against invasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis, so they have a promising effect on prevention from periodontal disease [17]. MMPs in dentin and saliva are responsible for degradation of the organic matrix of dentin. They activate when the oral cavity pH drops by the acids produced during the cariogenic challenge. MMPs help the progression of dentin caries. MMPs responsible for the organic matrix degradation of dentin are MMPs 2, 8 and 9 [18,19]. Using materials that inhibit MMPs, such as CHX, can be helpful for caries prevention. The proposed mechanism of action for MMP inhibitors is maintenance of the demineralized organic matrix on dentin surface [20]. EGCG extract in green tea is reported as an MMP inhibitor [21,22]. Kato et al. studied the effect of green tea on dentin erosion and abrasion. They observed the protective effect of green tea. They also reported, in contrary to previous studies, that a delay of 30 minutes for tooth brushing after an erosive challenge did not reduce the amount of tooth wear, and it was the same as brushing immediately after erosion [23]. Barbosa et al. reported the effectiveness of supplementation of soft drinks with green tea extract on their reduced erosive potential. They suggested green tea as a natural supplement that does not any side effects or negative effects on taste of the drink [20]. Green tea polyphenols are antioxidant agents and free radical scavengers. One of the major side effects of bleaching is impairment of the immediate bond strength of composite resin to the bleached tooth, due to the oxygen molecules remained in tooth structure [24]. Postponing the adhesive restorative treatment for at least one week is the most acceptable method for restoring the bond strength [25]. Flavonols of green tea leaves, especially EGCG, have antioxidant property [28,29]. Polyphenols prevent formation of free radicals, and neutralize the existing free radicals by exchanging electrons, via their trihydroxy and dihydroxy groups of B ring [30]. Khamverdi et al. suggested the application of EGCG as an antioxidant agent for reversal of the decreased bond strength to bleached enamel. They tested different concentrations and application times of EGCG and concluded that green tea catechins can be used for removal of free radicals from tooth structure, instead of two weeks delay between bleaching and adhesive restoration [30]. Berger et al. also confirmed green tea as an alternative antioxidant for adhesive restorations after bleaching [31]. However, Sharafeddin et al. did not report any improvement in bond strength of bleached teeth by application of green tea and some other natural materials [26]. evaluated the effect of EGCG on bond strength and bond durability of self-etch adhesives. They observed that EGCG in high concentrations decreased the bond strength of Filtek Silorane adhesive, but the 25 μM concentration of EGCG preserved the bond strength of Filtek Silorane adhesive after 6 months. For Clearfil SE Bond, higher concentrations of EGCG were necessary to preserve the bond strength after 6 months. The authors believed that the effect of EGCG is related to its ability to inhibit MMP [32]. In a similar study, Zhou indicated that incorporation of chlorhexidine, which is a known MMP-inhibitor, into primer of Clearfil SE Bond caused the preservation of dentin bond strength after 12 months [33]. Zheng et al. Ozelin et al. In addition to the mentioned benefits in the oral cavity, green tea extract is effective in reducing halitosis caused by volatile sulfur compounds. Therefore, green tea can be a beneficial herbal ingredient in oral hygiene products [36]. Morin et al. reported the ability of green tea extracts to inhibit the growth of Solobacterium moorei, a major bacterium playing role in halitosis [37]. However, the infusions of Camellia sinensis used as mouthwash was not effective for neutralizing the halitosis caused by volatile sulfur compounds [38]. Daily consumption of green tea has been associated with a lower risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and inflammatory bowel disease IBD. EGCG compound in green tea is effective in weight loss by increasing metabolism. It has also other health effects on skin, joints and livers [39,40]. Green tea seems a promising natural material for oral health, due to its polyphenols and other ingredients. Inclusion of EGCG polyphenol into oral health products and adhesive systems is supposed to protect better the soft and hard tissues of the mouth from erosion, bacterial infection, or mal-odor, and also increase the longevity of the tooth—colored restorations. info biomedres. One Westbrook Corporate Center, Suite , Westchester, IL , USA. Home Publication Ethics Editorial Board Submit Manuscript Go. About the Journal Abstracting and Indexing Aims and Scope Article Processing Charges Articles in Press Author Guidelines Editorial Board. Full-Text HTML Abstract Full-Text PDF Full-Text XML How to Cite. Abstract Drinking green tea is a common habit of people all over the world for about years. Keywords: Green Tea Extract Polyphenol E; Oral Health; Preventive Dentistry Abbreviations: EGC: Epigallocatechin; EGCG: Epigallocatechin Gallate; ECG: Epicatechin Gallate; GCG: Gallocatechin Gallate; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; CHX: Chlorhexidine; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Introduction Drinking green tea is a common habit of people all over the world for about years. Materials and Method The keywords used for this review were as follows: Green Tea Extract, Polyphenol, Oral Health, Preventive Dentistry. Evaluation of Papers Anti-Cariogenic and Anti-Bacterial Effects of Green Tea Green tea catechins have a bitter taste. Gingival and Periodontal Health Green tea catechins have also been studied for their effects on periodontal status. Effects of Green Tea on Dental Erosion MMPs in dentin and saliva are responsible for degradation of the organic matrix of dentin. Antioxidant Potential of Green Tea Green tea polyphenols are antioxidant agents and free radical scavengers. Bond Strength and Durability Khamverdi et al. Halitosis In addition to the mentioned benefits in the oral cavity, green tea extract is effective in reducing halitosis caused by volatile sulfur compounds. Until there is a cure, there are preventative steps which can include drinking tea daily, refraining from tobacco use, reducing alcohol consumption, and taking proper care of teeth and gums. During your biannual examinations, Houston dentist Dr. Scott Young will check for signs of oral cancer as well, helping ensure early detection for prompt and effective treatment. To schedule your next appointment with Dr. Young, please contact us today. EGCG and Oral Cancer. Scott Young, DDS Blog EGCG and Oral Cancer. Author Dr. Scott Young, DDS. You Might Also Enjoy |
| Green Tea and Your Teeth: How Matcha Improves Oral Health | Local anti-infective therapy: pharmacological agents: a systematic review. Ann Periodontol. Killoy WJ. The clinical significance of local chemotherapies. PubMed Google Scholar. Bonito AJ, Lux L, Lohr KN. Impact of local adjuncts to scaling and root planing in periodontal disease therapy: a systematic review. Hirasawa M, Takada K, Makimura M, Otake S. Improvement of periodontal status by green tea catechin using a local delivery system: a clinical pilot study. J Periodontal Res. Sakanaka S, Aizawa M, Kim M, Yamamoto T. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Miura J, Maezono H, Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto R, Azakami H, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. Effects of the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Appl Microbiol. Zhao L, La VD, Grenier D. 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Wang TY, Wilson KE, Steven M, Willmann JK. Ultrasound and microbubble guided drug delivery: mechanistic understanding and clinical implications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. Kudva P, Tabasum ST, Shekhawat NK. Effect of green tea catechin, a local drug delivery system as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis patients: a clinicomicrobiological study. Zeng J, Xu H, Cai Y, Xuan Y, Liu J, Gao Y, Luan Q. The effect of ultrasound, oxygen and sunlight on the stability of - -epigallocatechin gallate. Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF. A systematic review on the clinical efficacy of subgingival debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Williams RC, Paquette DW, Offenbacher S, Adams DF, Armitage GC, Bray K, Caton J, Cochran DL, Drisko CH, Fiorellini JP, et al. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, Flemmig TF, Garcia R, Giannobile WV, Graziani F, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. Download references. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish and preparation of the manuscript. Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors have made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study. YW, JZ, QY have been involved in data collection and data analysis. YW and JZ have been involved in data interpretation. YW and JZ have drafted the manuscript. QL and QY have revised it critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Qingxian Luan. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University School of Stomatology No. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of , as revised in All individual participants provided written informed consent before enrolled in the study. Luan has an issued patent the new-type scaler tip ZL Other authors claim no conflict of interest related to this study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Wang, Y. et al. BMC Oral Health 21 , 79 Download citation. Received : 12 August Accepted : 31 January Published : 18 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Methods This split-mouth, randomized clinical trial included 20 patients 2 drop-outs with chronic periodontitis and the maxillary contra-lateral sides were allocated into test and control groups randomly. Results During 6 months, the SRP plus EGCG medication contributed to additional PD reduction as 0. Conclusion The purified EGCG showed the potential to improve the outcome of periodontal non-surgical treatment and the new-type scaler tip provided an alternative vehicle for subgingival medication. Background Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by plaque infection and imbalance of immune response in host defense system, resulting in breakdown of alveolar bone, attachment loss of junctional epithelium and eventually teeth loss. Methods This split-mouth, randomized controlled clinical trial Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR of 6-month duration was conducted in the Department of Periodontology, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Peking University, China. Subjects selection This study protocol was documentarily approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University School of Stomatology No. Ultrasonic equipment A piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler SKL A7 fabricated two coolant containers was sponsored by SKL Medical Instrument Co. Full size image. Results A total of 20 subjects 8 males, 12 females who met the inclusion criteria were recruited in this study, however, 2 females dropped out at the 3-month follow-up due to pregnancy and moving to another city, respectively Fig. Flow diagram of the study. Table 2 Mean PD and CAL for sites treated with SRP or SRP plus EGCG Full size table. Discussion As coolants, chlorhexidine has been delivered through conventional scaler tips during SRP, however, the clinical benefits were still controversial [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Conclusions The purified EGCG showed the potential to improve outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment and the new-type scaler tip provided an alternative vehicle for subgingival medication. References Mombelli A. Article Google Scholar Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL. Article Google Scholar Slots J, Mashimo P, Levine MJ, Genco RJ. Article Google Scholar Lindhe J, Nyman S. 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Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author information Author notes Yanfeng Wang and Jiajun Zeng have contributed equally to this work Authors and Affiliations Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University School of Stomatology No. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests Dr. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information. Additional file 1. Mean BI and PLI for sites treated with SRP or SRP plus EGCG. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. About this article. Cite this article Wang, Y. Copy to clipboard. BMC Oral Health ISSN: The Figure 1 presents a flow diagram, describing the process of selection of the studies about antimicrobial activity of EGCG against S. In Pubmed Medline database 40 studies were found, in Scopus database 48 studies were found, in Web of Science studies were found, and finally studies were found in the Google Scholar database. Figure 1. Flow diagram showing the process of selection of the studies about antimicrobial efficacy of EGCG against S. Studies were compared across all database and the studies in duplicate were excluded 91 studies. The remaining studies were analyzed and those, which did not meet the inclusion criteria, were excluded studies. At the end, 12 studies were included in the full-text analysis and all were selected for inclusion in the systematic review. Table 1 , 1a shows the characteristics of the selected studies. The results demonstrated that EGCG present a considerable efficacy against S. mutans , by using different methods to analyze the antibacterial activity against this microorganism. Of the 12 studies evaluated, 11 demonstrated that EGCG showed efficacy against the lineage of microorganisms in question. However, 2 of them presented low efficacy, verifying interference in the formation of the biofilm, without causing the total inhibition. Only 1 study showed that EGCG is not an effective agent against S. Table 1. Characteristics of the selected studies in regarding the method used for antimicrobial efficacy evaluation of EGCG on SM. Note: Bold form indicates the EGCG superiority against the control. GIC means glass ionomer cement; SEM means scanning electron microscopy; CHX means chlorhexidine; SM means Streptococcus mutans. Table 1 Cont. Dental caries is the most common oral disease and is an irreversible infectious disease of multifactorial origin, which leads to the destruction of dental hard tissue [ 10 ]. The biofilm plays an important role in the cause of tooth decay, the cariogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus acidophilus play a vital role in the etiology of the dental caries [ 11 ]. Streptococcus mutans is the major causative agent of dental caries and plays an important role in cariogenic biofilm formation [ 12 , 13 ]. It has been demonstrated that S. mutans are the primary etiological agent of caries [ 12 ]. Medicinal plants have been used for therapeutic purposes for thousands of years and although their use has been popularly propagated between generations or described in pharmacopoeias, it has also aroused the interest of the current scientific community. Teas generally are rich in biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, catechins, polyphenols, alkaloids, vitamins and minerals that may contribute to the prevention and treatment of various diseases [ 14 ]. It is important to emphasize that this systematic review has shown that although the methods used in the included studies are different, the results clearly support the important role of EGCG as an antibacterial agent against S. The EGCG agent inhibits the formation of biofilm and prevents infections [ 15 ], it is effective in inhibiting the formation of fermentable carbohydrates involved in the caries formation, which explains it is antimicrobial role [ 16 ]. Per the findings of this review, 11 studies showed favorable results for EGCG as an effective antibacterial agent against S. mutans in in vitro studies, acting both inhibiting the growth of the microorganism, as in the biofilm formation and in decreased acids production. Only one study found a negative result regarding the use of EGCG in the decontamination of infected dentin. This lack of effectiveness was justified in the study by the authors for perhaps be some interaction between EGCG with specific sites in collagen molecular structure [ 17 ]. Several antimicrobial agents have been suggested, but the agent considered the gold standard is chlorhexidine gluconate CHX. CHX widely used antimicrobial in Dentistry [ 18 ], due to it is strong antibacterial activity and ability to reduce the accumulation of oral biofilms [ 19 ]. Its efficacy can be attributed to bactericidal and substantivity effects [ 20 ], broad spectrum against microorganism, both aerobic and anaerobic, and selectively suppress the growth of caries-associated S. mutans [ 21 ]. CHX presents antimicrobial efficacy in vitro and in vivo mouthwash against salivary microbiota cariogenic and has a role in preventing the development of gingivitis [22]. Some studies compared EGCG with CHX [ 17 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The results of the comparison between CHX and EGCG showed that both substances were effective in inhibiting microbial the growth and biofilm formation. Other studies [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] used as negative control the absence of EGCG and in these situations; it was observed that there was a marked growth of microorganisms compared to the experimental group. One study compared the antimicrobial activity of EGCG whit black, oolong and Pu-erh tea against growth of S. mutans [ 32 ] and another study had no control group [ 33 ]. Different methods have been used to evaluate the efficacy of EGCG against microorganisms, such as inhibition zone measurement, counting colonies forming units, counting of microorganisms and biofilm formation. In addition, different forms of manipulation of the EGCG, in some studies the solution was used [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], others incorporated into dental materials [ 24 , 27 , 28 ], and even as specific formula [ 26 ]. Despite all these variety in the method and material handling, the results suggested that it is a stable substance and with antimicrobial properties and able to inactivate the S. mutans , and thus inhibit the formation of biofilm. This systematic review demonstrates a clear efficacy of EGCG against S. mutans in in vitro studies. However, clinical studies are needed to determine this substance as a potential agent for the prevention of dental caries. Cai Y, Kurita-Ochiai T, Hashizume T, Yamamoto M. Green tea epigalocatechingallate attenuates Porphyrmonas gingivalis - induced atherosclerosis. Pathog Dis. Subramanian P, Eswara U, Maheshwar Reddy KR. Effect of different types of tea on Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. The role of tea in human health: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. Prabhakar J, Senthilkumar M, Priya MS, Mahalakshmi K, Sehgal PK, Sukumaran VG. J Endod. Reygaert WC. The antimicrobial possibilities of green tea. Front Microbiol. Steinmann J, Buer J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechingallate EGCG , a component of green tea. Br J Pharmacol. Hrishi T, Kundapur P, Naha A, Thomas B, Kamath S, Bhat G. Effect of adjunctive use of green tea dentifrice in periodontitis patients - A randomized controlled pilot study. Int J Dent Hyg. Sakanaka S, Kim M, Taniguchi M, Yamamoto T. Antibacterial substance in Japanese green tea extract against Streptococcus mutans , a cariogenic bacterium. Agr Biol Chem. Klein MI, Hwang G, Santos PH, Campanella OH, Koo H. Streptococcus mutans -derived extracellular matrix in cariogenic oral biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. Shanmugam KT, Masthan KMK, Balachander N, Jimson S, Sarangarajan R. Dental caries vaccine - a possible option? J Clin Diagn Res. Janardhanan S, Mahendra J, Girija AS, Mahendra L, Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. Hamada S, Slade HD. Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Trevisanato SI, Kim YI. Tea and health. Nutr Rev ; Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Miura J, Maezono H, Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto R, Azakami H, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. Effects of the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Appl Microbiol. Narotzki B, Reznick AZ, Aizenbud D, Levy Y. Green tea: a promising natural product in oral health. Arch Oral Biol. Assis JS, Lima RA, Lima JPM, Rodrigues LKA, Santiago SL. Effect of epigallocatechingallate application for remaining carious dentin disinfection. J Conserv Dent. Twetman S. Antimicrobials in future caries control? A review with special reference to chlorhexidine treatment. Caries Res. Drago L, Bortolin M, Taschieri S, De Vecchi E, Agrappi S, Del Fabbro M, Francetti L, Mattina R. J Oral Pathol Med. García-Caballero L, Quintas V, Prada-López I, Seoane J, Donos N, Tomás I. |
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| EGCG and Oral Cancer: Scott Young, DDS: Cosmetic, General, and Neuromuscular Dentistry | Publications of in vitro studies, which studied EGCG antibacterial efficacy against S. The biofilms were scraped into the Tri-Reagent solution with the help of a sterile cell scraper, and the fluid was transferred into 2 ml sterile screw tubes containing µl acid-washed glass beads followed by cell disruption in a Fast Prep Cell Disrupter Bio , Savant Instruments, Inc. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Scott Young will check for signs of oral cancer as well, helping ensure early detection for prompt and effective treatment. Reygaert WC. |
BMC Andd Free radicals and heart disease volume Anti-inflammatory benefitsArticle Free radicals and heart disease orsl Cite this article. Metrics details. This study EGCCG designed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological Joint health function of scaling and root planing SRP using EGCG aqueous solution as coolants through a new-type ultrasonic scaler tip on chronic periodontitis. This split-mouth, randomized clinical trial included 20 patients 2 drop-outs with chronic periodontitis and the maxillary contra-lateral sides were allocated into test and control groups randomly. Clinical parameters and red complex pathogens in subgingival microbiome were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatments.
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