Oral health education -
This specific expectation is also connected to the social-emotional learning expectations A1. Supplementary resources Care of teeth Ontario Physical and Health Education Association : In this lesson, students will learn why it is important to take care of their mouth and teeth and the process of brushing their teeth.
Glowing me, a growing me Ontario Physical and Health Education Association : In this lesson, students will learn the stages of human development and important factors to help children and people grow and be healthy.
Students will learn to appreciate how their bodies work and how to continue appreciating their body as they grow and change. They will also understand how their body and brain respond to uncomfortable situations and what they can do to feel better.
Mouth and teeth KidsHealth : This lesson will help students understand the importance of oral health, specifically caring for their teeth, tongue and gums.
Tooth loss is substantially higher for lower-income groups. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans and black and white Americans differ little in rates of total tooth loss for those under age Among blacks aged 75 and older, however, 53 percent are edentulous compared to 42 percent of whites in the same age group.
Figure 3. Mortality from oral cancers is likewise considerably higher among African-American males than in other groups. In , only 31 percent of African-Americans with oral cancers reached the five-year survival point compared to 53 percent of white Americans.
This difference in survival rates exceeds that for all other major cancers. Age-adjusted mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancers by race, gender, and year of death, Source: White et al. Visible disparities in health status may translate into other problems if they affect individual performance at school or work or if they prompt negative assessments by teachers and employers.
The impact of such assessments on obese individuals is beginning to be understood, but little if any systematic research has been undertaken to document the effects of visible dental defects e.
A overview by Hollister and Weintraub cited only one such study. Data from the NHIS indicate that the number of days lost from work due to acute dental conditions differed considerably between whites and blacks and between higher- and lower-income workers. Overall, the work-loss days for dental problems were "similar or larger than the rate for eye conditions, acute ear infections, indigestion, and headache excluding migraine " Hollister and Weintraub, , p.
The average American adult or child visits the dentist twice a year. In , some 58 percent of nonelderly adults and 62 percent of children had at least one dental visit. Although the elderly are more likely than other adults to have a medical visit, the percentage of the elderly with at least one dental visit 43 percent is lower than for other adults Butt and Eklund, This contrast presumably reflects the higher rate of edentulism among older people 34 percent for those aged 65 and over versus less than S percent for other adults.
Disparities in the use of dental services are related to both income and race. A sealant is a plastic film painted onto tooth surfaces to prevent tooth decay.
For poor families, slightly more than 20 percent have not seen a dentist in more than five years; for better-off families, the figure is less than 6 percent NCHS, a. Sixty percent of whites have seen a dentist in the last year compared with 43 percent of blacks NCHS, a.
In the recent Institute of Medicine report Access to Health Care in America IOM, a , statistics on dental utilization were highlighted as a frequently neglected indicator of disparities in access to health care. Differences in dental care utilization are also linked to insurance coverage.
In , those with private insurance averaged 2. In the same year, 41 percent of the population reported some form of private dental insurance, much of it quite limited. In contrast, over 70 percent of nonelderly Americans have private medical insurance, and virtually all elderly Americans have medical coverage under Medicare, which does not cover dental services.
For physician services, consumer out-of-pocket expenses accounted for only 19 percent of spending in ; for dental services, the corresponding figure was 53 percent Burner et al. For the nation overall, the percentage of total personal health care expenditures devoted to dentistry was 5.
The figure is projected to drop to 3 percent by Most private coverage for health services, including dental services, is obtained through employers. Those employers that cover dental services generally do so under a freestanding dental plan Bradford, ; Keefe, Coverage of dental services by health maintenance organizations is very limited, although the number of freestanding dental plans that limit coverage to a defined network of dental providers is growing.
As noted earlier, Medicare has essentially no dental coverage, and Medicaid coverage for dental services is quite limited, especially for adults. In , only 20 percent of all children eligible for Medicaid received such care USPHS, A study by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment reported that among seven states surveyed, none adequately covered ''basic" dental services for children eligible for the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment program reported in USPHS, For the Medicaid program, dental services accounted for only I percent of program expenditures in For a subset of low-income adults, the Department of Veterans Affairs usually abbreviated as the VA provides a source of dental services for veterans who meet eligibility requirements, which are more restrictive than those for medical services.
The VA operates the country's largest hospital-based system of dental care. In FY , nearly , veterans made almost 1,, dental visits, an average of 3. A statement of how oral health status and services should be improved over the next 25 years must consider both the factors that contribute to dental diseases and to their prevention or successful treatment and the prospects for change in those factors Bailit, What developments might substantially affect oral health status?
Four likely sources of change merit brief review: expanded use of existing technologies, new scientific and technological discoveries, more patient outcomes research and guidelines for dental practice, and improved access to oral health services.
The following discussion draws in particular on the background papers by Bader and Shugars, Jeffcoat and Clarke, and Greenspan. Water fluoridation is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preventing caries in all populations.
In , however, only 62 percent of the population that was supplied by public water systems received water with recommended levels of fluoridation natural or added. By state, this percentage ranged from 2.
As described in Chapter 2 , political controversies have blocked fluoridation in many communities and continue to do so today McNeil, ; McClure, ; USDHHS, In the s, only 14 percent of children had sealants applied whereas public health experts have set a target of 50 percent by the year Appendix 3.
Unlike water fluoridation, the application of sealants requires positive action by parents. Some, however, will not be able to afford this care for their children, and some will be unaware of its advantages. In addition, acceptance of sealants by dentists has been relatively slow Gift and Frew, ; NIDR, School-based programs are attractive, but legal restrictions on the use of allied personnel to apply sealants may reduce the scope of school-based sealant initiatives until simpler techniques are developed or licensure restrictions are eased.
If health care reforms were enacted to cover childhood preventive services, financial obstacles to broader use of this technology would be much reduced. The toothbrush and dental floss are, despite the latest rounds of innovations by manufacturers, at the low end of the technology scale.
Nonetheless, when used regularly and correctly, they are remarkably effective Mandel, Regular use of dental floss is, however, far less common than brushing. To the extent that good oral hygiene habits are related to income and education, health maintenance strategies that depend on these habits are less likely to affect those most in need.
This explains the emphasis on population-oriented actions such as fluoridation, which does not require individual behavior to change, and application of dental sealants, which involves a single episode of care rather than maintenance of certain behaviors over long periods and which can be organized as a public health program.
Nonetheless, the message of personal responsibility for one's health remains a valid one. Developments in dental biomaterials tend to attract considerable attention, in part because of the aesthetic benefits of many new materials and in part because material-based interventions are more consistent with established practice and reimbursement patterns than are pharmacological strategies.
Because many of these innovations are most accessible to the more affluent—and healthier—populations and because they often emphasize aesthetic benefits, their potential impact on population health status appears more limited than interventions that affect the high-risk groups that have limited access to dental care.
Nonetheless, refinements in existing bonding, implant, and other interventions and better appreciation of their overall benefits for many patients will expand their application NIDR, ; Leinfelder, New materials and related processes now under development, such as restorative products incorporating fluorides and antimicrobials, are likely to continue to improve the life of restorations and to reduce the incidence of secondary caries, endodontic problems, and other conditions associated with restoration failures and replacements.
Dental schools have been criticized for slow introduction of some biomaterial innovations into the curriculum see, for example, ADA, c. Educators can contribute to the appropriate use of biomaterials to improve oral health status in two ways. First, they can educate students in new—and established—techniques.
Second, they can educate students and faculty to critically evaluate the appropriateness of a particular intervention or material for an individual patient's specific clinical problem. In an area where technical innovation is common and voluminous, continuing education that stresses both technique and decisionmaking will be particularly important.
In coming decades, advances in medical management have substantial potential to improve oral health status, particularly for higher-risk individuals. Medical advances are occurring on two broad but not unrelated fronts. The first involves preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients with uncommon oral health problems e.
The second front involves relatively common problems e. On both fronts, research on nontactile diagnosis of caries, molecular probes for identifying a variety of oral problems, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, tissue regeneration products, and genetically engineered saliva substitutes may fundamentally realign the emphasis on medical versus mechanical interventions see, for example, Baum et al.
The Journal of the American Dental Association recently devoted an entire special issue to the emerging field of oral pharmaceuticals, a key component of the medical management of diverse oral health problems Douglass and Fox, Practitioners' understanding of the systemic and biological bases for oral health care is becoming ever more important, as is clear and timely communication among dentists, dental hygienists, physicians, nurses, and other health professionals involved in the care of individuals with complex health problems.
The computer-assisted design CAD and manufacture CAM of dental restorations has the potential to reduce substantially the total time required to fabricate restorations such as crowns and bridges.
Currently available systems are expensive, limited in practical utility, and not widely used. Whether design breakthroughs will increase the technical acceptability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness of the technology is uncertain. Thus, how widely it will diffuse into everyday dental practice remains a question.
Despite the impact of fluorides in reducing caries, a vaccine for caries has the potential to achieve substantial further reductions, particularly among older children and adults. Investigators are studying strategies that include vaccines aimed primarily at high-risk individuals, polyvalent vaccines to cover several common childhood diseases as well as caries, and vaccines developed or administered in traditional ways.
Although the knowledge base has advanced substantially, the time demands of clinical trials, worries about product liability, and declining public compliance with immunization recommendations make it relatively unlikely that oral health status, dental practice, or dental education will be changed significantly by the availability of a caries vaccine within the next 5 to 15 years Taubman and Smith, ; Edelstein, ; see also background papers by Greenspan and Jeffcoat and Clark.
The prospects for effective and feasible periodontal vaccines are cloudier than those for caries for several reasons. Periodontal disease is not a single disease but several diseases that are associated with a fairly large number of pathogens.
Important questions of disease causation remain to be answered NIDR, ; Genco, Although unexpected breakthroughs are certainly possible, no generally effective vaccine is expected within the foreseeable future. Furthermore, in light of the nation's difficulties in achieving widely accepted goals for childhood immunization against a variety of diseases, widespread adult immunization against periodontal disease may be difficult to achieve.
The last decade has seen an explosion of interest in the effectiveness of health services, the extent and sources of variation in clinical practice patterns, and the formulation of evidence-based guidelines for clinical decisionmaking see, for example, Eddy, , , ; Wennberg, , ; IOM, , b, c, ; Brook, ; Audet et al.
As defined by the Institute of Medicine IOM , clinical practice guidelines are "systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances" IOM, a, p.
The background paper prepared for this study by Bader and Shugars is the most comprehensive analysis to date of these issues in the context of oral health services.
This paper describes efforts to analyze dental practice variations, measure outcomes of dental interventions, and develop guidelines for dental practice. The relevant literature is not, however, voluminous.
Many clinical interventions in dentistry—as well as in medicine—have never been subjected to rigorous scientific investigation. Their effectiveness has been assumed on the basis of experience, indirect scientific evidence, and judgment. Policymakers, insurers, and consumers are, however, demanding that more be done to document what works and what does not work in health care, and dentistry is not immune from these demands Bader, ; Kantor, ; Pew Health Professions Commissions, ; Antczak-Bouckoms, Several dental organizations have developed practice guidelines, but the efforts of the American Dental Association to do so have been troubled by disagreements about purposes, procedures, and content Berry, ; Spaeth, A new project to develop guidelines was approved in and began work in January Spaeth, To the extent that better evidence of the effectiveness of dental interventions is accumulated and transformed into guidelines that, in turn, shape dental practice, the result should be further improvements in dental care and oral health status.
Practice guidelines are not, however, self-implementing. Some of the problems in implementation can be traced to deficiencies in the guidelines themselves including vagueness, bias, inconsistency, poor documentation of the evidence behind recommendations, unhelpful formats, and limited dissemination or availability IOM, Other problems lie on the user side—organizational constraints, economic counter pressures, habit, psychological resistance to change, and failure to stay abreast of new knowledge see, for example, Eisenberg, ; Lomas, ; Kibbe et al.
Given the relatively cool reception of dentistry to initial guidelines development efforts, considerable persistence will likely be required before guidelines become a vehicle for change in dental practice. Nonetheless, as the pressures for accountability for both patient outcomes and costs increase in dentistry as they are elsewhere in health care, they will encourage clinicians to welcome guidelines that are clear, specific, and grounded in science.
Researchers in dental schools have an important role to play in developing the clinical research base for guidelines and in assessing the factors that influence their acceptance and use by clinicians.
Access to dental care could be improved by reducing economic, geographic, cultural, and other obstacles to access. For example, dental insurance, which is associated with better financial access to care and higher use of services, could be extended through public or private action or both.
As this report was being drafted, a number of legislative proposals for health care reform were being considered that would extend coverage of some dental services to some of the population. Three dimensions of potential health care reform are particularly important: the definition and administration of a standard or basic benefit package; the tax treatment of private insurance coverage beyond a basic or standard benefit package; and the provisions for the elderly and the poor.
At issue in decisions about the benefit package are: What would be covered e. The major issue in the taxation of health benefits is whether all or some employer-paid coverage of services in excess of a standard plan would be taxed e.
Such benefits are not now taxed. Were dental benefits to be excluded from a standard benefit package and also subject to taxation, then coverage might actually decrease from current levels. Although dental insurance helps transform the need for care into effective demand, geographic, cultural, and other barriers to care may remain IOM, a.
Some of these barriers may be offset by community-wide prevention programs e. School-based programs, as described earlier, focus on underserved children who account for a disproportionate share of untreated caries, and the Community and Migrant Health Centers program and the National Health Service Corps NCHS target underserved rural and urban areas.
The dental component of the latter program, however, declined substantially in the s as the number of NHSC dental field positions dropped from about in to 50 in See Chapters 4 and 9 for further discussion of this program.
Since the s, the oral health activities of the U. Department of Health and Human Services have, according to a report, been ''disaggregated, dispersed, reduced drastically, or altogether eliminated" USDHHS, p.
The same report was unable to identify a "discernable oral health policy" or a focal point of administrative responsibility for dental activities within the department. In addition, as the number and proportion of elderly individuals grow dramatically in coming years, the need for programs aimed at nursing home patients and homebound individuals will also grow.
Medicare's lack of dental benefits which most reform proposals would not change and state restrictions on services provided by allied dental personnel will likely become more significant policy issues. It now seems unlikely that public policymakers will undertake either major or incremental steps to extend coverage for oral health care.
Thus, the prospects for improved access to oral health care are uncertain, particularly for those most in need. The most common dental diseases—caries and periodontal disease—are largely preventable through a combination of community, professional, and personal practices.
Thus, most proposals to improve oral health status of individuals and populations over the long run focus on preventive rather than curative strategies. However, disparities in treatment across socioeconomic groups make effective access to basic dental care a major objective of some proposals.
As part of the Healthy People initiative, the federal government published in a set of comprehensive and specific objectives for improving the health of Americans USDHHS, Oral health was one of the 22 defined priority areas for which more than objectives were set. The project defined 16 primary goals for oral health, most of which included subgoals for groups with poorer than average health.
Appendix 3A lists the 16 Oral Health goals and associated data and research needs. The 16 goals have been endorsed by most major dental groups including the American Dental Association.
A major initiative on behalf of the Healthy People objectives is Oral Health , which was launched by the American Fund for Dental Health with funding from NIDR and support from an array of public and private organizations. The three broad goals of this initiative are "to reduce the occurrence and severity of oral diseases in the U.
population; to prevent the unnecessary loss of teeth, whether resulting from oral diseases, neglect or trauma; [and] to alleviate the physical, cultural, racial, ethnic, social, educational, health care delivery system and environmental barriers that prevent individuals from achieving healthy oral functioning" American Fund for Dental Health, , p.
A generally similar set of goals guides the NIDR program focused on the oral health of higher-risk individuals.
These goals are "to eliminate toothlessness in America in future generations; to prevent further deterioration of the oral health of those with already compromised dentition; [and] to ensure that adults already in good health maintain that state as they advance to the retirement years" NIDR, , p.
The report of the U. Preventive Services Task Force noted the importance of good oral health status. Appendix 3. B presents an excerpt from the guidelines developed by that group to advise physicians on oral health counseling.
The task force noted that little evidence exists about the impact of physician counseling and that the efficacy of some oral health interventions or the appropriate interval for some services is unclear.
A IOM study focused on national health insurance, not goals for oral health status or oral health services per se. Nonetheless, its priorities for coverage reflect judgments about the most cost-effective, long-range strategies for improving oral health IOM, , p.
The priorities targeted, in order,. C includes the more detailed priorities described in the IOM report. Although it recommended coverage priorities for a national health plan, the study observed that national insurance coverage was not, overall, the most cost-effective strategy to improve oral health.
Rather, because oral problems are concentrated among the poor, an expansion of Medicaid dental coverage and, in particular, school-based programs might very well accomplish more. Thus, the committee recommended, "that at a minimum, and even if national health insurance is not enacted, steps should be taken to assure that the children of low-income families have access to basic dental services" IOM, , p.
The Institute of Medicine has issued two major reports on guidelines for clinical practice with recommendations about their development and implementation IOM, a, D lists attributes for sound clinical practice guidelines set forth in these studies.
As described in the IOM report pp. Challenging as the development of guidelines is, their implementation is an even more formidable task. Just as the effectiveness of a dental treatment cannot be assumed, neither can the effectiveness of practice guidelines.
Research to evaluate their impact on behavior and patient outcomes is essential, and faculties in dental schools should have an important role to play in initiating and undertaking such research.
In addition to research undertaken in dental school facilities, other opportunities for outcomes research should be pursued with suitable dental public health programs, health maintenance organizations, dental service units of the Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers, and similar organizations or groups.
Chapter 5 reiterates this proposal. High levels of Fluoride were reported in districts of 20 States of India after bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in The population at risk as per population in habitations with high fluoride is Rajasthan, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh are worst affected states.
Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are moderately affected states, while Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam are mildly affected states.
Dental fluorosis : It is categorized into mild, moderate and severe dental fluorosis depending on the extent of staining and pitting on the teeth. The teeth could be chalky white and may have white, yellow, brown or black spots or streaks on the enamel surface.
Discoloration is away from the gums and bilaterally symmetrical. Skeletal fluorosis : The early symptoms of skeletal fluorosis include stiffness and pain in the joints. In severe cases, the bone structure may change and ligaments may calcify, with resulting impairment of muscles and pain.
Constriction of vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen exerts pressure on nerves, blood vessels leading to paralysis and pain. Neurological manifestation: Nervousness and depression, tingling sensation in fingers and toes, excessive thirst and tendency to urinate.
Muscular manifestations: Muscle weakness and stiffness, pain in the muscle and loss of muscle power, inability to carry out normal routine activities.
Abortions, still births and children with birth defects are common in endemic areas. Low hemoglobin levels: Fluoride accumulates on the erythrocyte red blood cells membrane, which in turn looses calcium content. The membrane which is deficient in calcium content is pliable and is thrown into folds.
The shape of erythrocytes is changed. Such RBCs are called echinocytes and found in circulation. This would lead to low hemoglobin levels in patients chronically ill due to fluoride toxicity. Calcification of ligaments and blood vessel: Forms unique feature of the disease helps in differential diagnosis.
With an aim to prevent and control fluorosis cases, Government of India initiated the National Program for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis NPPCF as a new health initiative in — To collect, assess and use the baseline survey data of fluorosis of Ministry of Drinking Water Supply for starting the project.
Surveillance of fluorosis in the community and school children. Capacity building at different level of healthcare delivery system for early detection, management and rehabilitation of fluorosis cases.
b Create awareness and skills among the medical as well as paramedical health workers to detect the disease in the community. c Provision of safe drinking water, water harvesting rain water and other measures in collaboration with Public Health Engineering Department.
Management Efforts are aimed to reduce the fluorosis induced disability and to improve quality of life of affected patients. Treatment of deformity includes physiotherapy, corrective plasters and orthoses appropriate appliances. Trained health sector manpower in Government set up for measuring fluoride in urine and water.
Improve information base for the community and all concerned in the program districts [ 29 ]. Likewise, fluoride is double edge sword, that is, its deficiency and excess both affect the oral health. Hence, science based on effectiveness, safety and benefits should be implemented at different needs at different part of the world.
WHO aim at building healthy populations involving all communities by combating every possible illness. Promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing risk factors to oral health that arise from environmental, economic, social and behavioral causes.
Framing policies in oral health, based on integration of oral health into national and community health programs, and promoting oral health as an effective dimension for development policy of society [ 7 ]. Program goals are broad statements on the overall purpose of a program. Program objectives are more specific statements of desired endpoints of program.
Specific —they should describe an observable action, behavior or achievement. Measurable —they are systems, methods or procedures to track to record the action upon which objective is focused. Achievable —the objective is realistic, based on current environment and resources.
Relevant —the objective is important to the program and is under the control of program. Time based —there are clearly defined deadlines for achieving the objective [ 3 ]. Designing an oral health promotion program: step by step can be studied as shown in Figure 2 [ 1 ]:. Best practices in oral health promotion and prevention can take various forms, be it education, health promotion, integrating oral health promotion into general health promotion programs, policy changes which promote better oral health, the provision of care services, or programs specifically designed at addressing oral health inequalities.
It is interesting to learn how oral health promotion and practices are implemented in through various interventions applying the Ottawa Charter guidelines. Establishing healthy policies is integral in improving oral health.
Based on the needs, evidences and situation analysis, National Government, health ministry, local governments, organizations, communities, schools, primary healthcare settings and local stakeholders forms or reforms the healthy policy.
Health promotion advocates hold key responsibility to convey appropriate health needs of the population. Supporting early childhood centers and school boards in developing healthy food and nutrition policies.
Working on policy options that eliminate the advertising of harmful food and beverages to children. Making the healthy choice easy choice is the aim of health promotion. This can be achieved by creating supportive social, physical, biological and cultural environments.
These determinants of health directly and indirectly affect the oral health with or without general health consequences. Hence, the needs of local population should be considered in order to design and implementation of health promotion actions.
Health promotion practitioners play a lead role in creating supportive environments along with public health units, government agencies, health organizations, NGOs, professional Dental Association, industry organizations and print and digital media.
Provision of fluoridated toothpastes at subsidized cost that low income group can also avail. Communities are a powerful force for achieving actions for any health promotion program where the key success factors are: partnership, participation and engagement.
Encompassing all the communities for united efforts to understand their own oral health needs and ascertain to improve the oral health outcomes of their community.
These health promotion programs may differ with age, society, culture and environment. Among the five actions themes of Ottawa Charter, community action is unique as concentrate on how particular health actions to be carried out. It eventually may turn out to be effective examples to be followed.
Important factor for communities to have equitable access to resources to support the control they must have over their own health and development.
Hence, strengthening community action is about providing and facilitating access to sufficient and appropriate resources. Engaging communities to participate in school oral health programs through leadership activities.
Community and school collaboration for establishing playgrounds with safe play equipment, barricades for children safety. Personal skills can help individual to take control of his own health. Empowering people with appropriate knowledge and skills to improve and maintain their oral health is essential.
Oral health literacy is the way that provides information, education and skills for oral health improvement. Such things help increases the resources available to people to exercise more control over their own health and environments.
Health promotion programs needs to be updated that go collateral with changing environment and culture. Hence, continuum for health education, particularly for oral health, throughout life is necessary. Here, comes the role of oral health professionals who forms the bridge between health promotion advocates and health promotion program communities.
At community level or at individual level, they create support system to ingress healthy personal skills to improve and maintain oral health. Oral health professionals fulfill this role of trainer by providing information, resources and training.
Encouraging sports authorities for safe environment at sports events such as making sportsmen to put on mouth guards compulsory when required. Health services carry the burden of all diseases by providing three tier cares.
With advancing burden of new diseases and population explosion challenges, reorientation of health services is inevitable. The global burden of oral diseases had led to integrate oral health into general health. Indeed, it is giving a new direction for oral health services and recognizing that oral health is not merely a biomedical process.
Health services should be reformed such that they not only treat the diseases but also find suitable solutions for health promotion. Strengthening of health services to analyze needs, to understand the socioeconomic determinants of health of the population is required.
Extensive collaboration with NGOs and social services for oral health promotion, so the curative burden from Government is reduced. Linking general health services and children oral health care under primary health centers.
Training the trainers, that is, training all health professionals about preventive and social components of oral health promotion. Facilitating and building knowledge for diagnosing early caries detection programs by primary healthcare professionals. Provision of professional fluoride lack and excess treatment facilities delivered by primary healthcare professionals and community [ 1 ].
The above international policy examples envision the challenges and opportunities for better identification, prioritization and integration of oral health services. Collaborative planning and organization may accelerate the process to arrest the global burden of oral diseases and pioneer the oral health promotion.
Relevant international developments suggest that some other health promotion frameworks exists that are parallel to Ottawa Charter framework. One can develop or reform a different model based on above evidences for oral health promotion programs at their region. Twenty eight examples of good practice are presented from across Europe as shown in Figure 3.
These cover all areas of oral health promotion across the life course and include programs aimed at pregnant mothers, children and adolescents, the elderly and disadvantaged groups. Examples of good practices in oral health promotion programs existing across the Europe.
These programs outline a number of successful initiatives that can help prevent oral diseases, which reduce the social burden and in turn reduce existing inequalities.
Gradient shift to rural population to urban area, issues of migrants, urbanization, socio, cultural and environmental changes alienate health promotion. Isolated intervention may not be successful at such circumstances.
Oral health promotion actions with different approaches can only improve. Health for all is certainly efficient way than the target specific behaviors.
It is evident that an effective and sustainable intervention combines health, society and individual through organization, policy and laws to create healthy living conditions which promotes better quality lifestyle.
WHO is considered as an accountable and reliable organization which provide necessary technical and policy support. Their evidence based guidance enable countries to integrate oral health promotion programs into the general health promotion.
The organization has different expertise at Collaboration Centers across globe that is resourceful for oral health promotion guidance. However, most of the developed and developing countries utilize own resources and develop their own action program for health promotion.
It is based upon local experiences and strengths, active communities to contribute participation facilitate community empowerment by creating sustainable supporting environment. Recognition of health determinants, capacity building for designing and implementing interventions to promote oral health.
Community led and based oral health promotion programs, having equal opportunity for marginalized segments of population. Methods and methodological development to analyze the processes and outcomes of national oral health promotion interventions. Collaboration with strong of networks and alliances that strengthen local, national and international activities for oral health promotion.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Jane Manakil. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Oral Health Promotion: Evidences and Strategies Written By Vikram R.
Niranjan, Vikas Kathuria, Venkatraman J and Arpana Salve. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:. Choose citation style Select style Vancouver APA Harvard IEEE MLA Chicago Copy to clipboard Get citation.
Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. IntechOpen Insights into Various Aspects of Oral Health Edited by Jane Manakil. From the Edited Volume Insights into Various Aspects of Oral Health Edited by Jane Francis Manakil Book Details Order Print. Chapter metrics overview 3, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics.
Impact of this chapter. Keywords oral health oral health promotion fluorosis school health dental health. Vikram R. Introduction The twentieth century was noteworthy in dentistry for many epidemiologic advances that occurred in the study of oral diseases and conditions.
Following are enlisted examples of effective oral health promotion: Promotion of healthy eating Training of relevant oral hygiene methods Access to preventive oral health services at the earliest Promotion of topical fluoride application [ 1 ].
Oral health promotion in health promoting schools HPS Oral health education has been considered as one of the fundamentals in oral health promotion [ 5 , 6 ]. Strong arguments for oral health promotion through schools include the following: Personal and social education aimed at developing life skills—Pupils and students can be accessed during their formative years, from childhood to adolescence.
Training for school staff Physical exercise Commitment to provide safe facilities for training in sport and leisure activities Exercise and physical education are a compulsory part of the school curriculum. Table 1. National tobacco control program of India Tobacco consumption either in smoke form or smokeless form has deleterious effect general and oral health.
The program includes objectives as: Nationwide awareness regarding tobacco use harms and following tobacco control laws. Necessary actions for strong implementation of the Tobacco Control Laws. The prime areas under the NTCP as targets are: Training of trainers, that is, health and social workers, NGOs, school teachers and enforcement officers.
Caloric needs formula resources teach students the importance Healrh oral health. They educafion Oral health education Orql and apply practices in maintaining eductaion oral health, such as brushing their teeth. A Optimal nutrition periodization Z Services Contact Educaation Job Opportunities Disclaimer and Privacy Accessibility News and Notices. Teaching Tool - Oral Health Grade 2 These resources teach students the importance of oral health. Learning goals I will gain an understanding of the importance of good oral health I will apply practices that contribute to good oral health I will learn how to properly brush my teeth with the proper instruments i. This specific expectation is also connected to the social-emotional learning expectations A1.Oral health education -
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Search Box Clear. For Families. For Teachers. For Dental Professionals. For Volunteers. My Bright Smile Emergent Reader. Baxter Meets a Visitor Story Book. Adventures in the Molar System Movie Poster.
Back from the Molar System; The Search for Toofus Story Book. Family Take Home Brochure Grades K Wall Poster: Bright Smiles side 1. Wall Poster: Know How to Brush side 2.
How To Brush Teeth Correctly. Color the Tooth Defenders. Connect the floss. Tooth Defender! Maze Challenge. Colgate's 4 Key Brushing Tips. Chompers: Loose in Tooth City. Meet The Tooth Defenders Share to. On this page About Oral Health Oral Health Education Guides OHEG About Oral Health Good oral health positively impacts a child's ability to learn, attend school and eat nutritious foods.
Oral Health Education Guides OHEG The OHEG is meant as a tool to enable you to teach oral health, as it links oral health education and resources to learning blocks and strands found in the Ontario Curriculum, grades Grade 1 Language Oral Share stories related to oral health.
Boyd, Nicole The Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated. Klein, A. Max Goes To the Dentist. Picture Window Books. Berenstain, S. The Berenstain Bears Visit the Dentist. Random House.
Writing Using a variety of strategies and resources e. Parts of the Tooth external link Reading Collection of rhymes, songs, charts and stories that link oral health information to different literary text. Langreuter, J. Little Bear Brushes His Teeth. Millbrook Press. Ricci, Christine Show me Your Smile!
A Visit to the Dentist Dora the Explorer. Simon Spotlight. Van Leeuwen, J. Amanda Pig and the Wiggly Tooth. USA: Penguin Group Inc. Lane, J. The Magic School Bus and the Missing Tooth.
Cartwheel Books. Seuss The Tooth Book. Minarik, E. Little Bear's Loose Tooth. HarperCollins Publishers. Hall, K. The Tooth Fairy. Adler, D. Young Cam Jansen and the Lost Tooth. Math Numeration Humans have two sets of teeth: primary and permanent.
Mouthguard — Protection During Physical Activity external link Have students identify habits and behaviours that can have a harmful effect on the mouth and encourage students to adopt healthier alternatives and how. Significant Event: "A Visit to the Dentist" external PDF Art Music Healthy, Happy Teeth Brush your teeth and floss them too, For healthy, happy teeth.
Brushing My Teeth Poem Up like the flowers, down like the rain, Back and forth like a choo-choo train. Grade 2 Language Reading Encourage students to read using different types of literary texts stories, folk tales from diverse cultures.
Seuss September Beeler, Selby B. Throw Your Tooth on the Roof: Tooth Traditions from Around the World. None edition, Keller, Laurie Open Wide: Tooth School Insider. Media Below are links to media texts. Tooth Sealants external PDF See pages 49—52 Mouth Care and Cavity Prevention external PDF See pages 25—40 Active Living Use the links below to have students identify ways they can protect their teeth and mouths from safety risks during physical activity.
How much time might a person spend brushing his or her teeth in one year? How much time might that person spend brushing his or her teeth in one decade? How much time could that person spend brushing their teeth in half a century? If you were to leave your tap running every time you brushed your teeth, how much water would you use in one year, one decade, and one century?
How can you be more responsible for your water use? Social Studies Features of Community Help students discover how communities around the world have similar or different food. Hodges, S. December Multicultural Snacks.
Totline Publications. Art Oral Health Rhyme About Brushing Your Teeth I know how to brush my teeth I brush on top and underneath Up like a rocket Down like a plane Back and forth like a choo-choo train. Grade 4 Language Reading Help students discover oral health beliefs in other cultures and learn in a visual, informative, and fun way.
None edition, Targ Brill, Marlene. March Tooth Tales from Around the World. Charlesbridge Publishing; First Edition. Keller, Laurie Math Data Collect data by conducting a survey eg. Schuh, Mari. Snacks for Healthy Teeth.
Pebble Plus Age Level: ISBN: Students can identify which substances are found in tobacco and smoke products and describe how these substances affect oral health. Frequently Asked Questions about Tobacco Facts About Smoking and Tobacco — What's in Cigarettes?
Food Standards Agency Website. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Dental Recall: Recall interval between routine dental examinations. Clinical guideline London: NICE, Department of Health. Smokefree and smiling: helping dental patients to quit tobacco.
London: Department of Health, Available from www. Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Behaviour change at population, community and individual levels NICE public health guidance 6. Choosing better oral health: an oral health plan for England.
Download references. Ronnie Levine: Hon. Senior Research Fellow, Academic Unit of Paediatrics, University of Leeds. In this article the authors summarise the advice provided in their book A scientific basis of oral health education, published by BDJ Books.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and permissions. Stillman-Lowe, C. Vital guide to Oral health education. Vital 4 , 15—18 Download citation.
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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature vital features article. Download PDF. You have full access to this article via your institution. Vital guide series. What oral health advice should you give patients? What are the latest recommendations for smokers?
Introduction The two most common oral diseases are tooth decay, or dental caries , and gum disease periodontal disease. The key messages for patients Diet: reduce the consumption and especially the frequency of intake of drinks, confectionery and foods with sugars The consumption of sugars, both the frequency and the amount, is important in determining the rate of tooth decay.
What's new in oral health education? Figure 1. Tobacco cessation care pathway for dental practice. Full size image. Putting it into practice In , the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NICE issued guidance changing health-related behaviours.
Conclusion Choosing better oral health 6 sets out a strong emphasis on prevention for the dental team. References Food Standards Agency Website. Author information Author notes Ronnie Levine: Hon. Authors and Affiliations Independent Oral Health Promotion Adviser, Cathy Stillman-Lowe Authors Cathy Stillman-Lowe View author publications.
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