Citrus aurantium for heart health -
aurantium is a safe nutritional compound with submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males when used appropriately, moreover, your combination with a good diet there could be improved fat oxidation in exercise without the cardiovascular risk.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte Process: CJRB supervised the study, performed experiments, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the introduction, methods, discussion, and results in sections.
FJ, ER, and MS collected data and performed conduction of experiments. AP performed the statistical analysis, improved interpretation analysis, and wrote the results in sections. DG drafted the manuscript, improved interpretation analysis, and reviewed English grammar and spelling. VV and CRBJ supervised the study, reviewed the manuscript content, and gave final approval for the version submitted for publication.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
We thank the graduate research scholarships providing from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES, Finance Code and undergraduate research scholarships providing from University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte UniJuazeiro. McLester CN, Bailey P, Bechke EE, Williamson CM, McLester JR, Kliszczewicz B.
The effects of caffeine and citrus aurantium on performance during repeated maximal anaerobic exercise bouts in habitual caffeine users. J Strength Cond Res.
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Oxid Med Cell Longev. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Green Z, Bailey P, McLester J, et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.
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A systematic review to investigate its impact on cardiac autonomic control via heart rate and its variability. J Am Coll Nutr. Porto AA, Valenti VE, Tonon do Amaral JA, Benjamim CJR, Garner DM, Ferreira C. Energy drink before exercise did not affect autonomic recovery following moderate aerobic exercise: a crossover, randomized and controlled trial.
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Basic notions of heart rate variability and its clinical applicability. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV—A software for advanced heart rate variability analysis.
In: IFMBE Proceedings. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Task Force. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.
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Front Psychol. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine: safety of citrus aurantium bitter orange and p -synephrine.
Hupin D, Sarajlic P, Venkateshvaran A, Fridén C, Nordgren B, Opava CH, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function changes and predictors during a 2-year physical activity program in rheumatoid arthritis: a PARA substudy.
Front Med. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Bailey P, Hoffstetter W, McLester J, et al. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.
Benjamim CJR, Monteiro LRL, Pontes YM de M, da Silva AAM, de Souza TKM, et al. Caffeine slows heart rate autonomic recovery following strength exercise in healthy subjects.
Rev Port Cardiol. Porto AA, Benjamim CJR, Gonzaga LA, Luciano de Almeida M, Bueno Júnior CR, Garner DM, et al. Caffeine intake and its influences on heart rate variability recovery in healthy active adults after exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ. Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Ann Pharmacother. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Stohs SJ, Ellis NL, Vought IT, O'Grady EA, et al. Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract p-synephrine consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Shara M, Stohs SJ, Mukattash TL. Cardiovascular safety of oral p-synephrine bitter orange in healthy subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over clinical trial: lack of adverse effects ofp-synephrine.
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x Wellness Extracts Artichoke. Red vine. Supports cardiovascular health. aurantium , but other ingredients such as caffeine, green tea, ginkgo, ginseng, guarana, and yerba mate'. The incorporation of bitter orange extract into products containing other potentially active ingredients makes comparative analyses difficult.
However, several human safety and efficacy studies have been conducted on bitter orange extract p -synephrine alone. Colker et al. The product which was consumed on a daily basis contained mg C.
John's wort. The total daily intake of phenylethylamine-related protoalkaloids was approximately After six weeks, the treated group lost small but significant amounts of body weight 1. No significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic findings, serum chemistry or urinalysis were noted and no significant changes were observed in the results of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire for fatigue or vigor.
The treated group also experienced a significant increase in basal metabolic rate as compared to the placebo group. The amount of caffeine consumed daily in the product mg is equivalent to approximately four cups of coffee or over five cups of tea, and is a well-known thermogenic agent [ 16 ].
It is not clear whether the weight loss and increase in basal metabolic rate were due to the caffeine, the bitter orange extract, exercise, caloric restriction or a combination thereof.
This combination of ingredients and protocol appeared to be effective and safe for promoting modest fat and body weight loss in healthy, overweight adults, although the number of subjects in the study was small [ 15 ]. Kendall-Reed [ 17 ] conducted a 10 week unpublished study on a system Ultra Slim Down ® that consisted of two products Table 2.
The final report of the study is available on line. One product contained mg hydroxycitric acid Citrimax TM , mg bitter orange extract Advantra Z ® and 50 mg kola nut extract, while the second product contained mg chitosan.
Thirty-two overweight subjects were divided into three groups and either given the two products one capsule of each in conjunction with each meal , a diet and exercise program, or the products in conjunction with the diet and exercise program.
At the end of the study no adverse side effects were observed or reported. The group consuming the product-only lost an average of 4. In summary, consumption of the products alone was more effective than diet and exercise, while consuming the products in combination with diet and exercise was most effective.
No adverse effects were reported. This study was not published and subjected to peer review. Possible cardiovascular effects of Seville sour orange juice in normotensive adults were assessed by Penzak et al.
Twelve subjects consumed 8 ounces of orange juice approximately 13 mg p -synephrine and water in a crossover design followed by repeat ingestion 8 hours later. Hemodynamic parameters including heart rate and blood pressure did not significantly differ between control and treated groups.
In spite of the lack of evidence, the authors concluded that individuals with tachyarrhythmias, severe hypertension and narrow angle glaucoma as well as monoamine oxidase inhibitor receptors should avoid Seville orange juice.
The warning was based on the erroneous assumption that the form of synephrine present in the orange juice was m -synephrine [ 6 ]. Kalman and associates have conducted three unpublished studies using a commercial weight loss product Xenadrine EFX ® Table 2. The product contained a proprietary blend of extracts from C.
aurantium bitter orange , yerba mate, grape seed, green tea and ginger root in addition to several vitamins and amino acids.
The product contained 6 mg p -synephrine, mg caffeine and mg catechin polyphenols in capsule form. The results of these studies were presented at various scientific meetings, but were never published in a scientific journal and subjected to peer review. In each of these studies it is not possible to determine the role of p -synephrine in the observed effects.
A double blind cross-over study involving 6 healthy human subjects who received two capsules of Xenadrine EFX ® 12 mg p -synephrine Kalman et al.
A significant increase 2. No effects on heart rate or blood pressure were observed, and no subjective complaints or adverse events were reported. Kalman et al. Basal metabolic rates were determined at baseline, four hours after a standardized meal at which time two capsules of Xenadrine EFX ® or the placebo were ingested, and hourly for the next five hours.
At the two and three hour time points after ingestion of the product relative to the control, No significant differences in heart rate or blood pressure were observed in response to the product relative to baseline and control values. No significant effects of the product were noted as compared to the placebo group with respect to blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic data, fasting blood glucose, renal function, hepatic function or complete blood count with differentials over the 14 days of the study.
The treated group experienced a significant reduction in fatigue levels, while sleep quality was negatively impacted. At the end of the study, the treated group experienced a reduction in diastolic blood pressure as compared to the placebo group The authors concluded that the product was safe over the course of the study [ 20 ].
No weight loss was observed over the two weeks of the study. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. After 8 weeks the experimental group had lost a significantly greater amount of weight than the control group 3. The daily intake of p -synephrine 10 mg was small, and its relative contribution to the overall weight loss cannot be determined.
The study was a 14 day, placebo-controlled double-blinded crossover protocol where subjects received two capsules of the product or placebo for the first seven days and four capsules per day for the next seven days. Analyses were conducted at baseline, and days seven and No significant differences were observed at any time point between treated and placebo control with respect to systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, or heart valve function and left ventricular ejection fraction as determined by serial echocardiograms or Doppler echocardiograms.
The maximum amount of p -synephrine 10 mg per day was small compared to the maximum amounts of ephedrine 40 mg per day and caffeine mg per day. A statistically larger proportion of subjects taking the product reported minor adverse effects as dry mouth, increased activity, and sleep disorders, but there were no serious adverse events and no significant difference with regard to cardiovascular measurements heart rate, blood pressures, serial echocardiograms and Doppler echocardiograms between the treated and placebo groups.
Gurley et al. The daily consumption of p -synephrine was The authors concluded that a supplement containing C. aurantium extract did not appear to significantly modulate cytochrome P enzyme activities in human subjects, and therefore posed minimal risk for cytochrome Pmediated, herb-drug interactions.
The bitter orange extract had no significant effect on CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4, the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome enzymes. No adverse effects were observed. The authors did not assess the possible effects on body weight or blood chemistry. The study was not published Table 2 , but a copy of the final report is available on line.
Of the 65 adults enrolled, 54 completed the study with 6 dropouts from the placebo group and 5 subjects from the product treatment group. The product contained extracts of bitter orange, guarana and green tea as well as 7-oxo-dehydroandrostenedione DHEA , conjugated linoleic acid and chromium picolinate.
The daily consumption of bitter orange extract was mg but the p -synephrine content was not noted. At the completion of the 8 week study, the treated group lost an average of 2. No significant differences occurred between the treatment and placebo groups with respect to systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate or temperature.
Furthermore, there were no significant differences in serum chemistry profiles and complete blood counts between the two groups.
There was also no difference in the reported incidence of adverse events between the two groups and no serious adverse events were reported [ 25 ]. It is not possible to determine the role of p- synephrine and the bitter orange extract in the observed effects.
This was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study involving healthy, overweight adults. A total of 35 subjects completed the 8 week study.
Each adult received three capsules of the weight-loss product twice daily or a placebo in conjunction with a calorie-restricted diet and an exercise program. The product also contained 3-acetyloxo-dehydroepiandrosterone 17 mg , Coleus forskohlli extract 50 mg extract, 10 mg forskolin , yerba mate extract mg , guarana extract mg extract, 51 mg caffeine , piperine 1.
The most significant finding of the study was a 7. No significant differences were noted between the treated and the placebo-controlled groups with respect to body weight, body fat, or lean tissue [ 26 ].
No changes in heart rate or blood pressure were observed and no serious adverse events were reported. The relative role of each of the ingredients cannot be determined. Min et al. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind and crossover study involved 18 healthy subjects.
The rate-corrected QT QTc interval and blood pressure were measured before dosing and at 1, 3, 5 and 8 hrs after dosing. The bitter orange extract did not significantly alter the QTc interval or the systolic or diastolic blood pressures at any time point. Haller et al.
The protocol consisted of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover design involving 10 subjects with a one-week washout between treatments. The results showed that the dietary supplement but not the p- synephrine-containing bitter orange extract increased both systolic and diastolic blood pressures at two hours post-treatment, while heart rate increased at six hours by The authors concluded that the pressure effects were not likely caused by the C.
aurantium alone since no blood pressure effect was observed with an 8-fold higher dose of p -synephrine. The authors also concluded that the increase in blood pressure may be attributable to caffeine and other stimulants in the dietary supplement.
The increase in heart rate reported for p -synephrine at 6 hours is not consistent with the pharmacokinetics of p- synephrine or a number of other studies, and is discussed in detail below.
The amounts of the ingredients in the products were verified by analytical analysis. Bui et al. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured every hour for six hours. These investigators reported small but clinically insignificant increases in heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures for up to five hours.
The difference in the results between this study and the study of Min et al. However, these effects on heart rate and blood pressure were small and have not been observed in other studies. Sale et al. As noted above, this product contained bitter orange, guarana and green tea extracts.
Subjects received either the placebo or the product and were followed for seven hours or exercised on a treadmill for 60 min. The product had no effect on ATP utilization under resting or exercise conditions relative to control.
Fatty acid oxidation to ATP decreased while plasma levels of fatty acids increased in response to the product. The product had no effect on resting heart rate or blood pressure. Gougeon et al. No other ingredients were present in the product. The thermic effect of food on a 1.
Five capsules of the C. aurantium extract provided 26 mg p -synephrine, and 4 mg or less each of other phenethylamines Advantra Z ®.
The thermic effect of food was determined on an initial 30 subjects. A subset of 11 men and 11 women were additionally studied after ingestion of the bitter orange extract in conjunction with the protein meal, while a another subset of 12 women and 8 men were studied a third time following ingestion of the C.
aurantium -containing capsules alone. The thermic effect of the bitter orange extract was greater in men than women in the absence of a meal.
A significant increase in the respiratory quotient occurred in both sexes in response to the bitter orange extract alone. No significant changes occurred in systolic and diastolic blood pressures or pulse rates when compared with base line values following exposure to the bitter orange extract.
Hoffman et al. aurantium extract, Garcinia cambogia and chromium JavaFit TM over a three hour period of time in a randomized, double blind study which involved 10 healthy, physically active subjects Table 1. The enriched coffee product contained mg caffeine, Significant increases were observed in responders with respect to resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio.
No significant differences were observed in average heart rate or diastolic blood pressure while a 3 mm Hg increase was observed in the systolic blood pressure.
The modest effect on blood pressure is not surprising based on the amount of caffeine in the product. Talbott et al. aurantium extract product Advantra Z ® while the other half of the subjects received the placebo Table 2.
Heart rate and blood pressures were determined at the start of the study and after six weeks. No significant differences were observed between the treated and placebo control groups at the conclusion of the study with respect to these cardiovascular parameters.
No effects on body weight were reported. This study represents the highest dose of p -synephrine for the longest period of time that has been reported.
The study was presented at a scientific meeting but never published. The product Ripped Fuel Extreme Cut TM contained 21 mg p -synephrine and mg caffeine, as well as other ingredients including herbal extracts of green tea, ginger root, cocoa seed, willow bark, and wasabi.
The product or placebo was taken one hour prior to 30 min of moderately intense exercise. No significant treatment-related differences in systolic blood pressure, heart rate or body temperature were observed.
Product-related increases in diastolic blood pressure 8. Exercise was perceived as being less strenuous after consumption of the product. Due to the poly-alkaloidal and protoalkaloidal nature of this product, the factor or factors responsible for the effects on blood glucose and diastolic blood pressure cannot be determined.
Seifert et al. The product contained 13 mg p -synephrine as Advantra Z ® , mg caffeine as guarana , and The study involved 14 females and 9 males in a placebo-controlled, crossover design.
Subjects ingested one capsule with each of three meals on day one of treatment, and one more capsule on the morning of the second day. Data were collected 60 min after the last administration of the product.
No differences were observed in heart rate or blood pressure following treatment. This was an acute study which did not provide information on long-term effects, but did demonstrate an increase in energy expenditure. Stohs et al. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind design with the vehicle for the p -synephrine being one ounce of tomato juice.
The amount of p -synephrine in the product was verified by independent analysis. Measurements were taken at baseline prior to consuming the product and at 75 min. At this time point, a 6. No significant effects were observed with respect to blood pressure or heart rate, nor were there any significant differences in responses to a 10 item self-report questionnaire which addressed such issues as nervousness, tension, anxiety, hunger, energy, headache, general discomfort, and sleepiness.
Longer term safety and efficacy studies involving p -synephrine alone are warranted. The amount of p- synephrine in the capsules was determined by high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Electrocardiograms, blood pressures, heart rates, blood chemistries and blood cell counts with differentials were determined at baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours, as well as after 5, 10 and 15 days.
Hexrt for the inconvenience: we Citrus aurantium for heart health taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors Plant-based metabolic booster page crawlers. Student, Department xurantium Clinical Hydration essentials for endurance events, Zahedan Heary of Medical Sciences, Iran 4 Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Received: December 19, Published: December 27, Citation: Keshtkar S, Komeili G, Keshavarzi F, Jahantigh M Cardio Protective Effects of Hydroalcholic Citrus Aurantium Extract on Myocardial Infarction Induced by Isoproterenol in Male Rats. J Cardiol Curr Res 10 2 : DOI: Download PDF. Citrus fruits fog one haelth the most common Cirrus Citrus aurantium for heart health medicines, whereas aurantimu leaf Thermogenic energy enhancers been used Citrus aurantium for heart health the Mediterranean against hypertension and inflammation. It delivers the protective phytonutrients of the Mediterranean diet in a tailor-made optimized blend for support of cardiovascular health. References 1. Sánchez Macarro, M. et al, Nutrients This site uses cookies as described in our Privacy Statement and Cookie Policy. To see what cookies we use and set your own preferences, please refer to the Statement and Policy.
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