Louis, MO, USA healtg, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 2 Gut health and gut motility before the collection of feces and colon tissue TLRs can directly interact with bacterial components to facilitate communication between gut microbiota and GI cells. Learn to breathe more slowly and deeply from your abdomen.

Gut health and gut motility -

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Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Download references. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant []; the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grants [ZRMH; ZRMH]; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant [M]; and the Science and Technology Development Program of Jinan under Grant [].

Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, , China. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, , China.

Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, , China. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. These authors contributed equally and shared the first authorship: TianRong Ma, XiaoLei Xue, Hui Tian.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Changqing Jing or Feng Tian. The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Review Open access Published: 26 May Effect of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility and its underlying mechanisms TianRong Ma 1 na1 , XiaoLei Xue 1 , 3 na1 , Hui Tian 4 na1 , XinXiu Zhou 1 , JunKe Wang 1 , ZhiWen Zhao 1 , MingFei Wang 2 , JiYuan Song 2 , RenXiang Feng 2 , Leping Li 1 , 2 , Changqing Jing ORCID: orcid.

Abstract Gut microbiota is closely related to human health and disease because, together with their metabolites, gut microbiota maintain normal intestinal peristalsis. Introduction Postoperative ileus POI refers to the prolonged recovery time of the gastrointestinal tract after surgery, resulting in abdominal distension, vomiting, oral intolerance, and delayed bowel function [ 1 ].

Changes in the gut microbiota and intestinal motility after surgery The gut microbiota play a crucial role in the intestinal function. Full size image. Effects of gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility via the enteric nervous system The microbiota gut brain axis is a two-way system.

Gut microbiota regulate intestinal motility via enteric neurons and glial cells The ENS is mainly distributed in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses; however, intestinal motility is solely controlled by the myenteric plexus [ 33 ]. Gut microbiota affect intestinal motility by regulating Toll-like receptors TLRs TLRs, an important family of pattern recognition receptors involved in non-specific immunity natural immunity , can recognize pathogens triggering immune responses that affect intestinal function.

Gut microbiota influence the ENS by regulating inflammation Inflammation can affect the ENS, resulting in intestinal dyskinesia. Gut microbiota metabolites affect intestinal motility by regulating the ENS When the barrier function of the gut is impaired, the ENS may be exposed to the metabolites produced by gut microbiota affecting intestinal motility.

Gut microbiota and their metabolites affect postoperative intestinal motility by regulating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR A recent study showed that the AHR signal in the intestinal nerve circuit connects gut microbiota and intestinal nerve function and plays an important role in regulating the intestinal motor function [ ].

Probiotic supplements to improve postoperative intestinal motility injury Surgery may increase the number of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine and decrease the proportion of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium; administration of antibiotics before surgery reduces the abundance of gut microbiota, leading to dysbiosis [ , ].

Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Abbreviations POI: Postoperative ileus BAs: Bile acids SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids SP: Substance P 5-HT: 5-Hydroxytryptamine IL: Interleukin ME: Muscularis externa ENS: Enteric nervous system TLRs: Toll-like receptors LPS: Lipopolysaccharides iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase MCs: Mast cells MMs: Muscle macrophages BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 ECs: Enterochromaffin cells TPH1: Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 AHR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

References Chapman SJ, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Scarborough JE, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Buscail E, Deraison C. The migrating motor complex MMC is a pattern of gut contraction that creates movement through the gut when it is empty. Regulation of the MMC is complex, requiring the release of many hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as activity of the enteric and autonomic nervous system 2.

This contraction moves through the stomach and small intestine, towards the ileocecal valve. These waves occur in cycles, playing a housekeeping role, clearing the small intestine of remnants of food left behind during peristalsis and segmentation contraction, as well as bacteria 3.

A small amount of bile and enzymes are released with each MMC. If there is dysfunction within any of these movement patterns, gut motility may be decreased, leading to constipation, changes in the gut microbiome, pain, and other digestive symptoms. Particularly, a decrease in Phase III activity of the MMC, the most active phase of its four phases, has been shown to be absent in cases of IBS and SIBO 2.

Additionally, conditions that affect motility predispose toward development of SIBO. A significant amount of patients with SIBO have motility issues, particularly decreased MMC activity 3,5.

While motility issues predispose patients to bacterial overgrowth, once overgrowth occurs, the methane gas that is produced in certain cases of SIBO What is SIBO? further slows the activity of the gastrointestinal tract 6.

In turn, treating dysbiosis has an effect on dysmotility 7. It is essential to treat the dysmotility that contributed to development of SIBO, while also treating the bacterial overgrowth. Depending on the root cause of decreased gut motility, treatments vary greatly.

For example, in cases of intestinal blockage, patients may have to undergo surgery to remove the blockage. However, if gut motility is decreased due to dysfunction within any of the digestive movement patterns , certain substances and lifestyle habits that increase and coordinate intestinal motility may be helpful.

Maya Kuczma Empowering Your Gut: The Role of Motility in Digestive Wellness Wellness , Health , Gut Health. Understanding Gut Motility In a well-functioning digestive tract, there are three movement patterns to ensure food is digested and propelled through the gut, and the gut is cleared of food and bacteria once digestion is complete.

These patterns, known as segmentation contraction, peristalsis, and the migrating motor complex MMC , decrease the potential for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by ensuring that food particles and bacteria are moved through the digestive tract, rather than accumulating in the small intestine.

However, if there is dysfunction within any of these mechanisms, or imbalances within the digestive hormones that control them, gut motility is reduced, increasing the likelihood of SIBO 1.

New Effective BP control shows little risk mootility infection bealth prostate biopsies. Discrimination at work Anthocyanins in red wine linked to high blood pressure. Icy fingers and toes: Poor circulation or Raynaud's phenomenon? The gut-brain connection is no joke; it can link anxiety to stomach problems and vice versa. Have you ever had a "gut-wrenching" experience?

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The gut-brain connection	The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drake TM, Ward AE. Katagiri, S. After antibiotic treatment, the abundance of the intestinal microbiota significantly decreases [ 25 ]. Full size image. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Baig MK, Wexner SD.
Mount Sinai Center for Gastrointestinal Physiology & Motility	Become a better breather. Learn to breathe more slowly and deeply from your abdomen. One way to do this is to imagine that you have a small beach ball behind your belly button, which you slowly inflate and deflate. Much of our anxiety is self-induced, meaning that we often get ourselves wound up worrying about worst-case scenarios or blowing small incidents out of proportion. Monitor your negative thoughts to see how often you fret about things such as losing your job, or making mistakes. If you find yourself obsessing, try to substitute a negative thought with a positive, but realistic one. Get physical. Exercise is a well-known tension reducer and can help relieve symptoms. Become a better time manager. Learn to say no. Learn how to set boundaries for yourself. Take time out for yourself. Our minds and bodies require a certain amount of variety, or else our overcharged nervous systems will keep speeding right into the next day. Try to take at least one day off each week to do something you really enjoy, whatever that may be. Remember to include things like getting enough sleep, exercising your faith, having a leisurely bath, listening to music, playing with a pet, having conversations with friends, or anything that gives you pleasure. Have a good belly laugh. Laughter is a natural stress reliever that helps to lower blood pressure, slow your heart and breathing rate, and relax your muscles. How do you tickle your funny bone? Catch comedies, have a chuckle with a friend, and make an effort to look on the lighter side of life. Choose foods carefully. Some foods can increase your stress level while others can help reduce it. Choose foods wisely and in addition to reducing stress, your body will love you for it! In addition, the decrease in the AQP-4 and nNOS levels in the colon tissues after the masticatory activity improved the attenuation of water reabsorption and colonic motility 3 , 7 , 8 , These results were consistent with previous studies that acknowledge that chewing gum improves postoperative recovery in patients with ileus via cephalic vagal stimulation Meanwhile, our results suggest that the issues with masticatory function and habitual feeding, such as a soft diet, may influence daily gut functions and symptoms. In summary, our findings showed the role of masticatory behaviors in our dietary habits, as seen with the long-term powdered diet feeding inducing constipation-like symptoms and chronic mild colitis involving neutrophil recruitment and activation. The impairment of colonic condition and function may be associated with decreased SCFA levels due to shifts in gut microbiota shift that are caused by long-term feeding with a powdered diet. Thus, our results show the importance of daily masticatory behavior in maintaining colonic condition and function. The randomly selected mice were fed either a control diet pellet-type Labo MR stock; Nihon Nosan, Kanagawa, Japan or a powdered diet powder-type Labo MR stock; Nihon Nosan containing the same ingredients with given free access to water for 4 months. A blinded analysis was done to avoid experimental bias. All animal use protocols were conducted in accordance with the Standards of Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University. All animal experiments were approved by the Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Animal Experiment Committee Ethic ID No. All experiments complied with the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University and the ARRIVE guidelines. Colonic motility was assessed by measuring the time to the expulsion of a 3 mm diameter glass bead. Prior to testing, the mice were starved for 20 h with water made available ad libitum. The mice were then placed in plastic observation chambers with metal meshes at the bottom. After 30 min, the beads were inserted into the colons 2. The times spent expelling the beads were measured for up to min. Louis, MO, USA , a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 2 h before the collection of feces and colon tissue Non-starved mice were placed in a plastic chamber, and the fecal pellets excreted per unit of time were counted. The fecal moisture content was calculated as the difference between their wet and dry weights. To examine the effect of masticatory activity on colonic motility, a behavioral experiment adopted by Ayada et al. was used Briefly, the mice were restrained for 2 h in a cylinder with an inserted plastic plate thickness 0. The lengths of the colonic mucosa were measured via hematoxylin—eosin staining of the cryosections, and the number of neutrophils was counted via immunostaining using anti-Gr-1 Ab as previously described Quantitative analyses were performed using ImageJ software NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. The slides were examined under a Biorevo BZ microscope Keyence, Osaka, Japan. SCFAs were prepared as previously described 22 , The samples were centrifuged at 15, g for 15 min, and the supernatant was collected. The samples were centrifuged at g for 5 min, and the SCFA-containing ether layers were collected and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC—MS with GCMS-QP Ultra Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan. Amplicons were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq with a MiSeq Reagent Kit V3 Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA. Processing and quality filtering of reads was performed using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology QIIME, v1. Operational taxonomical units OTU picking was performed using the open-reference method, which encompasses clustering of reads against a reference sequence collection. To eliminate erroneous mislabeling, the resulting OTU tables were checked for mislabeling sequences. Representative raw sequences were further aligned using Python Nearest Alignment Space Termination with the SILVA core-set alignment template Silva version to obtain bacterial OTU The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the FastTree software method in QIIME. jp database under accession no. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation without anesthesia, and their colon tissues were quickly dissected Total RNAs were analyzed using the BioRad CFX96 system Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA. The relative expression of target genes was determined using the 2—DCT method and function of elongation factor 1a1 EF1a1 expression Western blotting was performed following standard procedures The antibodies and primers used in this study are shown in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. PERMANOVA was used to analyze the similarity of microbiomes. The alpha diversity of each group was measured using Shannon diversity. The FDR q-values in 16S rDNA sequencing were analyzed. The false discovery rate FDR; q-value was estimated using Benjamini—Hochberg procedure. The datasets of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Nishida, A. et al. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Article Google Scholar. Khalif, I. Alterations in the colonic flora and intestinal permeability and evidence of immune activation in chronic constipation. Liver Dis. Article CAS Google Scholar. Hardin, J. Cell Tissue Res. Wang, L. Aquaporin 4 deficiency alleviates experimental colitis in mice. FASEB J. Kimura, I. Maternal gut microbiota in pregnancy influences offspring metabolic phenotype in mice. Science , eaaw Soret, R. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology 5 , — Takahashi, T. Pathophysiological significance of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the gastrointestinal tract. Rivera, L. The involvement of nitric oxide synthase neurons in enteric neuropathies. Wang, Y. Mucosal Immunol. Nagaishi, T. Epithelial nuclear factor-κB activation in inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Digestion 93 1 , 40—46 Weijenberg, R. Mastication for the mind—The relationship between mastication and cognition in ageing and dementia. Niijima-Yaoita, F. Influence of a long-term powdered diet on the social interaction test and dopaminergic systems in mice. Tsuchiya, M. Long-term feeding on powdered food causes hyperglycemia and signs of systemic illness in mice. Life Sci. Dutzan, N. On-going mechanical damage from mastication drives homeostatic Th17 cell responses at the oral barrier. Immunity 46 1 , — Schimmel, M. Masticatory function and bite force in stroke patients. Katagiri, S. Re-initiation of oral food intake following enteral nutrition alters oral and gut microbiota communities. Cell Infect. Noble, E. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ledari, F. Chewing gums has stimulatory effects on bowel function in patients undergoing cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Basic Med. Liu, Q. Effect of gum chewing on ameliorating ileus following colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials. Ayada, K. Gnawing behavior of a mouse in a narrow cylinder: A simple system for the study of muscle activity, fatigue, and stress. Chiba, K. Involvement of IL-1 in the maintenance of masseter muscle activity and glucose homeostasis. PLoS One 10 11 , e Free fatty acid receptors in health and disease. Masahata, K. Generation of colonic IgA-secreting cells in the caecal patch. Lupton, J. Relationship of colonic luminal short-chain fatty acids and pH to in vivo cell proliferation in rats. Kunzelmann, K. Electrolyte transport in the mammalian colon: Mechanisms and implications for disease. Kamp, M. G Protein-coupled receptor 43 modulates neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation. PLoS One 11 9 , e Padmanabhan, P. Gastrointestinal transit measurements in mice with 99m Tc-DTPA-labeled activated charcoal using NanoSPECT-CT. EJNMMI Res. Syu, G. Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on human neutrophil functions. Sports Exerc. Neves, P. Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts on leukocyte counts. Chaweewannakorn, C. There is one study appointment lasting about 5 hours on a weekday. Adults, 18 years and older, with stomach problems such as gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia or chronic vomiting syndrome are needed now to help us complete our study. Please contact us today. More information. The Calgary Gut Motility Clinic is part of Alberta Health Services offering state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, staffed with an outstanding team of specialist Motility Nurses and Gastroenterologists.
Empowering Your Gut: The Role of Motility in Digestive Wellness |…	The mice were then placed in plastic observation chambers with metal meshes at the bottom. A meta-analysis study analyzed the time of the initial postoperative flatulence, the initial defecation, days of the first solid diet, incidence of abdominal distension, and incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction and found that probiotics supplements reduced the incidence of abdominal distension RR, 0. In addition to these host-specific genetic predispositions, commensal microbiota is also an important modulator of GI motility 7 , Article PubMed Google Scholar Buscail E, Deraison C. CHS is a poorly understood condition requiring more research into both cause and treatment.

Gut health and gut motility South Health Campus. The Gut Motility Clinic healht diagnosis and management of a snd range of adult motility and functional disorders. This service provides diagnostic testing of adult motility and functional disorders including:. Parking map. Monday am - pm. Tuesday am - pm.