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Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIn Telegram. Previous Post. Next Post. WORLDWIDE DELIVERY. MADE WITH PRECISION. SECURE PAYMENTS. Quintana DS. Statistical considerations for reporting and planning heart rate variability case-control studies.

Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P, Krum H. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol. Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter H-C.

Short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability and blood pressure in habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers—a randomized crossover study. Nutr Neurosci. Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, caffeine-containing dietary supplements: history, safety, and efficacy.

Clin Ther. Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Kuhn W, Morsch K, Schäfer A, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF. Impact of caffeine on heart rate variability: a systematic review. J Caffeine Res. Rauh R, Burkert M, Siepmann M, Mueck-Weymann M. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability in habitual caffeine consumers.

Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Yoshinaga Costa JB, Gomes Anunciação P, Ruiz RJ, Casonatto J, Doederlein Polito M. Effect of caffeine intake on blood pressure and heart rate variability after a single bout of aerobic exercise. Int J Sports Med J. Graham T, Spriet L. Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine.

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Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Xhyheri B, Manfrini O, Mazzolini M, Pizzi C, Bugiardini R. Heart rate variability today. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Haller CA, Duan M, Jacob P, Benowitz N. Human pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions.

Br J Clin Pharmacol. Kliszczewicz BM, Esco MR, Quindry JC, Blessing DL, Oliver GD, Taylor KJ, Price BM. Autonomic responses to an acute bout of high-intensity body weight resistance exercise vs.

treadmill running. Reimann M, Rudiger H, Weiss N, Ziemssen T. Acute hyperlipidemia but not hyperhomocysteinemia impairs reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system.

Atherosclerosis Supp. Download references. The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BK contributed to study design, data collection HRV and Biomarker , data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.

EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.

CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript. PB contributed to study design, data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript.

WH significant contribution to data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript. JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript. CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brian Kliszczewicz. The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection 17— Participants read and sign an informed consent prior too participating in this study.

These authors declare that they have no competing interest and have no relation too the supplement or associated companies. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Kliszczewicz, B. et al. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15 , 34 Download citation. Received : 01 February Accepted : 16 July Published : 24 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Research article Open access Published: 24 July The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design Brian Kliszczewicz ORCID: orcid. Methods Ten physically active males Background The cultivation of commercially available supplements has substantially increased throughout recent years, making the use of pharmacologic ergogenic aids more prevalent and readily available to the general population and athletic community.

Methods Participants Fourteen apparently healthy males who habitually consume caffeine 95— mg serving per day, at least 4 days a week were recruited for this study. Experimental design The study was performed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover fashion in which only one investigator knew the contents of the supplementation; this investigator was not involved in the collection or analysis of the study outcome measures.

Study Design. Full size image. Results Four participants were removed from the study due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i.

Table 2 Markers of ANS activity during the Ingestion A and Recovery Periods B Full size table. Recovery period Following the exhaustive protocols, HR was significantly elevated in both trials and recovered in a similar time-dependent fashion Table 2A and B.

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At age 62, "Big Bill" shares his wisdom to dominate one of the ultimate strength marks. Follow these fit women we're crushing on for inspiration, workout ideas, and motivation. Take a macro look at how quickly certain foods are digested with this important index.

Don't let these innocent things get in the way of your fitness progress this holiday season. Close Ad ×. I want content for: Both Men Women. Facebook Twitter Youtube Pinterest. Open menu button. Figure 3 Low and high frequency ratio in both supplementation conditions.

The objective of the present study was to verify the behavior of HRV, in the frequency domain, after strength training with the supplementation of citrus aurantium. In our findings, there was greater activation of the sympathetic autonomic system with a reduction in parasympathetic activity in the condition of citrus aurantium.

Thus, when analyzing the sympathetic-vagal relationship, we found that only for the citrus aurantium condition the differences were significant, from the moment of pre-exercise concerning the pre-initial increase.

This indicates that supplementation with citrus aurantium was able to stimulate the autonomic sympathetic response even at the pre-exercise moment, signaling that, unlike what has already been described in the literature, p-synephrine may present some changes in the cardiovascular system.

Therefore, it is suggested restrictions for the indication of this supplement for individuals who have some type of associated disease, corroborating what was warned by the Comprehensive Database of Natural Medicines. It is known that cardiovascular effects are associated with mechanisms of binding to adrenergic receptors.

For men and animals, adverse cardiovascular effects are not commonly associated with p-synephrine, although such effects are widely known when associated with the consumption of ephedrine and ephedra.

Specifically, Ratamess et al. Ratamess et al. Precisely, the SFC and S groups produced significantly more repetitions than P. However, there was no significant effect between the different supplements when verifying the number of repetitions in each series. Also, Jung et al. There was no statistically significant difference between the types of supplementation concerning the total volume of repetitions for horizontal bench press and leg press or in the performance of the sprints.

The present study corroborates with Ratamess et al. The present study is composed of some limitations. The number of participants was small, therefore, it is suggested new studies with a larger number of participants with the same analysis objectives. However, further investigation into the effects of citrus aurantium on the cardiovascular system will be needed.

Investigate other variables in this system, as well as other HRV indices, such as the time domain. The present study did not find significant differences in heart rate variability with different types of supplementation. The main response was to change the vagal sympathetic difference where there were no significant changes with citrus aurantium.

Thus, it is worth paying attention to the prescriptions of this supplement, especially for individuals with a history of cardiovascular disorder. Universidade Católica de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

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Peer Review System. Behavioral Sciences Food and Nutrition Trends Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Home IPMRJ Heart rate variability in the frequency domain after strength training with citrus aurantium supplementation.

Research Article Volume 5 Issue 3. Keywords: heart rate variability, strength training, citrus aurantium. Participants Participated in this study, 10 men trained with previous experience in strength training activity for at least six months Table 1. Figure 1 Low frequency in both supplementation conditions.

Figure 2 High frequency in both supplementation conditions. de Geus EJC, Gianaros PJ, Brindle RC, et al. Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations.

Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF, et al. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research—recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Frontiers in Psychology. Nakamura FY, Flatt AA, Pereira LA, et al.

Ultra-short-term heart rate variability is sensitive to training effects in team sports players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. Salahuddin N, Shafquat A, Marashly Q, et al. Increases in heart rate variability signal improved outcomes in rapid response team consultations: A cohort study.

Cardiology Research and Practice. aurantium protocol, we did not find substantial changes in the HF index in exercise recovery vs. Analogous deviations occurred in the pNN50 index and were reduced 20 min after cessation of exercise in the placebo protocol.

While in the protocol with C. aurantium , this index continued to be reduced for only 10 min after exercise. aurantium protocol, transformations were only following 5 min of recovery. However, in the C.

aurantium protocol, the values were only meaningfully reduced for 5 min after the cessation of exercise. These observations make C. aurantium a safe nutritional compound to be applied during exercise, which supports the recovery of autonomic parameters following exercise.

Since a slow post-exercise autonomic recovery is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk 25 , the results of our study indicate that C.

aurantium compounds have a potential preventive role on the onset of cardiovascular complications in physical exercise. As caffeine and C. aurantium are frequently sold as complementary formulas for use in humans, preceding studies have assessed the effects of using these substances alone and in combination.

Through a randomized clinical trial, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium alone or in combination with caffeine would have different results for fat utilization during aerobic physical exercise. No superiority was found between C.

aurantium alone and combined with caffeine on the total values of fat consumption during the physical exercise session, while both interventions were superior to the placebo treatment. This supports the isolated use of C. aurantium an alternate way to be applied as an adjunct in cutting body fat without inducing cardiac risk.

In the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium isolated supplement. In contrast, the HR and SBP were significantly higher when caffeine was included in the formulation.

Our study achieved no changes for HR, and SBP was lessened more quickly following exercise. The identification of β-3 adrenoreceptors in cardiovascular tissues posed challenges to the paradigm of sympathetic regulation by β-1 and β-2 adrenoceptors. The binding response of p-synephrine to the β-3 receptor may elucidate why no increase in HR or BP is detected when C.

aurantium is enforced alone. In contrast, when C. aurantium is combined with caffeine in dietary supplements, it is capable of affecting these parameters, particularly in caffeine-sensitive individuals It has been revealed that the combination of these substances promotes a significant increase in the concentration of plasma catecholamines e.

The study by Kliszczewicz et al. aurantium upsurges sympathetic modulation to the heart throughout rest and corroborates the increases in HR and SBP achieved in the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. It is assumed that caffeine alone can increase HR during physical exercise Despite that, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that caffeine could not delay vagal return to the heart after exercise, evaluated by the HF and root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals RMSSD indices Equally, Kliszczewicz et al.

aurantium combined. Caffeine and C. aurantium combination have no extra effects on exercise fat utilization 5. These substances appear to exhibit the opposite cardiovascular effects and, thus, caffeine seems to overlap the beneficial effects of the isolated use of C.

aurantium on cardiovascular health. In this study, C. aurantium supplementation alone optimized the recovery of SBP and HRV indices after exercise.

The nutritional characteristics demonstrated in the flavonoids e. aurantium perform antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are partly answerable for accelerating the return of parasympathetic control of heart rate seen by vagal indices of HRV. Such properties can hasten the removal of metabolites produced by physical exercise, restoring baroreflex sensitivity and decreasing metaboreflex activation more quickly at the end of physical exercise While C.

aurantium exhibited cardioprotective effects, it is essential to be careful with its usage. Bui et al.

Yet, in other studies that enforced doses beneath mg in an acute 5 , 30 , 31 and chronic for 15 days 32 form, no changes were achieved for the HR, SBP, and DBP values, nor electrocardiographic disturbances.

Likewise, our results do not support the findings of Bui et al. The results from the study of Ratamess et al. In your results, the p-synephrine supplementation mg did not evoke changes in HR before, during, and following resistance exercise unless mg of caffeine was added to the formulation.

The same occur in the rest situation, in another study by Ratamess et al. The study of Bui et al. Although it is a randomized and crossover study, there is a lack of information about allocation order in the study. aurantium, and provoked adjustments in blood pressure, because of higher sweet and fat content e.

Furthermore, the authors did not report guarantees that snack was equal on the others evaluation days. Bitter orange caused cardiovascular effect was only observed based on statistical adjustments.

A difference was seen compared to placebo but not when compared to baseline. All these factors raise questions about the validity of their conclusions. The results recognized in our analyses will advance health professionals' conduct who work with the prescription of nutritional supplements.

Consequently, it may be an alternative way to replace other compounds that demonstrate similar contributions regarding fat utilization during exercise but that promote unwanted cardiovascular effects e.

Our study highlights important points about the study population, given that it is restricted to healthy and physically active males. Notwithstanding the number of participants having exceeded the sample size calculation, the final sample is considered small.

With the desire to improve body composition. In spite of this, these facts do not allow these results to be extrapolated to other populations and, therefore, further research with obese individuals is needed to confirm the safety of using C. aurantium in combination with exercise.

For the time being, we prefer to use a healthy population free from metabolic disorders to prevent possible adverse events from C. aurantium supplementation. Nevertheless, we encourage further studies to be established with C.

aurantium as an intervention with these preliminary data. Studies with females and other health conditions should also be performed to increase the external validity of these data and expand the application of C. aurantium promoted the resumption of parasympathetic control and output of sympathetic flow of cardiac rhythm after physical exercise and decreased SBP.

Based on these and previous findings, we assume that C. aurantium is a safe nutritional compound with submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males when used appropriately, moreover, your combination with a good diet there could be improved fat oxidation in exercise without the cardiovascular risk.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte Process: CJRB supervised the study, performed experiments, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the introduction, methods, discussion, and results in sections.

FJ, ER, and MS collected data and performed conduction of experiments. AP performed the statistical analysis, improved interpretation analysis, and wrote the results in sections.

DG drafted the manuscript, improved interpretation analysis, and reviewed English grammar and spelling. VV and CRBJ supervised the study, reviewed the manuscript content, and gave final approval for the version submitted for publication. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. We thank the graduate research scholarships providing from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES, Finance Code and undergraduate research scholarships providing from University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte UniJuazeiro.

McLester CN, Bailey P, Bechke EE, Williamson CM, McLester JR, Kliszczewicz B. The effects of caffeine and citrus aurantium on performance during repeated maximal anaerobic exercise bouts in habitual caffeine users.

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An overview on citrus aurantium L. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Green Z, Bailey P, McLester J, et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Gutiérrez-Hellín J, del Coso J. Effects of p-synephrine and caffeine ingestion on substrate oxidation during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM Oam. Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals-a review.