As Berr Goji Berry Anti-Aging makeup artist, Munemi sees many different types of skin, but she Harmonized nutrient distribution that every one needs nurturing, Goji Berry Anti-Aging and Berrh to achieve that youthful glow. There is still a dearth of scientific data on the impact of goji berries specifically on skin health, and further research is required to properly comprehend their potential advantages. icon-X Close menu. eleganswhich were cultured under favorable or unfavorable conditions to induce different mean lifespan.

Goji Berry Anti-Aging -

The nematode strains wild type N2 , SJ17 xbp-1 zc12 , and VC sir Strains VC sir Strain PS hsf-1 sy , GMC uncp::A β unc 3'-UTR , and NL uncp:: α -synuclein::YFP were the gifts from Ye Tian Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Nematode growth media NGM agar plates were prepared as described 19 , Worms were cultured at 20°C on NGM seeded with E. coli OP50 from an overnight culture.

Control groups were added with an equivalent amount of water. RNAi assays were performed as described Seeded plates were placed at room temperature to dry and continued overnight to induce the expression of dsRNA.

Lifespan assays were performed at 20°C as described 20 , unless otherwise indicated. To make worms with different mean lifespans, we divided the worms into two conditions. The worms that had been continuously cultured at optimal growth conditions for at least two generations before synchronization by hatching in M9 for the lifespan assay were defined as a favorable condition group Otherwise, they were defined as an unfavorable condition group.

When the plates had a large number of gravid adult hermaphrodites, eggs were collected using alkaline hypochlorite and incubated for 24 h in M9 buffer or on plate without OP Then, L1 larvae were placed onto regular or RNAi plates until for L4-stage day 0.

Lifespan assays were started by transfer of L4 worms at indicated number to plates containing OP50 or RNAi bacteria in the absence or presence of LBE. To prevent progeny production, the surface of mm NGM plates was added with 0. The plates in a biosafety cabinet were blow-dried and utilized immediately or stored at 4°C.

If FUdR was not supplemented, worms were transferred to fresh plates daily until day 6 and then transferred every 2—5 days until the end of the experiment.

If FUdR was supplemented, worms were transferred to fresh plates every 2—3 days until day 6 and then transferred every 3—5 days until the end of the experiment. FUdR was removed after day 8. Worms were monitored at regular time points every day or every 2nd day.

When worms that did not show any movement in touch by platinum wire were scored as dead, worms that cannot be found and showed severe vulva bursting or bagging were censored.

All lifespan experiments were repeated at least two times. Worm pharyngeal pumping assays were started on day 1 of adulthood. For each condition, 5—10 worms were randomly selected from the plates. Pharyngeal pumping rate was tested by counting pumps of the terminal pharyngeal bulb using Leica MFA dissection scope during a period of 30 s.

Because of the presence of LBE, the number of eggs is difficult to be observed. Eggs were allowed to hatch into the L larval stage, and the larvae were counted and transferred every 12 h until day 6.

The total number of larvae of each worm is the fertility of the worm. Fluorescence microscopy was performed on day 3 of adulthood using a Leica DMI B microscope and LAS X software. The α-synuclein aggregation in anterior region of worms was classified into three levels according to the degree of aggregation: no puncta, focal puncta, or diffuse puncta.

The statistical significance in different groups was assessed using Kaplan—Meier log-rank test lifespan assays , Mann—Whitney U -test fluorescence microscopy of α-synuclein aggregation , Pearson's correlation test the relationship between longevity effects of LBE and mean lifespan , or unpaired t -test worm pharyngeal pumping and fertility assay.

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS barbarum polysaccharide is the main active ingredients of L. barbarum or LBE.

In our hands, we found that LBP did not prolong the lifespan of worms at 20°C Figure 1A. Figure 1. LBP did not prolong the lifespan of worms at either 20 or 25°C. The results are representative of at least two independent lifespan experiments.

Log-rank test was used to assess significance see Supplementary Table 1. LBP, L. barbarum polysaccharides. We also found that LBP did not prolong the lifespan of worms at 20°C under unfavorable conditions Figure 1C. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that different preparation methods of LBP may be one of the reasons for the inconsistency between our results and the previous, our results suggest that LBP alone may be not an effective antiaging nutritional supplements for worms.

Since LBP alone has no antiaging effect, we then tested the antiaging effect of LBE. We first measured the concentrations of polysaccharides and anthocyanins in LBE, which are the principal and distinguishing components of L.

The results showed that the polysaccharide concentration was The results showed a clear dose-dependent effect on lifespan by LBE. Figure 2.

LBE extends the lifespan of C. elegans without side effects on fertility and pharyngeal pumping. Error bars represent SD. The results are representative of at least two independent experiments. Log-rank test A or unpaired t -test B,C was used to assess significance.

LBE, total water extracts of L. Studies have shown that reduction of fertility is often associated with lifespan extension through reallocation of resources to somatic cells. We found that LBE treatment extended the lifespan without affecting the fertility of worms, which even produced slightly more offspring than the vehicle-treated groups Figure 2B.

In addition, dietary restriction by fasting can robustly extend the lifespan of worms. To exclude this possibility, we measured the effect of LBE on pharyngeal pumping of worms.

We observed that LBE did not slow down the frequency of pharyngeal pumping Figure 2C. These findings indicated that LBE did not extend lifespan by reducing fertility or dietary restriction.

Whether the longevity effect of LBE depends on the mean lifespan remains unclear. elegans , which were cultured under favorable or unfavorable conditions to induce different mean lifespan.

We found that the lifespan extension effect of LBE decreased with the increase of mean lifespan Figure 3. At the extreme, when the mean lifespan of worms reached 17 days or even longer, LBE had no effect on lifespan extension Supplementary Figure 2A. Taken together, these findings suggested that the longevity effect of LBE is negatively correlated with mean lifespan in C.

Figure 3. The longevity effects of LBE are negatively correlated with the mean lifespan in C. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess significance see also Supplementary Table 3. The results showed that the mean lifespan of N2 and mutant nematodes including hsf-1 heat shock response , aak-2 energy metabolism , daf IIS , and xbp-1 unfolded protein response was extended by LBE, except for sir The results indicated that the effect of LBE on lifespan is partially dependent on aak-2 and hsf However, when the mutant strain sir Altogether, our results suggested that the effect of LBE on lifespan under unfavorable conditions depends on sir Figure 4.

LBE extends lifespan depending on sir F Survival curves of sir All the results are representative of at least two independent lifespan experiments.

Log-rank test was used to assess significance see also Supplementary Table 4. Because the effects of LBE on longevity are greatly influenced by the mean lifespan of worms, we further evaluated the effect of LBE on the above mutant strains such as hsf-1 sy , aak-2 ok , daf mu86 , xbp-1 zc12 , and sir Unlike the results under unfavorable conditions, LBE did not extend the mean lifespan in either aak-2 ok , daf mu86 , or xbp-1 zc12 mutant worms Figures 5C—E.

Consistent with the results under unfavorable conditions, sir The results indicated that LBE can rescue hsf-1 deficiency in worms under both unfavorable and favorable conditions. Figure 5. LBE still rescues hsf-1 deficiency in mutant worms under favorable conditions.

Log-rank test was used to assess significance see also Supplementary Table 5. To verify the results that LBE rescues hsf-1 deficiency, we performed RNAi experiments on N2 worms fed by empty vector L, hsf-1 or sir Although LBE had no effect on N2 worms with L Figure 6A or sir Figure 6.

LBE rescues hsf-1 deficiency depending on sir C Lifespan analysis of N2 worms fed with sir E Lifespan analysis of hsf-1 sy worms fed with sir For all lifespan analysis, FUdR at 30 μM was supplemented to prevent progeny production. Log-rank test was used to assess significance see also Supplementary Table 6.

To further understand the mechanism of how LBE rescues hsf-1 deficiency, we monitored the survival of hsf-1 sy worms fed with daf or sir In contrast, there was no significant difference in mean lifespan between LBE and vehicle-treated groups in hsf-1 sy worms silenced by sir Thus, the effect of LBE on rescuing hsf-1 deficiency is sir It has been reported that hsf-1 deficiency with aging is associated with neurodegenerative diseases 7.

Since LBE can significantly rescue hsf-1 deficiency in wild-type worms, we investigated the effects of LBE on neurodegenerative worms with hsf-1 deficiency. We also examined the effect of LBE on α-synuclein aggregation in NL nematodes, and the results showed that LBE alleviated α-synuclein puncta formation in NL worms fed with hsf-1 RNAi bacteria, but it did not reduce the protein aggregation in NL worms fed with L or sir These results indicated that LBE can extend lifespan and alleviate proteotoxicity in neurodegenerative worms with hsf-1 deficiency.

Figure 7. LBE extends lifespan and alleviates toxic protein aggregation in neurodegenerative worms with hsf-1 deficiency. C Lifespan analysis of GMC worms fed with sir D—I Graphical representations for epifluorescence visualization of α-synuclein aggregation in anterior region of NL uncp:: α -synuclein::YFP worms at day 3 ~20 worms per condition.

H,I , NL fed with sir Scale bar, 50 μm. J Bar chart of classification no puncta, focal puncta, or diffuse puncta according to the degree of α-synuclein aggregation on fluorescent graphs composition for per condition.

All the results are representative of at least two independent experiments. Log-rank test [for A—C ] or Mann—Whitney U test [for J ] was used to assess significance. In this study, we demonstrate that the effect of LBE on longevity depends on the mean lifespan of worms.

LBE has a better antiaging effect for worms cultured under unfavorable conditions as compared to those under favorable conditions, and this effect depends on sir Furthermore, LBE can rescue hsf-1 deficiency, also depending on sir Figure 8.

Model of LBE for lifespan extension and alleviation of toxic protein aggregation. A For wild-type worms with short lifespan, LBE shows the longevity effect depending on sir This means more energy, increased radiance, and better overall health.

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